英语论文引言的写作技巧

research
in
this
area ……………………………………………………………………
第二层：
Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous
research, raising a relevant question
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引言的写作技巧
学术论文中的引言 (Introduction) 是对全文内容和结构的总体 勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式， 但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规 律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。 8.1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。 它可以 包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项： 介绍某研究领域的背景、 意 义、发展状况、目前的水平等 ; 对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述， 包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；
指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问解这 些新问题的新方法、 新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与义； 说明自己研究课题的目的； 概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。
如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清 楚，并非容易之事。 经验告诉我们， 引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。 这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度， 作者的知识是渊博、 还是 贫乏，研究的意义何在、 价值如何等问题， 都在引言的字里行间得以 充分体现。
range due to the amount Of energy that can he
realistically stored on-board the vehicle without
affecting payload. As a consequence of this,
electric vehicles must he used in situations where
第 4 段：续驶里程可 以通过使用混合电动 汽车来提高。混合电 动汽车上既装有内燃 机，又装有电动驱动 系统，在必要时使用 其中一种系统。
[5] The concept of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of substituting petroleum fuel is' not new,
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第三层：
Specifying the purpose of your research
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第四层：
1) Announcing your major findings
range.
第 1 段：指出混合电 动汽车的研究背景。 世界石油资源的有限 性及人们对汽车排放 问题的广泛关注使得 能源转换问题尤为重 要。
第 2 段：使用电动汽 车能够从某种程度上 实现能源转换。但问 题是电动汽车的续驶 里程比内燃机车短。 所以目前要解决的问 题是提高电动汽车的 速度和续驶里程。
[3] Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal combustion, i.e. engine vehicles. The use of advanced traction battery technology to overcome the range limitation of
daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban
delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles
as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric
我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排 ( 如图 8.1 所
示) 。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括 某一研究领域的文献综述； 第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解 决的问题， 从而引出自己的研究动机与意义； 第三层说明自己研究的 具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾， 可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。
traction drives have
been traditionally
applied
with a great deal of success. Currently the demand
is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with
greater traffic compatibility in terms of speed and
下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的研究论文， 大
部分篇幅介绍研究背景。
例1
A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement
I. Forster and J. R. Bumby
值得注意的是， 引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。 这 一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各 自所占的篇幅大体比例一样。 而在引言中， 第一个层次往往占去大部 分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。 研究目 的可能会比较简短。
引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列 出，而在引言中 ( 如果摘要与正文一同登出 ) 结果则可以省略不写， 这 是因为正文中专门有一节写结果 (results) ，不必在引言中重复。
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2) Outlining the contents of your paper
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图 8.1 引言的结构布局之一
第 3 段：市场要求电 动汽车的续驶里程及 工作性能与内燃机汽 车媲美，但是，即使 先进电池可以提高电 动汽车的续驶里程， 但还会有一些问题不 能解决。
electric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and mayin itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater onboard stored energy, the charging time required will be greater than at present. [4] The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Although such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to remove the range limitation of the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate in an all-electric modeunder urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving. The hybrid mode could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerator kick-down.
[2] A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can
be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans-
port sector by the increased use of electric
vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in
INTRODUCTION
分析： 第一层 ( 第 1— 5 段) ： 介绍混合电动汽车的 研究背景、意义、目 前的发展水平，需要 解决的问题等。
[1] The finite nature of the world's oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demandfrom oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear.
第 5 段：回顾并评述 前人关于混合电动汽 车
Bosch and Volkswagen having built vehicles in the 1970s. More recently, the advent of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programme in the United States of America initiated the design and construction of a Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of substituting petroleum fuel by ' wall plug' electricity.
第一层：
1) Introducing the general research area including its
background, importance,
and present level
of
development ……………………………………………………………
2) Reviewing
previous