会计专业英语1-reporting entity

资产负债表（财务状况报表）是表示某一特定 日期公司的财务状况的报表
(1) ASSET资产
• Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a company as a result of past transactions or events. • 资产是由过去的交易或事项形成的，可能 带来将来经济利益流入的，由公司拥有或 控制的经济资源
EG：
retail stores farms service businesses accounting
The sole proprietorship is the most common form of business organization in U.S. economy
Sole partnership
（2）LIABILITIES 负债
• Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a company to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transaction or events. • 负债是由过去的交易或事项形成的，可能 会引起将来经济利益流出的现时义务。
公司制企业是法律制度下区分于所有者的实体
Ownership of a corporation is divided into transferable shares of capital stock ,and the owners are called stockholders or shareholders.
Financial Reporting
1.Balance sheet 资产负债表 2.Income statement 利润表 3 Statement of retained earnings 留存收益报表 4.Statement of cash flows 现金流量报表
BALANCE SHEET资产负债表
• Corporations are the dominate form of business organization 公司是商业的主体 • Corporations are mosห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ likely to distribute financial statements to investors and other outsiders 企业最有可能向投资者和外部人员发放财务报告
• Advantage:
Simplicity 简单
• Disadvantage：
Unlimited liability feature to the owner. 所有者的无限责任
Partnerships 合伙企业
An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily acting as partners 一个公司由两个及以上的自然人自愿担当合 伙共同经营
（3）OWNERS’ EQUITY所有者权益
• Owners’ equity is the residual claim of the owners on the assets of a firm • 所有者权益是所有者对公司资产的剩余所 求权
Income statement 利润表
• The income statement is an activity statement that shows the details and results of the company’s profit –related activities for a period of time .
Principles of Accounting 会计原则
• • • • • • • Materiality PPL 重要性原则 Conservatism PPL 稳健性原则 Cost PPL 成本原则 Accrual basis accounting PPL 权责发生制原则 Matching PPL 配比原则 Realization PPL 收入实现原则
合伙企业的好处是便于大额集资投资
Corporations 公司制企业
A corporation is a type of business organization that is recognized under the law as a entity separate from its owners.
Principles of Accounting 会计原则
Objectivity PPL 客观性原则 Understandability PPL 明晰性原则 Relevance PPL 相关性原则 Reliability PPL 可靠性原则 Comparability PPL 可比性原则 Consistency PPL 一致性原则
The stockholders are generally free to sell some or all of these share to other investors at any time.
• The most large businesses are organized as corporations. 最大的商业都叫做公司
Basic Assumptions of Accounting 会计基本假设
1.Accounting Entity Assumption 会计主体假设 2.Going Concern Assumption 持续经营假设 3.Accounting Period Assumption 会计分期假设 4.Monetary Measurement Assumption 货币计量假设
The statement shows the figure of
• Beginning retained earnings • Changes during the period • The figure of the ending retained earnings
The statement of cash flows 现金流量表
• Expense are the costs of the goods and services used up in the process of earning revenue.
• 费用是整的收入过程中耗用的货物成本或 劳务。
（3）Net income/Net loss 净利润/ 净损失
• The term net income (or net loss) is simply the difference between revenues and expenses for a designated period of time.
• 净利润（或净损失）就是一段时期收入和 费用的差额。
Statement of retained earnings 留存收益报表
• The statement of retained earnings is a statement that reflects the changes occurred in the retained earnings of a business during a specific accounting period. • 留存收益表是某一特定会计时期的反映公 司留存收益改变的报表。
The statement of financial position, or balance sheet, is a position statement that shows where the company stands in financial terms at a specific date.
The cash flows are divided into three basic categories:
• Cash flows from operating activities 经营活动现金流量 • Cash flows from investing activities 投资活动现金流量 • Cash flows from financing activities 筹资活动现金流量
• The statement of cash flows is a summary of activity in company’s cash account over a period of time and explains how the cash balance at the beginning of period came to be the cash balance at the end of the period in the process. • 现金流量表是一段时间公司现金账户活动的 汇总，表示现金余额从期初到期末变化的过 程
（1）Revenue 收入
• Revenue is the cash inflows of price of goods sold and services rendered during a giver accounting period.
• 收入是一段时期的销售产品和提供劳务的 现金流入
(2) EXPENSE 费用
• 利润表是表示一段时期与经营活动相关的 反映公司经营成果的财务报表
Two common formats for income statement
The single-step form
• Revenue • Expenses • Net income
The multiple-step form
• • • • • Revenues Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expense Net income
Basic Assumptions and Principles of Accounting
会计的基本假设和原则
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 公认会计准则
GAAP provides the general framework for determining what information is included in financial statements and how this information is to be presented.
• Widely used in small business 大部分都是用于小企业 • Some very large professional practices, including CPA firms. 一些很大的专业实践 包括 会计师事务所
A benefit of the partnership form over the sole proprietorships form is the ability to bring together large amounts of capital investment from multiple owners.
Reporting entity
1.Sole proprietorships 2.Partnerships 3.Corporations
1.Sole proprietorships 独资企业
an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits. 对企业的债务和利润均负有责任的单个法 人。