生物质高压液化

Successful Experience in Sustaining Long-term Operation

of Larderello Geothermal Power Station

———The 100th Anniversary of Startup of Larderello Geothermal Power Station

Zheng Keyan 1，Pan Xiaoping 2

(1.Geothermal Council of Chine Energy Research Society ，Beijing 100081；

2.Beijing Institute of Geological &Prospecting Engineering ，Beijing 100044)

[Abstract]Italy had dominated the world ′s geothermal power generation sector for more than 60years until it was overtaken by the United States in the 1970s.The Larderello Geothermal Power Station located in Tuscany in central Italy was the world ′s first geothermal power station.It started operation on November 13，1913and remained the only geothermal power generation facility in the world until 1957.As of November 2013，Larderello Geothermal Power Station had been in operation for 100years and achieved the sustainable devel -opment of renewable geothermal energy.Three major factors have contributed to Larderello Geothermal Power Station ′s 100-year stable operation.Firstly ，the power station ′s power generating system has been updated con -stantly.In 2013，Larderello Geothermal Power Station had 22generating sets in operation ，with a combined in -stalled generating capacity of 594MW.All those generating sets were new units established since the 1990s.Secondly ，waste steam is recovered for reinjection of condensate water.There are currently 23reinjection wells in the geothermal field of Larderello Geothermal Power Station.Waste steam from the power generation process is recovered for reinjection of condensate water into the underground geothermal reservoir.In order to utilize the waste steam ，the power station added four generating sets during 2005to 2009，with a combined generat -ing capacity of 100MW.Thirdly ，the size of the geothermal field of the power station has been expanding continuously along with the advancement of exploration.The century -long history of Larderello Geothermal Power Station is also an important contribution to the world ′s geothermal development.

[Keywords]Larderello ；geothermal power generation ；equipment update ；geothermal reinjection ；expansion through exploration ；underground geothermal reservoir ；installed generating capacity

·能源链接·

生物质高压液化

生物质的高压液化与煤液化相比，生物质液化可在较温和的条件下进行。也可以把生物质的直接液化和它的水解工艺结合起来，用水解中生成的木质素残渣作液化原料。木质素的含氧量较低、能量密度较高对液化有利，已有的生物质液化研究许多是以木质素为原料的。生物质的高压液化主要有氢/供氢溶剂/催化剂路线和CO/H 2O/碱金属催化剂路线。前者如德国联邦森林和林产品研究中心的一步法催化加氢液化技术。其试验在由3个1L 的高压釜组成的系统内进行，它们分别作为反应器、热分离器和冷却器，以此来模拟一个连续的液化过程。生物质粒子与催化剂和循环油混合。反应在20MPa 氢压和380℃下进行约15min 。进入气相的液体产品在热分离气中快速蒸馏，塔底重油用作循环油。其余液体产物冷却到室温后得到一个沸程在60～360℃的油品，其中99％为正己烷可溶物，氧含量约12％。产物油所含能量相当于输入能(生物质和氢)的59％。生物质直接液化所得的液体产品的精制工艺常用在CoMo/Al 2O 3或NoMo/Al 2O 3催化剂上的催化加氢和在沸石催化剂HZSM-5上的催化裂解。(供稿舟丹)·29·

第2期郑克棪等.拉德瑞罗地热电站可持续开发经验

———记拉德瑞罗地热发电100周年