索绪尔共时与历时研究
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synchronic
diachronic
views linguistic phenomena only at a given time
studies the development of a phenomenon through time
Leabharlann Baidu
The relation between singular and plural at any given time The evolution of single word
DISTINGUISH
Diachronic & Synchronic
Internal duality
C
Axis of simultaneity(AB). this axis concerned relations between things which coexist, relations from which the passage of time is entirely excluded. Axis of succession(CD). Along this axis one may consider only one thing at a time. But here we find all the things situated along the first axis, together with the changes they undergo. (Saussure2001,80)
A
B
D
C relations in time
A
B
relations within system
D
Everything is synchronic which relates to the static aspect of our science, and diachronic is everything which concerns evolution. (Saussure2001,81)