1_科学研究和论文写作

9. The reviewing & publishing process
Part 1:
1.
2.
(Scientific Methodology )
科学研究和论文写作
科学问题和科学假设
3.
科学研究的实验设计
(Scientific Paper Writing)
Part 2:
4. 5. 6.
科学论文的一般格式 科学论文的主题及撰写 科学论文发表的一般程序


Learning scientific paper writing
To train: induction – expression

Basic method of scientific expression:
Formatting & organization of a scientific paper
3. Capacity of (creative) thinking 4. Capacity of (doing) experiment 5. Capacity of scientific research 6. Capacity of writing (reporting) 7. Capacity of social communication
2. Science & scientific methodology
3. General procedure of scientific
research
4. Scientific question & hypothesis
5. Design a research (project)
6. Conduct a research (project)
1. 科学研究和论文写作
The cripple but not lost can surpass the people who walk fast but in a wrong road
— Francis Bacon
1) Why study scientific method?

Scientific research per se is research of methods
Questions about this course

What is scientific method ? How should scientific research be conducted ?


What is a scientific paper ?
How is a scientific paper written & published ?
Editors:
Environmental Biosafety Research, Crop Research, Asian J of Plant Sciences, J Systematics & evolution, Biodiversity Science, J Plant Genetic Resources, Rice Science

2) Why study scientific paper writing?
Scientific paper is:

Records of research results & achievements Carrier of scientific theories & knowledge that pass on to generations Story of researcher‘s notebook A big tree falls down in forests



New findings
Methodology
“刻舟求剑”
和 “南辕北
辙”

The story of ―flea
research‖
Learning scientific methodology
To train: thinking – practice

Correct method: get twice the result with half the effort Scientific thinking Capacity enhancing High quality of research


Scientific paper is:

The symbol of completion of a research project The major source for the evaluation of scientific theories The basis for validation of scientific theories & results
Major committees:
Research interests: Conservation biology, systematic evolution, molecular ecology, biosafety
President Elect International Society for Biosafety Research (ISBR), Member: the Chinese National Biosafety Committee,
Writing: to record (evaluate) & pass on scientific Poor research results cannot produce good paper A poor paper hardly spread the research results



4) Basic elements in scientific research
1.
Subject — (scientists) who are characterized by knowledge, experience, skills, social-scientific practice etc
2.
Object — research targets of objective reality
Scientific Methodology and Scientific Paper Writing
The Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University Bao-Rong Lu
Bao-Rong Lu (卢宝荣)
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science & Ecological Engineering
Part 2:
paper
Scientific Paper Writing
1. Organization & format of a scientific 2. Titles, authorships & Abstracts 3. How to write the Introduction 4. How to write Materials & Methods 5. How to write Results 6. How to write Discussion 7. Acknowledgement & references 8. How to submit your paper
Scientific theory is the result of method exploration Scientific findings always accompanied with innovation of methods Appropriate scientific methods lead to fruitful results with less efforts
Requisite for students by university presidents:

President of Peking University: Zhihong Xu



作好人 作好学问 服务社会
Virtue
Capacity!
President of Stanford University: John Hennessy
Submission & review process of scientific paper E-publications, online submission



3) Relation between research method & paper writing

Research: to explore scientific questions
Medium — tools such as instrument, symbols, language that are used in scientific research
3.
Object
Subject
Object
Subject
Different opinions

A carpenter, a school teacher, & scientist were traveling by train through Scotland when they saw a black sheep through the window of the train: ‗Aha‘ said the carpenter: ‗I see that Scottish sheep are black‘

Questions
《科学研究方法与论文写作》课程问卷
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 你是： ______________ 级本科生，______________级研究生？ 你以后愿意从事： 教学（A），科研（B）, 二者均不（C）。 以前学习过科学研究的方法论吗？ 是（A）； 否（B）。 如学过，你认为科学研究应包括哪几个重要步骤？ 你认为科学研究中最难的部分是什么？ 你撰写过科学论文吗？ 是（A）； 否（B）。 如写过，你的论文是否发表过？ 你学习过科学论文写作方法吗？ 是（A）； 否（B）。 科学论文的一般格式是什么？论文分哪几部分？ 你认为科学论文难写么？最难写的是哪一部分？ 你认为发表论文困难么？如果困难，主要是什么问题？ 你选这门课的目的是什么？希望解决的第一个问题是什么？ 你认为这门课是用英文还是中文授课效果更好? 你对本课程有哪些期盼、要求和建议？(可写在问卷背面)


‗Hmm‘ said the school teacher: ‗You mean that some Scottish sheep are black?‘
‗No‘ said the scientist: ‗All we know is that there is at least 1 sheep in Scotland & that at least 1 side of that 1 sheep is black‘

Strong curiosity Study hard Ability Encourage creativity
Why need ca来自百度文库acity ?
Building up 7 capacities
1. Capacity of reading (learning)
2. Capacity of (work) planning
Course design
Part 1: Scientific Methodology Part 2: Scientific Paper Writing
Part 1:
Scientific Methodology
1. Introduction: scientific research &
article writing