语言学名词解释

Chapter 6

Pragmatics: it can be defined as the study of language in use. it deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted from linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.

Deixis: in all languages there are many words and expressions whose reference depends entirely on the situational context of the utterance and can only be understood in light of these circumstances. This aspect of pragmatics is called deixis, which means “pointing” via language.

Reference:in pragmatics, the act by which a speaker or a writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something is called reference.

Inference: an inference is an additional information used by the hearer to connect what is said to what is meant.

Anaphora: the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which is used in earlier text or conversation is called anaphora.

Presupposion: a spesker said to you “when did you stop beating your wife”,the speaker has the assumption that you used to beat your wife and no longer do so. Such assumptions are called presupposion.

Speech act theory: it was proposed by J.L.austin and has been developed by j.r. searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or describe things, but to “do” things, perform acts.

Illocutionary acts: representatives directives commissives expressives declarations Indirect speech act: whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function, we have a indirect speech act.

The cooperative principle: H.P.grice belives that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of the utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the CP. To put it simply, the cp means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.(quality quantity relation manner)

Conversatonal implicatures: a kind of extra meaning that is not literally contained in the utterance.

The six maxims of the PP

(tact generosity approbati on modesty agreement sympathy)

Chapter 7

Discourse：language above the sentence or above the clause.

Discourse analysis: is also called discourse linguistics and discourse studies, or text linguistics. It is the study of how sentences in spoken and written language form a larger meaninful units such as paragraphs, interviews, conversations ,etc.

Given information: it is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.

New information: it is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.

Topic: the topic represents what the utterance is about and it is the one that the