全国卷高三英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解习题讲评课五主旨大意题增分点一_文章大意名师课件

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
2．找主题句的 5 个小பைடு நூலகம்门
(1)段落中出现表示转折的词语(如 however, but, in fact, on the contrary, in contrast 等)时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句。 (3)作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现 的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词(主旨句常包含关键词)。 (4)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可 能是主题句。 (5) 表 示 总 结 或 结 论 词 语 常 有 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等。
31.What is the main idea of the text? A．New languages will be created. B．People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages. C．Human development results in fewer languages. D．Geography determines language evolution. [解析] 选 C 第一段说明语言已有几千年的历史，但有一
3．解题原则 文章大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注 意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要作为最后一道题来做，因 为只有通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，并且文章中其他 题目的解答也会有助于对整篇文章主旨的理解。
训练目标(一)
对点练——攻克失分短板
A(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 B 节选)
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness (荒野)．But gold was discovered there in
[增分技巧] 1．快速确定文章大意 (1)归纳要点抓大意。适用于没有明显的主题句的文章或段落。 (2)从段落中抓大意。适用于主题句位于文章或段落中间类型 的文章。 (3)读首句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在开头的文章，如说明 文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道。 (4)读尾句抓大意。适用于主题句出现在段尾/篇尾的文章，是 最常见的归纳法写作方式。
些语言正在消失；第二段说明随着人类社会的发展，语言变得 更少；第三段说明语言的分布是不均匀的；第四段介绍了超过 400 种语言正面临消亡的威胁。整篇文章主要说明的是由于人类 社会的发展导致了语言变得越来越少。故选 C。
[干扰项分析] A 项颠倒是非，文章介绍的是语言的减少而 不是新语言的创造。B、D 两项无中生有，文中没有提到人们的 生活方式会反映到语言上，也没有提到地理决定语言的发展。
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
B(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读 C 节选) After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
27．What is the text mainly about? A．The rise and fall of a city. B．The gold rush in Canada. C．Journeys into the wilderness. D．Tourism in Dawson. 解析：第一段简要介绍了决定城市发展的因素，引出道森这一 城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍该 城市的衰落及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕道森这个城市的发 展兴衰展开的。故 A 项正确。 答案：A