英语语言学布拉格学派纯英文

1915 ---- The foundation of the Moscow Linguistic circle, Jakobson being the president.
1917---- Members fleeing Moscow due to October Revolution.
1926 ---- The foundation of the Prague School Linguistic Circle, Jakobson being the vice president
gradual opposition 分级对立 the pairs share different digrees of a feature
multilateral opposition 多边对立 It is a more loosely established relationship: /a/ and /i/ for
instence are alike only to the extent that both are vowels, a quality shared by ant other pairs of vowels.
First, it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.
12.1.2 Phonology and Phonological Oppositions
phonetics (语音学):
Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages, i.e. how they are produced, how they differ from each
privative opposition 否定对立 One member of a contrastive pair mat be characterised by
the presence of a certain feature, the other by its absence. aspiration VS lack of aspiration as between /p/ and /b/.
Second, there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.
Third, language was looked on as functional in another sense, that is, as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.
proportional opposition 均衡对立. Two phonerastive
features also serve as the differentiating criterion for other pairs of phonemes. E.g. /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/, /k/ and /g/ are all distinguished by voice.
other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc.
phonology (音系学):
Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Nine phonological oppositions of phonemes
bilateral opposition 双边对立 If the features which two phonemes share belong only to
them, they are bilateral opposition; In other words, the features they have in common do not occur simultaneously in any other phoneme. eg. /p/ and /b/
1928 ---- Presenting the Prague Circle manifesto
1929 ---- the First International Congress of Slavists in Prague. Came up with Outline
1930 ---- International phonetic system representative conferencein Prague (detail on language, especially on phonetic structure).
12.1.2 Phonology and Phonological Oppositions
Trubetzkoy Principles of Phonology phonetics belonged to parole and phonology belonged to
langue
the notion of phoneme an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the
崔健
Chronicle of the Prague School
According to the changes of its main members and research interests of the transfer into two stages:
the first stage from 1926 to build the Second World War broke out;
1970s ---- Linguistic activity interrupted again After 1989 ---- New society's activities to resume
Characteristic
Of the many ideas developed in Prague School, three points are of special importance.
isolated opposition 孤立对立 If the contrastive feature is unique to the pair, that is , it is
not a contrastive feature of any other pairs of pnonemes in the language, then the phonemes are isolated opposition. For example, English, /y/ and /l/,the former is labial-dental fricative the later is lateral voiced.
their power of discrimination.
Phonological oppositions
Phonological opposition
two elements (two phonemes in phonology) only differ in one feature. E.g. in English /g/ in gut, and /k/ in cut are said to be in opposition because the only difference between them is that /g/ is voiced, and /k/ is voiceless.
In classifying distinctive features ,Trubetzkoy proposed three criteria:
their relation to the whole contrastive system;
relations between the opposing elements; and
sounds actually produced. A phoneme may be defined as the sum of the differential
functions. Sounds may be phonemes in so far as they can serve to
distinguish meaning.
The Prague School
Content
Intruduction
Phonology and Phonological Oppositions Functional Sentence Perspective
Intruduction
Funded:in 1926. Czechoslovakia Funder:a professor at the Charlie University of Prague V.
Mathesius (1882 - 1946) V.马泰休斯 Main activists:included R. Jakobson R.雅柯布逊(1896 - 1982)
and N. Trubetzkoy 特鲁别茨科伊(1890-1938). One of the main schools of structural linguistics. Activity center is the Prague language institute Also called functionl language.