英美文学常识 (小说)Short Story Elements
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of events to tell about something that happened in the past ➢ Surprise Ending- conclusion that reader does not expect
Conflict
Essential to the plot Without conflict there is no plot It is the opposition of forces
Plot
How the author arranges events to develop his basic idea
– The sequence of events in a story or play – A planned, logical series of events having a
For some stories
– the setting is very important – for others it is not
Place Time Weather conditions Social conditions Mood or atmosphere
Several aspects to consider how setting contributes to
– Within a short story
▪ there may be only one central struggle ▪ there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.
Types of Conflict
There are two types of conflict: 1) External - A struggle with a force outside one's self.
▪ with his/her own soul ▪ ideas of right or wrong ▪ physical limitations ▪ choices, etc.
Character
Persons in a work of fiction – Antagonist and Protagonist
2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical)
– leading character struggles
▪ against fate ▪ circumstances of life facing him/her.
3) Man vs. Society (social)
Special Techniques of Plot
➢ Suspense- excitement or tension ➢ Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what
will happen in story ➢ Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence
struggle ➢ To create a mood or atmosphere ➢ To symbolize an idea
Example of a setting
We left the home place behind, mile by slow mile, heading for the mountains, across the prairie where the wind blew forever.
Stream of Consciousness
– story told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.
At first there were four of us with one horse wagon and its skimpy load. Pa and I walked, because I was a big boy of eleven. My two little sisters romped and trotted until they got tired and had to be boosted up to the wagon bed.
Characters are convincing if they are:
– consistent, motivated, and life-like (resemble real people)
Character’s are….
Individual
– round, many sided and complex personalities
Short Story Elements
1st lecture 2nd part
SIX major elements
Setting Conflict Point of View Plot Character Theme
Setting
The time and location in which a story takes place
▪ moves from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and
▪ introduces information where and when he chooses
2) Internal - A struggle within one's self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.
Kinds of Conflict
Developing
– dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story.
Static
– Stereotype – have one or two characteristics that never change
– In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real
– Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters
beginning, middle, and end – Short stories usually have one plot so it can
be read in one sitting – There are five essential parts of plot
PLOT LINE
1 - Intro 2 - Rising Action 3 - Climax 4 - Falling Action 5 - Resolution
– The author may reveal a character in several ways:
▪ his/her physical appearance ▪ what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams ▪ what he/she does or does not do ▪ what others say about him/her ▪ how others react to him/her
First Person
– story told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters
▪ using pronouns I, me, we, etc ▪ reader sees the story through this person's eyes as he/she
experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.
Omniscient P.O.V.
Omniscient
– author can narrate the story using the omniscient point of view
There are two main types of omniscient point of view:
– Omniscient Limited
▪ author tells story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). ▪ We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her
–Short stories use few characters –One character is clearly central to
the story
▪ all major events have some importance to this character
Character
The Characteristics of a Person –
– ties one incident to another – makes the plot move
Is not merely limited to open arguments
– It is any form of opposition that faces the main character
There are four kinds of conflict:
Man vs. Man (physical)
– leading character struggles with
▪ his physical strength against other men ▪ forces of nature ▪ animals.
and are emphasized
▪ brilliant detective ▪ Drunk ▪ Scrooge ▪ cruel stepmother
Point of View
Innocent Eye
– story told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult)
– leading character struggles against
▪ ideas, ▪ practices, or ▪ customs of other people.
4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) –
– leading character struggles with himself/herself
a story
– (some,Fra Baidu bibliotekor all, may be present in a story):
The Functions of a Setting
➢ To make action seem more real ➢ To show a reader a different way of
life ➢ To be the source of conflict or
Conflict
Essential to the plot Without conflict there is no plot It is the opposition of forces
Plot
How the author arranges events to develop his basic idea
– The sequence of events in a story or play – A planned, logical series of events having a
For some stories
– the setting is very important – for others it is not
Place Time Weather conditions Social conditions Mood or atmosphere
Several aspects to consider how setting contributes to
– Within a short story
▪ there may be only one central struggle ▪ there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.
Types of Conflict
There are two types of conflict: 1) External - A struggle with a force outside one's self.
▪ with his/her own soul ▪ ideas of right or wrong ▪ physical limitations ▪ choices, etc.
Character
Persons in a work of fiction – Antagonist and Protagonist
2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical)
– leading character struggles
▪ against fate ▪ circumstances of life facing him/her.
3) Man vs. Society (social)
Special Techniques of Plot
➢ Suspense- excitement or tension ➢ Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what
will happen in story ➢ Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence
struggle ➢ To create a mood or atmosphere ➢ To symbolize an idea
Example of a setting
We left the home place behind, mile by slow mile, heading for the mountains, across the prairie where the wind blew forever.
Stream of Consciousness
– story told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.
At first there were four of us with one horse wagon and its skimpy load. Pa and I walked, because I was a big boy of eleven. My two little sisters romped and trotted until they got tired and had to be boosted up to the wagon bed.
Characters are convincing if they are:
– consistent, motivated, and life-like (resemble real people)
Character’s are….
Individual
– round, many sided and complex personalities
Short Story Elements
1st lecture 2nd part
SIX major elements
Setting Conflict Point of View Plot Character Theme
Setting
The time and location in which a story takes place
▪ moves from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and
▪ introduces information where and when he chooses
2) Internal - A struggle within one's self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.
Kinds of Conflict
Developing
– dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story.
Static
– Stereotype – have one or two characteristics that never change
– In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real
– Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters
beginning, middle, and end – Short stories usually have one plot so it can
be read in one sitting – There are five essential parts of plot
PLOT LINE
1 - Intro 2 - Rising Action 3 - Climax 4 - Falling Action 5 - Resolution
– The author may reveal a character in several ways:
▪ his/her physical appearance ▪ what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams ▪ what he/she does or does not do ▪ what others say about him/her ▪ how others react to him/her
First Person
– story told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters
▪ using pronouns I, me, we, etc ▪ reader sees the story through this person's eyes as he/she
experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.
Omniscient P.O.V.
Omniscient
– author can narrate the story using the omniscient point of view
There are two main types of omniscient point of view:
– Omniscient Limited
▪ author tells story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). ▪ We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her
–Short stories use few characters –One character is clearly central to
the story
▪ all major events have some importance to this character
Character
The Characteristics of a Person –
– ties one incident to another – makes the plot move
Is not merely limited to open arguments
– It is any form of opposition that faces the main character
There are four kinds of conflict:
Man vs. Man (physical)
– leading character struggles with
▪ his physical strength against other men ▪ forces of nature ▪ animals.
and are emphasized
▪ brilliant detective ▪ Drunk ▪ Scrooge ▪ cruel stepmother
Point of View
Innocent Eye
– story told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult)
– leading character struggles against
▪ ideas, ▪ practices, or ▪ customs of other people.
4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) –
– leading character struggles with himself/herself
a story
– (some,Fra Baidu bibliotekor all, may be present in a story):
The Functions of a Setting
➢ To make action seem more real ➢ To show a reader a different way of
life ➢ To be the source of conflict or