构词法简介

Deny A. Kwary
http://www.kwary.net
Airlanga University
English Word Formation
Deny A. Kwary http://www.kwary.net Airlanga University
Types of Word Formation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Compounding Prefixation Suffixation Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms Toponyms
6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted. Examples: Motor + hotel Motel Breakfast + lunch Brunch Wi-fi Wireless + Fidelity Shoat Sheep + goat
10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named. Examples: Celcius (Anders Celcius) Cook Islands (James Cook)
8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several words and use them as a new word Examples: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats SWOT Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SCUBA
Compound Nouns
1. Boyfriend, hatchback 2. Cut-throat, breakfast 3. Sunshine, birth control 4. Software, fast food 5. In-crowd, overkill 6. Drop-out, put-on 1. Noun + Noun 2. Verb + Noun 3. Noun + Verb 4. Adjective + Noun 5. Particle + Noun 6. Verb + Particle
3. Suffixation
Suffixes forming Nouns N from N: -dom kingdom N from V: -ee employee N from Adj: -ce dependence Suffixes forming Verbs V from N: -ify beautify V from Adj: -en shorten Suffixes forming adjectives Adj from N: -al educational Adj from V: -able understandable Adj from Adj: -ish greenish Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.
1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word. Examples: Home + work homework Pick + pocket pickpocket The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. Types of compounds: Compound nouns Compound verbs Compound adjectives
Identify the type of word formation:
1. information, commercials Informercials 2. Babysitter babysit 3. Demi + god Demigod 4. Do + able doable 5. A catalogue to catalogue 6. Drama + comedy dramedy 7. Game + pad gamepad 8. Greek + god Greek god = Blend = Back-formation = Prefixation = Suffixation = Conversion = Blend = Compound = Compound
2. Prefixation
Class-changing prefixes:
abeeninforeEtc. asleep bewitch enslave indefinite foreman V to Adj N to V N to V Adj to Adj N to N
Class-maintaining prefixes:
பைடு நூலகம்
5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables Examples: Gasoline Gas Hamburger Burger delicatessen deli microphone mike
Compound Adjectives
1. Capital-intensive 2. Deaf-mute 3. Coffee-table 4. Roll-neck 5. White-collar 6. Before-tax 7. Go-go 1. Noun + Adjective 2. Adjective + Adjective 3. Noun + Noun 4. Verb + Noun 5. Adjective + Noun 6. Particle + Noun 7. Verb-verb
7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis. Examples: editor (1649) edit (1791) television (1907) televise (1927) Paramedical (1921) paramedic (1967)
9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing that they name. English Cock-a-doo Meow Japanese Kokekokko Nya Tagalog Kuk-kakauk Niyaw Indonesian Kukuruyuk Meong
Compound Verbs
1. Carbon-copy, sky-dive 2. Fine-tune 3. Overbook 4. Bad-mouth 1. Noun + Verb 2. Adjective + Verb 3. Particle + Verb 4. Adjective + Noun
11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature. Examples:
Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish) Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)
4. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Types of Conversion
Verb to Noun: to hit a hit Adj to N: a final game a final N to V: a sign to sign Adj to V: an empty box to empty