TOEFL阅读十大题型精讲

试题结构
阅读部分
篇数时间文章长度问题数量Passage120分钟Approximately
700 words
12-14 个
Passage2 & Passage340分钟Approximately
700 words per
set
每篇12-14个
Passage 4& Passage 5（遇加试时才有）40分钟Approximately
700 words per
set
每篇12-14个
TOEFL 阅读首堂课介绍
• 1. what is TOEFL? why do you guys study TOEFL？
• 2. what is TPO?
• 3. what is pbt-cbt-ibt?
• 4. what is OG?
• 5. 托福阅读十大题型介绍+ 例题？
• 6. 高分标准？
•7. 教案思路？（词汇+ 语法+ 长难句+ 简单阅读）
•8. 介绍上这门基础课的目的何在？？学生学完这门课有什么收获？？
•9. “授渔”而非“授鱼”？
一.事实信息题（Factual Information Questions ）
•①.问题形式：
•According to the paragraph,which of following is true of X?
•The author's discription of X mentions which of following?•According to the paragraph,X did Y because...
•According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?
•②.例题：
•1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development.Unable to finance road construction,states turnd for help to private
companies,organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.
•According to the passage, why did states need private companies' help in road building?
• a. the states were unable to build roads themselves financially.• b. private companies could spend less time completing roads.
• c. the states did not have as much equipment as private companies.• d. private companies had more knowledge of the interior.
二.指代题（Reference Questions）• .问题形式：The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to ?（常考的代词有they,this, it, others, which等）。

•Unlike sister 凤，sister 芙蓉更PP，(she)她拥有苗条的身材，标致的脸庞，和其他网络达人一样，such as brother 春&曾，受到网友们的追捧。

•“她”refers to:
A sister 凤
B sister 芙蓉
C brother 春
D brother 曾
• .例题：Animals live virtually in any place that we look at on Earth.
From the tops of the mountains to the bottom of the oceans, we find animals. They have adapted to a wide variety of climates and conditions.
Some tolerate extreme heat. Others are found in extreme cold, such as the Article Circle. Worms have even been found living in glacial ice.•The word "others" in the passage refers to
• a. mountains
• b. oceans
• c. animals
• d. worms
三.否定事实信息题（Negative Factual Information Questions）
•①. 问题形式：
•According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X ?
•The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT?
•②. 例题：
•They used the pots they manufactured for cooking, holding food, and carrying things from one place to anthor.
•Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery ?
• a. To store food
• b. To transport objects
• c. To wash clothes
• d. To cook
四.修辞目的题（Rhetorical Purpose Questions）
• . 问题形式：
•所谓修辞目的题，简而言之，就是作者的写作目的。

一篇文章中，各个段落的目的不一，有的段落可能给一个概念下定义，第二个段落可能例证这一定义，另一个段落可能将这一定义与一个事物进行类比。

•有的修辞目的题问作者提到一个细节的目的，有的问为何作者使用某个词、词组或说法，有的甚至问段落关系。

问题形式如下：
•The author uses X as an example of...
•The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to...
•Why does the author mention X ?
•What's the function of discussion of the terms X in paragraph X ?•What's the purpose of paragraph X ?
•In what ways are paragraphs 2 and 3 related to each other ?
• . 例题：
•But it is also true that the problems of global advertising-problems of language and culture-have become larger than ever. For example, Braniff Airlines wanted to advertise its fine leather seats. But when its advertisement was translated from English to Spanish, it told people that they could fly naked!
Another example of incorrect translation is how Chevrolet
tried market the Chevy Nova in Latin America. In English, the word nova refers to a star. But in Spanish, it means "doesn't go." Would you buy a car with this name?
•The author uses the examples of Braniff Airlines and Chevrolet to
• a. contrast their different practices in advertising products • b. stress the fact that they produce similar products
• c. highlight a major problem of global advertising
• d. demonstrate that they were successful in advertising products
五.推理题（Inference Questions）
•比如说“unlike不像海獭，想象一下早期的鲸鱼长什么样子很不容易”，就是告诉我们：
•想象一下早期的海獭长什么样子其实比较容易。

•再比如说“在1815年后，工匠们制作工艺品追求速度胜过看重质量”，关键就是要暗示我们：
•在1815年前，工匠们更加看重工艺品的质量。

• . 问题形式：推理题一般涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。

例如，两个方面形成对比，作者明确说出了一方面，问题要求推断没有明说的另一方面。

推理题常与原文的比较或对比相联系。

题干中常出现infer, imply, suggest, most likely, least likely, probably等词。

问题形式如下：
•Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X ?•Which of the following can be inferred about X ?
•The author of the passage implies that X...
•It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following(about X) ?
• . 例题：
•Fundamental to any appreciation of Canada in the 20 years after World War II is the country's dramatic population
growth...
•...It seemed that Canada was once more aligning with the tendency toward smaller families that had manifested itself all through the western world since the Industrial
Revolution.
•We can infer from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
• a. families had more members.
• b. the economic situation was pessimistic.
• c. population statistics were hardly credible.
• d. the population changed very little.
六.词汇题（Vocabulary Questions）
•①. 问题形式：
•The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to
•In stating X, the author means that
•②. 例题1：
•It costs a spammer approximately one-hundredth of a cent to send spam, which means that a spammer can still make a
profit even with an abysmally low response rate,as low as one sale per 100,000 E-mails sent.
•The word "abysmally" in line 2 is closest meaning to
• a. tragically
• b. unconsciously
• c. extremely
• d. discouragingly
• .例题2.1：
•Easter Island is an isolated island in the Pacific between Chile and Tahiti. The island is roughly triangular and covers only 64 square miles. Because of its immense statues, Easter Island has long been the subject of curiosity.
•The word "immense" in the passage is closest in meaning to
• a. ancient
• b. enormous
• c. ruined
• d. peculiar
•例题2.2：
• A potentially hazardous consequence of even a slight increase in world temperature was identified in the 1970s.Scientists predicted a nearly 20-foot rise in global sea levels as a result of the Antarctic ice sheets melting.
•The word "slight" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
• a. small
• b. light
• c. superficial
• d. considerable
七.句子简化题（Sentence Simplication Questions）
•中考“解释句子”题型的升级版
•Zhang looks much better than Li
• A. Zhang looks much worse than Li.
• B. Li looks much better than Zhang.
• C. Zhang and Li look the same.
•D.Li looks even worse than Zhang.
. 问题形式：
句子简化题是旧托福中没有的一种题型，目的是考查考生对于句子逻辑关系、句子基本信息的准确把握的能力。

此题要求考生选出一个句子，其意思必须与文中某个句子（通常用阴影标识出来）的意思一致。

（paraphrase）. 问题形式是：
Which of the sentenses below best expresses the essential
information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(下列哪个句子最好地表达了文中用阴影标识的句子中的基本信息？错误选项对原句意思有重大改变，或漏掉了原句的基本信息)。

. 例题1：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
With millions of people visiting these refuges and seeing the birds in their natural locales, attitudes have changed
significantly.
a. many people have changed the way they think about birds as a result of
visiting bird refuges.
b. birds have become accustomed to having millions of people come to their
natural locales.
c. birds have changed the way they live because of millions of people who
come to see them.
d. millions of people now want to observe birds living in habitats that are
natural and safe.
.例题2：
Because of this, some see desertification as essentially a human-caused problem affecting humans.Critics of this view argue that humans are just one of many concurent factors causing desertification, Reynolds said.
Another major factor is climate, especially drought. Critics add that not all changes have an immediate or direct impact on
humans,and that how much each factor contributes to dry land deterioration is not clear.
•Which of the sentences...
• a. humans are directly influenced by some changes and it is not known to what extent dry land has been affected by each element.
• b. humans are not impacted by changes,but how much each factor leads to dry land is clear.
• c. humans have an immediate effect on all changes and it is not made public each factor gives rise to dry land.
• d. it is not clear how much each element leads to dry land change,so critics do not believe that changes have an
immediate effect on humans.
八.插入文本题（Insert Text Questions）
. 问题形式：
插入文本题，也叫句子插入题，就是将一个新句子插入原文合适的地方--这个地方少了一个句子。

做题时必须理解原文的逻辑和句子之间的语法关系（如代词的指代）。

原文有四个黑方块[■]，这些方块或者位于句子开始，或者位于句子结尾。

它们有时出现在同一段落中，有时出现在一段末和下一段开始。

问题形式是：
Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following
sentence could be added to the passage.
[You will see a sentence in bold.]
Where would the sentence best fit ?
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
. 例题1：
The product is the endocuticle,a mesh of molecules that makes up the lowest layer of the shell. The endocuticle is not durable enough for daily wear and tear.[■] Over time,however,its
molecules continue to bond together.[■]As the endocuticle is pushed upward by the formation of new sheets by the
epidermis, it becomes the middle shell layer called the
exocuticle. [■] With its molecules locked so tightly, the
exocuticle is very tough.[■]There are points on the body
where it does not form, since flexibility is needed around
joints.This arrangement allows supple movement but provides armor-like protection.
•Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
•While this process persists, the endocuticle is gradually shifted.
•Where would the sentence best fit?
•Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
. 例题2：
A prolonged chain of reasoning may be intuitive, and a number of
mathematicians find that they sense a solution long before they have
worked out each step in detail.[■]They must demonstrate the solution without any errors or omissions in definition or in line of reasoning.[■]In fact,errors of omission (leaving out a step)or of commission(making some assumption not true) can damage the value of a mathematical
contribution.[■]The mathematicitian must be rigorous: no fact can be accepted unless it has been proved by steps abiding by universally
accepted principles. [■] At the heart of mathematical talent lies the ability to recognize significant problems and then to solve them.
•Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.•However, even when guided by intuition, they must eventually work out the solution in exact detail if
they are to convince others of its validity.
•Where would the sentence best fit?
•Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
九.文章总结题（Prose Summary Question）
.问题形式：
这一题型考查考生对文章主要观点以及信息的相对重要性的理解和辨别能力。

要求考生从六个选项中选出三个表达了文章最重要内容的选项。

问题形式是：
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
During the Neolithic period, the beginning of agriculture, domestication of animals and building of permanent settlements gave rise to the birth of civilization.
.
.
.
Answer Choices
•The great increase in the number of irrigation canals gave rise to the deterioration of the soil condition due to accumulation of salt.
•Once, inhabitants of the Eastern Mediterranean region lived by gathering edible plants, catching fish and hunting animals.
•The flooding of rivers in the Middle East fertilized the soil, which in turn led to food surpluses and an increased population.
•It seems likely that early hunters consumed wild grasses before konwing how to cultivate, harvest and grind grain.
•Artificial irrigation enlarged the arable area,and brought about impovement in life and in turn an organized government system, in spite of some attendant negative effects.
•Early people understood how to cultivate grasses since they made a simple type of grinding mill.
②. 得分计算：
文章总结题的分数计算与前面的题型不同，考生在这一题型所得分数取决于所选出的正确答案的个数。

得分与正确答案的个数的对应关系如右表所示：
③. 例题：（略）（课堂练习）正确答
案数
32少于2得分210
十.信息归类题（Fill in a Table Question）
.问题形式：
信息归类题，也叫表格题。

在信息归类题中，考生会见到根据文中信息制作而且已经部分完成的分类表格。

考生需要在7个或9个备选答案中分别挑出5个或7个正确选项，并将正确选项拖入表格中的相应分类之下。

表格中一般包含2-3个分类，正确选项必须归入其中一类。

同一分类中不用考虑答案的顺序。

每个备选答案一般只用一次。

在备选答案中通常有两个干扰选项。

如果需要清除一个已选答案，点击它就行了。

如果需要查看原文，点击View Text就可以了。

问题形式是：Directions:Complete the table below to summarize
information about the two types of house discussed in the passage. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer
choices and match them to the type of house with which they are associated. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used.This question is worth 4 points.
Answer Choices Balloon-Frame Houses Utilizing traditional building techniques.
.
Requiring one or two expert artisans with specialized
tools
Increasing workers' rates of home ownership.
Being made of both wood and stone.
Requiring plenty of time and labor Timber-Frame Houses Being made possible by developments in technology.
Turning home building into an industry.
Being easy to move from place to place.
Being the principal style of home building today
②.分数计算：
信息归类题的分值在阅读部分是最高的。

像文章总结题一样，考生在这
一道题所得分数取决于所选出的正
确答案的个数。

对于9选7的表格，
得分与正确答案的个数的对应关系
如右表所示：
对于7选5的表格，得分与正确答案的个数的对应关系如右表所示：
③. 例题：（略）（课堂练习）正确
答案
数
7654少于
4
得分43210
正确
答案
数
543少于3得分3210
小结
•一、事实信息题：定位原文，同义替换•二、指代题：往前搜索，带入验证•三、否定事实信息题：对应列举，排除干扰•四、修辞目的题：举例用词，说明概述•五、推理题：对比比较，同义替换•六、词汇题：就题做题，文中推断•七、句子简化题：抓住逻辑，把握主干•八、插入文本题：词汇逻辑，衔接通顺•九、文章总结题：抓住要点，排除细节•十、信息归类题：抓住分类，各得其所•十一、其他题型：举一反三，融汇贯通
高分标准
Reading Skills Level Your Performance
Reading High (22-30)Test takers who receive a score at the HIGH level, as you did, typically understand academic tests in English that require a wide range of reading abilities regardless of the difficulty of the texts.
Test takers who score at the HIGH level, typically
. have a very good command of academic vocabulary and grammatical structure;
. can understand and connect information, make appropriate inferences, and synthesize ideas, even when the text is conceptually dense and the language is complex;
. can recognize the expository organization of a text and the role that specific information serves within the larger text, even when the text is conceptually dense; and
. can abstract major ideas from a text, even when…
结语：
•"Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed"--English linguist Wilkins (1972).
•"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I
•I took the one less traveled by,
•And that has made all the difference."--Frost (American well-known poet).
•林中二路歧，
•一路行人稀，
•当时择此道，
•一切自此异。

--《未走的路》(The Road Not Taken)。