W1 空气、水和土壤污染物.

atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million
(ppm) in 1750 to about 350 ppm in 1990 and is still rising, with the main reason for the emissions, and the concentration to be expected in the atmosphere vary, but is appears likely that the concentration will rise to a mean of about 550 ppm by the year 2050.
(secondary pollutants) under the influence of solar radiation.
The major air pollutants, which have documented environmental and health risks, include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulates. Air pollution can also alter climates and the chemistry of soil, lakes and rivers.
酸雨形成
因酸雨致死的树木
Acid rain
Water bodies in northern temperate regions of Europe and North America have suffered form acidification due to ‘acid rain is a result of fossil fuel burning, which produces sulfur
the form of snow, sleet and fog. Acid rain reduces the pH of
soil and lakes, while acidification can also cause the death of trees and allow toxic metals (e.g. aluminium and mercury) to be leached from soils and sediments.
土壤污染
在导致土壤污染问题的一系列化学物质中，卤素（主
要是溶剂和杀虫剂）构成了最大的一类。这些化学物
质是人工制造的。污染土壤的最复杂的一类化合物包 括多聚物，如尼龙、塑料和橡胶。生物除污是利用微
生物净化污染土壤的一项技术。
相关主题
水的特性（D1）
温室气体和全球变暖（W2）
臭氧（W3）
土壤形成、特性和分类（G3）
温室效应
“温室效应”（greenhouse effect）是这样一种理论， 它假设二氧化碳和甲烷这样的普通人为污染物造成的 污染会导致全球气温的上升。在过去的一个世纪中，
二氧化碳浓度升高，而全球气温也上升了0.4~0.7℃。
这个事实支持了上述理论。因为大气中的温室气体 （包括水蒸气、二氧化碳和其他人为污染物）能够吸
microorganisms that deplete the oxygen levels, which may
be quantified by the ‘biochemical oxygen demand’ (BOD). A particularly important class of organic water pollutants is the family of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of stable chlorinated compounds, that are highly toxic to vertebrates.
Greenhouse gases and global warming (W2) Ozone depletion (W3)
W2 温室气体和全球变暖
要 点
二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）是大气、海洋和
大气中二氧化 碳的浓度
石油和天然气）直到最近几个世纪才被挖掘出来。大
chemicals, and (iv) heat. The eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems occurs due to an excess of inorganic nutrients. Organic matter in the water is broken down by
Bioremediation is a technique of utilizing microorganisms
for the decontamination of polluted soils.
Related topics
The properties of water (D1) Soil formation, properties and classification (G3)
W1 空气、水和土壤污染物
要 点
空气污染 空气污染是由人类活动引起的天然与合成的有害物质 向大气中的排放。污染物可直接进入大气（初级污染 物），或在太阳辐射的影响下于大气中产生（次级污 染物）。已表明会给环境和健康带来威胁的主要空气 污染物包括氧化氮类、二氧化硫、臭氧和固体颗粒。 空气污染也能改变气候以及土壤、湖泊和河流的化学 性质。
笼罩着空气污染的城市
W1 AIR, WATER AND SOIL
POLLRTANTS
Key Notes
Air pollution Air pollution is the transfer of harmful amounts of natural
and synthetic materials into the atmosphere as a consequence of human activity. Pollutants can be added to the air directly (primary pollutants), or they can be created in the air
oxides (SOx) and nitric oxide (NO) which may combine with
atmospheric water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HCO3), respectively, The term ‘acid deposition’ is more accurate as acid may also be deposited from the air in
Key Notes
Carbon dioxide concentrations in
the atmosphere
GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main vehicle of carbon flux
between atmosphere, oceans and biota. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) present in the lithosphere lay dormant until recent centuries. The concentration of CO2 in the
气中二氧化碳的浓度从1750年的280ppm上升到1990年 约350ppm，而且仍在增长。增长的主要原因是化石燃
料的燃烧。虽然对于未来二氧化碳的释放量和大气中
二氧化碳的估计浓度尚有不同，但是到2050年，二氧 化碳浓度很可能上升到平均大约为550ppm。
挪威斯瓦尔巴特群岛：二氧化碳的试验倾倒场
W2 GREENHOUSE
收热量，所以围绕地球的大气层防止了地球热量的全
部丧失。如果将大气中的二氧化碳浓度在已有水平上 翻倍，预计气温将上升3.5 ℃左右。
相关主题
太阳辐射与气候（C1）
臭氧（W3）
空气、水和土壤污染物（W1）
短波的阳光能透过花房周围的玻璃，室内的长波辐射却逃不出去。 大气也具有这种特性，我们称之为温室效应
酸
雨
欧洲和北美的北温带地区的水体已经遭受到酸雨带来 的酸化。酸雨是化石燃烧的结果。化石燃料的燃烧会 产生氧化硫类物质（SOx）和一氧化氮（NO），它们 能分别和大气中的水分结合而形成硫酸（H2SO4）和硝 酸（HNO3）。这种现象称为“酸降”更恰当，因为酸 也会以雪、雨和雾的形式从空气中沉降下来。酸雨降 低土壤和湖泊的pH，同时酸化也能导致树木的死亡， 并使得有毒金属（如铝和汞）从土壤和沉积物中释放 出来。
The greenhouse
effect
The ‘greenhouse effect’ is a theory which proposes that pollution by common anthropgenic (i.e. created by humans) pollutants such as CO2 and methane may lead to an increased global temperature. Over the last century, CO2 concentrations have risen and global air temperatures have increased by 0.4-0.7℃, which supports theory theory. The atmosphere formed around the Earth insulates the planet form the full effects of hat loss by trapping heat in the atmosphere using greenhouse gases, which include water vapor as well as Co2 and other anthropogenic pollutants. Doubling of the atmospheric CO2 and other anthropogenic pollutants. Doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from its present level is predicted to lead to a further warming of around 3.5 ℃.
水体污染物
水污染分为四类：（i）生物试剂，（ii）溶解的化学物 质，（iii）不溶的化学物质和（iv）热。水生态富营养
化是无机营养物过剩造成的。水中的有机物质被微生
物分解，降低了溶氧水平。溶氧水平可以由“生化需 氧量”（biochemical oxygen demand, BOD）来定量。
有机水体污染物中非常重要的一类是多氯联苯族化合
Soil pollution
A range of chemical cause soil pollution problems, of which halogens (primarily solvents and pesticides) constitute the largest group. These chemicals are manufactured. The most complex group of compounds which are found polluting soils include polymers such as nylon, plastics and rubber.
物PCBs，这是一组稳定的含氯化合物，对脊椎动物有 剧毒。
水污染
Water pollutants
Water pollution can be divided into one of four categories: (i)
biological agents, (ii) dissolved chemicals, (iii) nondissolved