独立主格结构

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独立主格结构

在英语语法中,很多知识点可以通过“一句话变……”来解释,比如说,一句话变从句即是我们所谓的三大从句,一句话变状语即是我们所谓的独立主格/非谓语动词作状语,一句话变名词即是我们所谓的动名词复合结构。

“一句话变状语”法则:如果是动作句(谓语是普通动词),将谓语动词变成ing;如果是状态句(谓语是be动词),去掉be动词。这样做的目的,就是去掉句子的谓语动词,使句子失去独立性,这时候它就可以做状语了。

句1:He entered the office.(他走进了办公室)

句2:His hands were clasped behind his back. (他的手握在背后)

句1 和句2是两个独立的句子。如果我们现在要表达这样一个意思“他以‘他的手握在背后’这个状态走进了办公室”,是不是就等于说“他的手握在背后”做了“他走进了办公室”的状语?也就是说,我们必须取消“His hands were clasped behind his back”的独立性,使其成为一个状语。

根据“一句话变状语”法则,句2是一个状态句,所以我们只需要去掉be动词were就可以了,剩下部分his hands clasped behind his back就可以做状语了。我们得到:

句3:He entered the office, his hands clapsed behind his back.

句3中划下划线部分就是一个典型的独立主格用法。何为独立主格?因为它的主语是his hands, 而主句的主语是He,这个结构有自己独立的主语,正所谓“独立主格”。

那有没有没有自己独立主语的情况?有!大家试一下手:

句1:He entered the office.

句2:He looked worried.

要求:请将句2变成句1的状语。

你们是不是得到了这样一句话:

句4:He entered the office, he looking worried.

有没有发现句4中划下划线部分的主语跟主句的主句的主语一样,都是he? 这种情况下,我们一般会省略状语部分的主语,这是我们得到:

句5:He entered the office, looking worried.

句5中划下划线部分就是我们常说的“非谓语动词做状语”

细心的学生或许会发现,根据“一句话变状语”法则中,既然所有的状态句(谓语动词是be动词)只要去掉了be动词就可以变成一个独立主格结构,那我们是否可以得出这样一个结论:be动词后面能跟几种结构,我们就可以得出几种独立主格的结构?

事实就是这样,be动词后面可以加六种结构(名词,普通形容词,介宾结构,ing,ed和to do),所以说,独立主格也有六种!

一、句A:Ten people were killed when the plane crashed。(飞机失事的时候,10人被杀)

句B:Most of them were women and children.(大部分的遇难者是妇女和儿童)

句C:Ten people were killed when the plane crashed, most of them women and children. (名词)

二、句A:The wedding ceremony was marvellous. (婚礼很棒)

句B:The bride was beautiful and the bridegroom was handsome.(新娘很漂亮,新郎很帅气)

句C:The wedding ceremony was marvellous, the bride beautiful, the bridegroom handsome.(普通形容词)

三、句A:He entered the office. (他走进办公室)

句B:His hands were behind him. (他的手放在背后)

句C:He entered the office, his hands behind him. (介宾结构)

四、句A:Tears was running down her face. (眼泪顺着她的脸往下流)

句B:The girl rushed out. (那个女孩跑了出去)

句C:Tears running down her face, the girl rushed out. (ing)

五、句A:The man fell off the roof. (那个男的从屋顶掉了下来)

句B:Both of his legs were broken. (他的双腿都断了)

句C:The man fell off the roof, both of this legs broken. (ed)

六、句A:So much were to be done. (有太多工作需要做)

句B:The man felt a lot of pressure. (那个男的感觉很有压力)

句C:So much to be done, the man felt a lot of pressure. (to do结构) 补充:所有的“with+宾语+补语结构”,去掉with后,就是独立主格。

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