非谓语-特殊句式

非谓语动词

特殊句式

非谓语动词

I．学习目标

1. 非谓语动词基本形式及其基本属性：

不定式to do：_______________________________

动名词v-ing: _________________________

分词：(1)现在分词v-ing: __________________________

(2)过去分词done: ___________________________

2. 谓语动词与非谓语动词的区分；

3. 非谓语动词的时态、语态、复合结构以及独立结构的使用。

II．基础知识梳理

一、动词不定式（表目的、未来）

1．动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义

主动被动

一般式

进行式

完成式

完成进行式

如：

I came here (in order) to tell you the good news. (目的)

The bridge to be built next year is very long. (未来被)

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (已经)

His new novel is said to have been published. (已经被)

She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by.

了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。

2. 不定式的句法功能

除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。

It is important to learn English well。学好英语是重要的(作主语)

What I need most is to get support from you. 我最需要的是得到你们的支持。(作表语)

You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学到老。(作宾语)

She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(作定语) ▲To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(作状语)

I didn’t expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(作宾语补足语)

3. 学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题

(1)用不定式作宾语的词语。

下列词语常用不定式作宾语: afford, agree, arrange, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, 等。

下列动词后可接“疑问词＋不定式”：teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, ask, discuss等。

(2)理解和使用不定式作宾补。

①see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, observe, feel, make, let, have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

②常用不定式作宾补的几种情况：

ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like＋sb. to do sth.

think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine＋sb.＋to be/to have done sth.

call on/depend on/wait for/ask for＋sb.＋to do sth.

(3)不定式作定语的特殊用法。

①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：ability, chance, wish, right, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the second, the last, the only等。如：

He had a good way to make his lessons lively and interesting.

Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?

②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：

There is no one to look after her.

③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：

I have a lot of work to do.

如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：

He is looking for a room to live in.

但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。

Here is a box to put things in.

注意: 不定式作定语要注意语态形式。例如：

I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)

I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？

你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带)

(4)不定式作状语的用法。

不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中主要表示目的，有时表原因或结果。only to do表示出人意料的结果。如：

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.

in order (not) to，so as (not) to用来引导目的状语，但so as to不能用于句首。so…as to do, such ＋名词…as to do引导结果状语。如：

The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.

I'm not such a fool as to believe that.

不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如：

He is hard to please / to get along with.

Do you think him easy to work with?

注意：此时不定式用主动形式，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。

(5)不定式的完成式的特殊用法

①表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如：

(1)The novel was said to have been published.

(2)I’m lucky to have been with you for so many years.