第八章 分子结构与晶体结构 (1)
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共振结构 (Resonance structure) For some molecules or ions, more than one Lewis structure can be drawn. e.g. O O
CO32O C O O O C O O C O
• Born-Haber 循环计算 (自学,第11章,p区元素) 循环计算U 自学, 区元素) 章 区元素
解离能
电子亲核能
升华热 + 电离能
生成焓
晶格能
生成焓
晶格能
离子型卤化钠的生成焓和晶格能
离子化合物的性质
(The Properties of Ionic Compounds)
• 高熔点 High melting points • 高沸点 High boiling points • 易脆性 Brittleness • 溶解性 Some are soluble, some not. [例] Ca3(PO4)2:骨头的主要成分 例
共享电子对
●
·
●
·
Nonmetals form covalent bonds to one another by sharing pairs of electrons
八隅率与Lewis结构 结构 八隅率与
The octet rule and Lewis structure
• The octet rule: In covalent bond formation, atoms go as far as possible toward completing their octet by sharing electron pairs. • The valence of an element is the number of covalent bonds of the element forms. (饱和性 饱和性) 饱和性 • Lone pairs of electrons, pairs of valence electrons not involved in bondng. ( 双原子分子中,仅H2无孤对 双原子分子中, 无孤对) • A Lewis structure shows the arrangement of valence electrons as shared pairs (line) and lone pairs (dots)
Lewis 结构式 结构式, H· He: · :N· ·
·
价电子( 价电子(Valence electrons) ) ·· ·O· ·· → ·· :Cl· K· ·· K+[:Cl:]- ·· ·· Mg: :Ne:
•• ••
·· K· + :Cl· ··
主族) 失或得电子 → 八隅体规则 (主族 主族 Loss or gain electrons → octet rule
Bonds) 一、化学键(Chemical Bonds) 化学键(
1、离子键 (Ionic Bonds) 、
• • • • Lewis结构式和八隅体规则 结构式和八隅体规则 离子键及其特点 离子键强度与晶格能 离子化合物的性质
为什么惰性气体稳定? 为什么惰性气体稳定? ns2np6 八电子层结构
Biblioteka Baidu
p1 ,
p
p
p3 ,
( )
增
减
Suggested procedure to distribute electrons:
a. Put one pair between each pair of atom. b. Put enough pair on the central atom so that it can achieve octet. c. Distribute the remaining electron pair as evenly as possible to the surrounding atoms to achieve octet. * If octet is not achieved change the electron lone pairs on the central atom to bonding pairs. * If there are some electron pairs left after octet is achieved for every atom, then put the extra electron pair at the central atom. * Elements in period 3 or below may not follow the octet rule. Additional Lewis structures could also be drawn by change the electron lone pairs on the terminal atoms to bonding pairs.
多原子分子片的结构
The structures of polyatomic species
• Choose the atom with the lowest ionization energy (electronegativity) to be the central atom. • Arrange the atoms symmetrically around the central atom. For example, SO2 is OSO. [例 [例1] HCN Valence electrons: 1+4+5 = 10, five pairs. C, lower ionization energy than N, C is central atom ·· H:C:N: × ·· H:C:::N: 或 H-C≡N: ≡
离子键及其特点: 离子键及其特点:
·· K· + :Cl· ··
·
→
K+[:Cl:]- ··
··
定义:正负离子间的静电吸引力叫做离子键。 定义:正负离子间的静电吸引力叫做离子键。 特点:既没有方向性,也不具饱和性。 特点:既没有方向性,也不具饱和性。
NaCl 晶体
离子键强度与晶格能: 离子键强度与晶格能: 晶格能( ) 晶格能(U) (Lattice Enthalpies)
序言:
• 原子怎样结合成为分子? - 化学键 原子怎样结合成为分子?
– – – 离子键 共价键 金属键
Link
• 分子的形状? - 分子构型 分子的形状?
–价电子对互斥理论 价电子对互斥理论
• 分子怎样组成物质材料?-分子间作用力 分子怎样组成物质材料? • 固体材料的结构? 固体材料的结构?
-晶体结构 -无定型结构
→ Ca2+ (g) + 2Cl- (g) ← CaCl2 (s) – ∆H = U = 2260.kJ/mol
离子键强度与晶格能: 离子键强度与晶格能:
Born-Lande 公式 U = -Ve ∝ Z1Z2/r 其中: 为正负离子间吸引力和排斥力达平衡时, 其中: Ve 为正负离子间吸引力和排斥力达平衡时,体系的 位能; 、 分别为正负离子的电荷数; 为正负离子间 位能;Z1、Z2 分别为正负离子的电荷数; r为正负离子间 距。 the closer the center of charge and the greater the charges, the stronger will be the interaction。 。
2、共价键 (Covalent Bonds) 、
• 从原子到分子 (from atoms to molecules) • 八隅率与Lewis结构 八隅率与 结构
(The octet rule and Lewis structure) 双原子分子 多原子分子 共振杂化 形式电荷 例外
• 广义八隅率 (Expended valence shells) • Lewis 酸碱 (Lewis acids and bases)
第八章 分子结构与晶体结构 (1)
序言 一、化学键 1 离子键 (本质、特征、强弱、离子半径 本质、 本质 特征、强弱、离子半径) 2 共价键 (本质、特征、强弱、共价半径 本质、 本质 特征、强弱、共价半径) 3 分子构型 (价电子对互斥理论 价电子对互斥理论) 价电子对互斥理论 4 杂化轨道理论 5 分子轨道理论 二、分子间力和氢键 1 分子间力 2 氢键 三、晶体结构 1 晶体的特征 2 晶格和晶胞 3 晶体的基本类型
• 定义:晶格能表示相互远离的气态正离子和负离子结 定义:晶格能表示相互远离的气态正离子和负离子结 气态 离子晶体时所释放的能量 时所释放的能量, 合成 1 mol 离子晶体时所释放的能量,或1 mol 离子晶 体解离成自由气态离子时所吸收的能量。( 。(A 体解离成自由气态离子时所吸收的能量。( measure of the attraction between ions is lattice enthalpy, the enthalpy change per mol of formula units when a solid is broken up to a gas of widely separated ions.) ) 取其绝对值) (取其绝对值)如:
Questions?
• Why is calcium phosphate so rigid that nature has adopted it for the formation of bones? Can we make better bones? (强离子键 强离子键) 强离子键 • Why is it so difficult to make compounds from the nitrogen in air? Can we find an easy way? (强共价键 强共价键) 强共价键 • How can we explain the ability of hemoglobin to form a loosely bonded compound with oxygen, transfer it to another part of the body, and then release it in response to a metabolic need? (配位键 配位键) 配位键
The doubly charged small Ca2+ ions, and the triply charged PO43- ions attract one another very strongly and clamp together to form a rigid, insoluble solid. (not completely insoluble, osteoporosis,骨质疏松症 ,骨质疏松症)
Suggested steps:
a. Determine the number of valence electrons. * Each atom provide all its valence electrons (only outshell ns and np electrons are considered for main group elements) * a negative charge – * a positive charge + b. Write the chemical symbols of the atoms in the arrangement that shows which bonds are formed. The less electronegative element is usually the center atom. c. Distribute the electron in pairs to achieve octet rule. Elements in period 3 and below could have more than 8 electrons in the valence shell.