9-第4章词汇学之6种构词法

6. locative prefixes
prefixes subintertransmeaning under between, among across, from one place to another front examples subway international transplant
clockwise
slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes cocountermeaning with against examples cooperate counterattack
antipro-
against for
anti-clockwise pro-Chinese
英语词汇学课程
构词法(I)
General introduction
Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-30%) Conversion (26%)
The most productive methods
clipping
Shortening (8%-10%)
acronymy
prefixes unmeaning examples unwise
nondis-
nonessential
not, the converse of dishonest
inimilir-
informal
immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
triquadr(i)-, tetra-
three
four
triangle
quadrennial, tetrapetalous
8.Number prefixes
prefixes quinqu-, pentahexa-, sexsept-, heptaoctaenneameaning five six seven eight nine examples quinquagenarian, pentagon hexahedron, sexcentenary septangle, heptad octad ennead
grow
run
live
weigh
4. Prefixes of degree or size
prefixes archsuperoutsursuboverunderhyperultrameaning supreme more than surpassing over below excessive too little extreme extreme examples archbishop supermarket outlive surcharge subnormal overconfident underhand hypercritical ultrafashionable
6. Locative prefixes (1)
sub
soil
way
contract
6. locative prefixes (2)
inter
marry
play
national
6. locative prefixes (3)
trans
Atlantic
continental
plant
sexual
former
again
ex-president
resell
8. Number prefixes (1)
semi hemi annual feudal
cycle
sphere
8. Number prefixes (2) uni
mono
color
corn
form
culture
tone
8. Number prefixes (3)
neo
classicism
impressionism
natal
2. Suffixation
• Question: • Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes?
– Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base. – Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
de
centralize
mobilize
forest
code
2 Reversative prefixes (3)
dis
connect
union
colour
hearten
2. Reversative prefixes
post
industrial
graduate
war
7. Prefixes of time and order
prefixes
foreprepost-
meaning
before in advance after
examples
foresee preschool postindustrial
exre-
9. Conversion prefixes
prefixes abeenemexamples astride becalm enlarge empower
10. Miscellaneous prefixes (1)
auto
biography
mobile
suggest
10. Miscellaneous prefixes (2)
5. Prefixes of attitude (1)
co
exist
author
operate
5. Prefixes of attitude (2)
counter
act
argument
example
revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national
prefixes unmeaning
examples
unpack reversing the action
dedis-
decode
disconnect
3. Pejorative prefixes (1)
mis
hear
conduct
lead
3. Pejorative prefixes (2)
mal
bi
di
oxide
ennial
lingual
lemma
lateral
8. Number prefixes
prefixes semi-, demi-, hemiuni-, monobi-, dimeaning half one two examples semi-feudal, demicircle, hemisphere uniform, monotone bilingual, dioxide
9. Conversion prefixes (1)
a
stride
tremble
wash
sleep
பைடு நூலகம்
9. Conversion prefixes (2)
be
calm
little
friend
• Before nouns and adjectives to form transitive verbs – befriend (to behave as a friend to) – becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽) – benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝 – belittle – becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为安 静的或静止的；使镇静) • With nouns plus –ed to yield adjectives – bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses) – Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑 暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的； 未启蒙的)
fore-
forename
7. Prefixes of time and order (1)
fore
tell
see
sight
knowledge
7. Prefixes of time and order (2)
pre
school
war
liberation
consider
7. Prefixes of time and order (3)
Blending 1%-5%
Backformation Sound reduplication
4.1 Affixation/derivation
• Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.
1. Negative prefixes (1)
un
wise
expected
happy
1. Negative prefixes
(2)
non
essential
smoker
resistance
1. Negative prefixes
(3)
dis
honest
like
believe
1. Negative prefixes
Classification of prefixes
The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.
1. Negative Prefixes否定前缀 2. Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 3. Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 4. Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前 缀 6. Locative prefixes方位前缀 7. Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 8. Number prefixes数字前缀 9. Conversion prefixes转化前缀 10.Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
4. Prefixes of degree or size (1)
arch
enemy
liar
bishop
4. Prefixes of degree or size (2)
super
man
natural
market
country
4. Prefixes of degree or size (3)
out
function
formed
odorous
3. Pejorative prefixes (3)
pseudo
science
democratic
memory
3. Pejorative prefixes
prefixes mismalpseudomeaning wrongly bad false examples mishear malformed pseudoscience
9.Conversion prefixes (3)
en
large
rich
danger
slave
en-( em before p,b,m) • Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive verbs. 1. 使成为 2. 使处于…状态 • Before nouns, – enslave(cause to be); – empower(v. 授权） – embody (v. 体现） – endanger(V.使处于危险之中) • Before adjectives to form verbs – enable – enrich – enlarge – endear使受喜爱 – ensure担保