昆曲中英文简介

SO how do you feel about this song, wonderful or rediculors？THIS is wanglihong's song called Zaimeibian, and it tells us something about a famous opera ,mudanting, which is one of the famous arias of kunqu. and this is just what i'll talk about. yeah, my topic is kunqu.

Kunqu , also known as Kunju, Kun opera or Kunqu Opera(昆山腔), is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera.中国最古老的戏曲形式之一。
Main arias主要唱段 aria ['ari?] n.咏叹调,唱腔 此处指唱段

we will focus on these points about kunqu.
first, its history.

Kunqu boasts a 600-year history.The term kunshan qiang (“Kunshan tune”) originally referred to a style of music that emerged(出现/i'mezhi/) in the late Yuan dynasty (early 14th century).昆山腔最初是出现在元末的一种音乐形式。 It was created by Gu Jian, a musician of Kunshan (near Suzhou), who combined the music of the region with an improvement on the music of nanxi (“southern drama”).它的创始人是一位昆山的戏曲家，名字叫做GUJIAN，他把地方戏和一种由南戏发展来的剧种结合在一起。
During the mid-1500s, the musician and actor Wei Liangfu developed a musical form that combined kunshan qiang with other regional styles.在16世纪中期，戏曲家和表演艺术家魏良辅将昆山腔和其他地方戏相结合发明了一种新剧种。The dramatist Liang Chenyu of Kunshan soon adapted it to a full-length opera, Huanshaji (“Washing the Silken Gauze”), a chuanqi (“marvel tale”).昆山剧作家梁辰鱼将其改编成为一个完整的剧目，浣纱记，一部传奇 DO you know what is chuanqi?（chuanqi is a form of traditional Chinese operatic drama that developed from the nanxi in the late 14th century. Chuanqi alternated with the zaju as the major form of Chinese drama until the 16th century, when kunqu, a particular style of chuanqi, began to dominate serious Chinese drama.传奇，是一种中国传统戏剧形式，它发源于14世纪末的南戏。在16世纪之前，传奇和杂剧是中国主要的戏剧形式。十六世纪后，昆曲作为一种特别的传奇形式，开始占据中国戏剧的主导地位）。
It gained wide popularity, and the new dramatic style came to be known as kunqu (“songs of Kun”). 浣纱记这部作品在当时得到了广泛欢迎，此时这个新剧种被称为了昆曲。It developed into a national dramatic genre （流派/zhaonre/）that was deeply loved by audiences, especially by the literati（文人/lite'ra:ti:/）. 它发展成为一个为观众，尤其是文人深深喜爱的国家戏剧流派。
Kunqu flourished（繁荣 兴盛 活跃） for about a hundred years.昆曲兴盛了大约一百年的时间。
About the middle of the 18th century, during the Qing dynasty, it was gradually replaced in popularity by jingxi (Peking opera).在18世纪中叶，也就是清朝世纪，它的 地位逐渐被京剧取代。
Its emergence（出现

浮现 /i'mergence/） ushered (引入了 开启了 开创了)in the second Golden Era of Chinese drama它的出现引入了中国戏曲的第二个黄金时代。
BUT By the early twentieth century it had nearly disappeared, which was only exacerbated（加重，使。。恶化/ek'sesbitid/） by deliberate (故意的，深思熟虑的)attempts to suppress （压制 镇压/sepress/）it during the Cultural Revolution.
20世纪初，由于文化大革命时期的压制，它几乎消失。
Kunqu origined from Kunshan, Jiangsu province. in ming dynasty, it developed into areas in the south of the Yangtze River and north of the Qiantang River, and it gradually spread into Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Henan ,Hebei and other provinces. In the late Wanli Years, it spreaded into Beijing. In Qing dynasty, Kunqu became popular all over China.Today, Kunqu is performed professionally in seven Mainland Chinese cities.just have a look at them.

CHARACTERISTIC

tune It is so mild温婉, exquisite细腻（/eksqueizit/）, sentimental多愁善感, and melodious 优美的that it is commonly called shuimodiao (“water-polished music”). 昆剧行腔优美，以缠绵婉转、柔漫悠远见长。在演唱技巧上注重声音的控 制，节奏速度的顿挫疾徐和咬字吐音的讲究，场面 伴奏乐曲齐全。“水磨腔” 。 这种新腔奠定了昆剧演唱的特色。The libretto (剧本)usually focuses on a story of romantic love. 昆剧剧本通常是讲述浪漫的爱情故事 Kunqu singing emphasizes（强调） control of the voice and changes in rhythms（节奏 韵律）昆曲演唱强调声音的控制和节奏的变化. Singers must also use their skills to express the disposition （性情）of various characters, an aspect that adds complexity to the form. 演唱者也必须运用他们的技巧去表现不同人物的性情，这一方面增加了该形式的复杂性。

Performance Kunqu has distinctive features in its musical performance. 特色The performance of kunqu combines song, dance, and spoken word into an integral(积分的 整体) whole. 昆剧是一种歌、舞、介、白各种表演手段相互配合的综合艺术。Its graceful（优雅的优美的） dance movements can be divided into two types: one is the auxiliary（辅助的） postures（姿势） that accompany the spoken parts, as well as the dance developed from gestures （手势姿态）that represent a character’s spirit and essence（精华本质）; the other is the lyric type of dance that coordinates（配合） with the singing parts. 它优美的舞蹈动作可以分为两类，一种是配合念白的辅助姿势或是由可以代表人物的精神、本质的姿态升华而来的舞蹈动作。Beijing dialect is generally used in the spoken parts of kunqu, but Suzhou dialect is spoken by a clown（小丑） character, choujue. The inclusion of the Suzhou dialect gives kunqu

a strong regional quality.苏州方言的融入使昆曲具有了强烈的地方特色 Kunqu’s system of performance exerted（施加/ig’zert/） a far-reaching（深远的） influence upon jingxi (Peking opera).昆曲的表演系统使其具备了比京剧更为深远的影响。

Stage art The stage art of kunqu include abundunt clothing styles, exquisite(精致的，讲究的 ) color ，and the use of painting mask(脸谱). very splendid.

Role There is an elaborate（精心的，详细的） division （分配）of roles, each role requiring its own particular stylized （风格化的）movements and performance skills. 昆曲也有详细的行当划分，每个行当都有其独特的动作和表演技巧。 kunqu mainly include 5 roles, which is sheng , dan, jing, mo, chou.

Accompaniment (伴奏）The musical ensemble（合奏） is mainly composed of wind（吹奏乐器）, stringed（弦乐）, and percussion instruments（打击乐器）. The lead instrument of the wind section and the entire ensemble is the di (a side-blown（在一边吹奏的） bamboo flute（长笛）). It is accompanied by a xiao (vertical（垂直的）, end-blown bamboo flute), a suona (horn喇叭 唢呐), and a sheng (reed pipe簧片 芦苇 管). The string section consists of a pipa (fretted lute琵琶), a sanxian (fretless lute), and a yueqin (flat, round-bodied lute). The percussion section is equipped with guban (clappers鼓班), a luo(gong), and bo (cymbals). Because the bamboo flute provides the main accompaniment, kunqu is characterized by smooth and mellifluous（流畅的 甜美的/merliflues/） music.



main aries
The Peony Pavilion (Tang Xianzu) 汤显祖的牡丹亭
* The Peach Blossom Fan (Kong Shangren) 孔尚任的桃花扇
* The Palace of Long Life (Hong Sheng) 洪升的长生殿
* The White Snake 白蛇传
* The Western Mansion (Southern version, adapted from Wang Shifu's zaju) 西厢，改编自王实甫的杂剧
* The Injustice done to Dou E (adapted from Guan Hanqing's zaju) 窦娥冤，改编自关汉卿的杂剧
* The Kite (Li Yu) 风筝误 李渔
Troupes often perform highlights from operas rather than a complete kunqu opera. 经常只表演一个戏剧中的一折，而不是整个昆剧。这种一折的唱段叫做折子戏Among the most common are Kaohong (“Interrogating Maid Hong”) from Xixiangji (The Romance of the Western Chamber), Youyuan (“Wandering in the Garden”) and Jing meng (“Startled in the Dream”) from Mudanting (The Peony Pavilion), and Duanqiao (“The Broken Bridge”) from Baishezhuan (The White Snake).
i'd like to tell you some details about the famous arie , the peony pavilion ,牡丹亭，"
In the early years of the Southern Sung dynasty (1127-1279), a beautiful young lady named Du Liniang, daughter of the Governor of Nanan, was strictly educated and could not step out of her chambers without her parents' permission. One day without her parents' knowledge Du went into the g

arden with her maid. Watching the splendor of the spring at its peak, she was overcome with deep feelings. In a drowsy trance, she dreamt that she had a secret rendezvous with a young scholar under a plum tree by the side of the Peony Pavilion. Ever since returning from the garden, she was haunted by memories of her dream lover and, after seeking the dream in vain, fell ill and soon died of a broken heart. After her death, Du's spirit kept searching for the young scholar. Her persistence won over the Judge of the Netherworld and she was allowed to be reincarnated.

Three years later, a young scholar named Liu Mengmei stayed at the temple where Du was buried. He wandered in the garden and came across Du's portrait. The young lady in the portrait looked familiar and he could not help calling her. In response to his calling, the young lady came out of the picture. He fell in love with her even though he learnt that she was a ghost. On the following day, Liu dug up Du's grave and opened the coffin. Du came back to life and married Liu. The couple lived happily thereafter.

剧目 不同的版本

Su Yuan (Sweeping the Garden)宿园
You Yuan (A Stroll in the Garden)游园
Jing Meng (An Interrupted Dream)惊梦
Xun Meng (Dreamland Revisited)寻梦
Li Hun (Keening)离魂
Shi Hua (Finding a Portrait)拾画
Jiao Hua (Calling to the Portrait)叫画
You Hui (A Romantic Encounter)幽会
Ming Shi (Pledging Love)冥誓
Huan Hun (Returning to Life)还魂

The Peony Pavilion" is a masterpiece 杰作by Tang Xianzu, the greatest poet playwright剧作家 of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).牡丹亭是明代著名剧作家汤显祖的杰出作品 In an utterly完全的 refined精炼的 and languidly长调的 poetic style, the play reveals romantic yearnings渴望 向往 and afflictions苦恼 痛苦 of love endured忍耐 by the young in the feudalistic封建的 society of China. 通过完全精炼的语言和长调诗歌的风格，这部戏剧揭露了对中国封建社会压迫下的青年男女对浪漫的向往和爱情的烦恼。Its central theme proclaims显示显露 the significance of an ultimate最终的 triumph 胜利of 'love' over 'reason'. This daring 无畏and avant-garde 先锋/evengard/subject, which is an outcry强烈抗议 against the suppressive 压迫tradition, together with the moving poetics of the language, makes the poet's endorsement 认可of freedom of love between the two young protagonists提倡者支持者 a lasting force in the history of Chinese literature and theater.他的主题揭示了在种种困难下爱情取得最终胜利的意义。这种代表对压迫性传统的强烈抗议的无畏和先锋精神，以及生动的诗意的语言，使得诗人对于这两个年轻的支持者的爱与自由的认可成为中国文学戏剧史上一股持续的力量。

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