认知心理学课件14：认知的个别差异和性别差异讲解
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• Intrapersonal intelligence: the ability shown by someone who has great insight into his or her own feelings and emotions
认知能力
专家化过程
• 人的专家化过程也可以影响在他们的专 业领域完成认知任务的方式。专家可以 知觉到更多的细微差别，对信息的分类 与新手不同。专家可以利用他们的专业 知识以特殊方式组织信息，以便更有效 地利用他们的记忆。
• Length estimation (estimate lengths or distances between points)
Gardner's list of types of
human intelligence
• Musical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by gifted musicians or child prodigies
• Spatial intelligence: the type of ability shown by those with superior navigation skills or an ability to visualize spatial scenes
• Interpersonal intelligence: the type of ability shown by those who can easily infer other people's moods, temperaments, or intentions and motivations
个别差异和性别差异
• 认知活动可能不总是所有人以相同的方 式进行的。生活中的人们完成认知活动 可能有不同的方式，这些不同有多方面 的来源。特别值得重视的是认知能力、 认知风格、专家化、成长等方面产生的 个别差异。
认知的个别差异
• 能力的差异（Ability Differences）
– 个体显然有不同的认知能力，尤其是在心理 速度、储存容量和注意广度方面。有些心理 学家将上述认知能力等同于智力，一些心理 学家则认为认知能力是智力的一个组成部分， 还有一些心理学家则认为没有什么独立存在 的智力。
problems) • Associative memory (recall associated element when
given another element) • Span memLeabharlann Baidury (immediately recall a set of elements
after one presentation)
• Spontaneous flexibility (produce diverse functions and classifications for an object)
• Perceptual speed (find instances of a pattern under speeded conditions)
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the type of ability shown by gifted athletes, dancers, or surgeons, who have great control over body movements
• Logical-mathematical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by superior scientists and logical problem solvers
认知能力各个方面
• Verbal comprehension (understand words, sentences, paragraphs)
• Sensitivity to problems (suggest ways to solve problems)
• Syllogistic reasoning (draw conclusions from premises) • Number facility (compute arithmetic operations) • Induction (indicate a principle of relations) • General reasoning (find solutions for algebraic
认知能力各个方面
• Associational fluency (produce words similar in meaning to a given word)
• Expressional fluency (produce different ways of saying the same thing)
• Visualization (mentally manipulate forms to visualize how they would look)
• Spatial orientation (visually imagine parts out of place and put them in place)
• Linguistic intelligence: the type of ability shown by great writers or poets who can express themselves verbally
Gardner's list of types of
human intelligence
认知的个别差异和性别差异
• 认知的个别差异（Individual Differences in Cognition）
– 能力的差异 – 认知风格 – 年龄与认知
• 认知的性别差异
– 技能与能力的性别差异 – 言语能力 – 视觉－空间能力 – 数学与推理能力 – 学习与认知风格的性别差异 – 完成认知任务的动机 – 联结学习
认知能力
专家化过程
• 人的专家化过程也可以影响在他们的专 业领域完成认知任务的方式。专家可以 知觉到更多的细微差别，对信息的分类 与新手不同。专家可以利用他们的专业 知识以特殊方式组织信息，以便更有效 地利用他们的记忆。
• Length estimation (estimate lengths or distances between points)
Gardner's list of types of
human intelligence
• Musical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by gifted musicians or child prodigies
• Spatial intelligence: the type of ability shown by those with superior navigation skills or an ability to visualize spatial scenes
• Interpersonal intelligence: the type of ability shown by those who can easily infer other people's moods, temperaments, or intentions and motivations
个别差异和性别差异
• 认知活动可能不总是所有人以相同的方 式进行的。生活中的人们完成认知活动 可能有不同的方式，这些不同有多方面 的来源。特别值得重视的是认知能力、 认知风格、专家化、成长等方面产生的 个别差异。
认知的个别差异
• 能力的差异（Ability Differences）
– 个体显然有不同的认知能力，尤其是在心理 速度、储存容量和注意广度方面。有些心理 学家将上述认知能力等同于智力，一些心理 学家则认为认知能力是智力的一个组成部分， 还有一些心理学家则认为没有什么独立存在 的智力。
problems) • Associative memory (recall associated element when
given another element) • Span memLeabharlann Baidury (immediately recall a set of elements
after one presentation)
• Spontaneous flexibility (produce diverse functions and classifications for an object)
• Perceptual speed (find instances of a pattern under speeded conditions)
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: the type of ability shown by gifted athletes, dancers, or surgeons, who have great control over body movements
• Logical-mathematical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by superior scientists and logical problem solvers
认知能力各个方面
• Verbal comprehension (understand words, sentences, paragraphs)
• Sensitivity to problems (suggest ways to solve problems)
• Syllogistic reasoning (draw conclusions from premises) • Number facility (compute arithmetic operations) • Induction (indicate a principle of relations) • General reasoning (find solutions for algebraic
认知能力各个方面
• Associational fluency (produce words similar in meaning to a given word)
• Expressional fluency (produce different ways of saying the same thing)
• Visualization (mentally manipulate forms to visualize how they would look)
• Spatial orientation (visually imagine parts out of place and put them in place)
• Linguistic intelligence: the type of ability shown by great writers or poets who can express themselves verbally
Gardner's list of types of
human intelligence
认知的个别差异和性别差异
• 认知的个别差异（Individual Differences in Cognition）
– 能力的差异 – 认知风格 – 年龄与认知
• 认知的性别差异
– 技能与能力的性别差异 – 言语能力 – 视觉－空间能力 – 数学与推理能力 – 学习与认知风格的性别差异 – 完成认知任务的动机 – 联结学习