非谓语动词,虚拟语气,名词性从句1

非谓语动词

do/does

did

do doing

done

to do

一．非谓语动词在句子中不能单独充当谓语。

二．一个逗号不能连接两个并列的分句，必须要有连词。通过逗号的问题可以判断出来是否使用非谓语动词。

三．非谓语动词的联系和区别

1．doing既是现在分词，又是动名词，但是它们在句子中充当的成分及与之相连的结构都不同。

1）现在分词在句子中起修饰限定补充说明的作用，所以充当定语，状语，补语；动名词是具有动词含义，保留了动词某些用法的名词，所以在句子中充当主语，宾语，定语。现在分词做定语时表示被修饰的中心词所处的状态或所做的动作;而动名词做定语表示被修饰的中心词的目的或用途。

a sleeping boy

sleeping room

2) 现在分词和动名词在独立结构中的逻辑主语不同。

独立结构的概念

在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语一致时，可以将从句中的主语

及be动词省略，这时从句就变为独立结构。

While (he is) eating, he is watching TV.

在主从复合句中，当主句和从句的主语不一致时，不能按照上面的规则省略，在新的独立结构中应添加逻辑主语。分词的逻辑主语是代词的主格和名词的通格；动名词的逻辑主语是形容词性物主代词，名词所有格，代词的宾格和名词的通格。

While she is eating, he is watching TV.

While she eating, he is watching TV.

His saying that kind of things made us very angry.

2．现在分词和过去分词的区别

doing 主动物动作正在进行

done 被动人动作已经结束

the boy sleeping in the room

the man killed in the war

the exciting news

the excited people

the developing country

the developed country

fallen/falling snow

boiled/boiling water

*当用及物动词的分词做定状补语时，如果是现在分词，后面必须加宾语，如果是过去分词，后面不能加宾语。

the boy seeing the film

seen in the cinema

the army controlling the gov.

controlled by the gov.

3.不定式一般表示将来的概念

built last year

the bridge being built now

to be built next month

四．非谓语动词时间的表达方法

Having finished the work, they went home.

Seeing his girl friend, the boy jumped to his feet.

The fog ____ dense, the ferryboat has been cancelled.

A. is

B. was

C. being

D. having been

虚拟语气

一．概念

虚拟语气表示说话人所做的一种与现实相反的假设，既通常所说的“说反话”。

二．形式

1．If引导的虚拟条件句

1) 对过去的虚拟If +主语+had done, 主语+would/should/could have done.

If you had come yesterday, you would have seen your brother.

2)对现在的虚拟If +主语+did, 主语+ would/should/could do.

If I knew the truth, I would tell it to you.

3)复合时态的虚拟

If +主语+had done，主语+ would/should/could do.

If you had thought clearly at that time, you wouldn’t be in trouble now. 2.省略should的虚拟语气

1)表示“命令，要求，请求，建议”的动词引导的宾语从句，例如order, demand, suggest, advise, require, insist…

The officer ordered that the army (should) start off at once.

2)表示上类含义的名词引导的同位语从句。

The advice that we (should) do something about the matter was good.

3)I think/consider/regard it important/necessary/helpful…that we (should) do…

They thought it necessary that they (should) do something to help him.

4)should还可以表示“一旦，竟然，万一”

If you should be in trouble, you can call me directly.

3.其他常用的虚拟语气结构

I would rather that you said nothing now.

I would rather that you had said nothing at yesterday’s meeting.

It is (high) time that we went to school.

If only I were as rich as Bill Gates.

名词性从句

一.名词性从句概述

名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句.简单而言, 名词性从句是一个句子的结构，但是起到名词的作用.

主语从句: That he has come back safe and sound makes his mother very happy.

宾语从句: His mother knows that he has come back safe and sound.

表语从句: What makes his mother very happy is that he has come back safe and sound.

同位语从句: The news that he has come back safe and sound makes his mother very happy.

二.名词性从句的引导词

1.连接词that, whether, if

That he survived the accident is a miracle.

Whether she comes or not makes no difference.