弗朗西斯. 培根(Francis Bacon)
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B. Francis Bacon
a. 培根的生平： Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) had a fortunate heritage and background.
He studied at Cambridge and Gray’s Inn, entered Parliament, and gradually established his reputation.
At the height of his career, under King James, he became Lord Keeper and then Lord Chancellor of England.
B. Francis Bacon
a. 培根的生平： He was later accused of taking bribes in office.
After a token imprisonment, Bacon retired in disgrace to his estate of Gornhambry to spend the last five years of his life.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
Bacon’s works can be divided into three groups.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容： His first group: his philosophical works
The Advancement of Learning (1605) Novum Organum (1620).
His second group: his literary works
Essays, the most famous of them His third group: Maxims of Law The learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses
(1642)
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on
education.
In Book I, Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections of learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. The second book is a survey of learning, which explains its importance in scholarship. According Bacon, man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
Novum Organum is a successful treatise written
in Latin on methodology. It is the most impressive display of Bacon’s intellect.
B. Francis Bacon
c. 培根《论说文》的特点：
brevity, compactness and powerfulness Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays.
B. Francis Bacon
d. 对培根的评价：
a representative of the Renaissance in England a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist
lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation
B. Francis Bacon
d. 对培根的评价：
His Essays: the first example of that genre in English literature an important landmark in the development of English prose.
Some of his phrases have even entered the English literary tradition.
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Some there are who, though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future impertinences.
有的人，过着独身的日子，只考虑自己，考虑眼前， 认为未来是不相干的事
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects, they are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are of that condition.
独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最 好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随 时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
A single life doth well with churchmen, for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.
作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们 的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, Vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.
一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如 像优里西斯（ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神 的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.
一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示， 她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses, so as a man may have a quarrel to marry when he will.
在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的 伴 ，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要 有合适的对象，任何时候 结婚都是有道理的。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives.
常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。
《论学习》的经典之论
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条 文断事乃学究故态。
《论学习》的经典之论
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足， 盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何 修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之， 则又大而无当。
《论学习》的经典之论
… for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在 书外，全凭观察得之。
《论学习》的经典之论
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言， 亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
《论学习》的经典之论
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。
《论学习》的经典之论
Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
《论学习》的经典之论
Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密， 科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学 使人善辩.
《论学习》的经典之论
There is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.
人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅， 一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。
《论学习》的经典之论
If a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; … if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; … if he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer’s case. 倘若有人神智涣散，就让他学数学；…倘若有人 不敏于辨别，就让他们学习经院哲学家； …倘 若有人不善于处理世事，不能触类旁通，就让他 学习律师的案例。
a. 培根的生平： Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) had a fortunate heritage and background.
He studied at Cambridge and Gray’s Inn, entered Parliament, and gradually established his reputation.
At the height of his career, under King James, he became Lord Keeper and then Lord Chancellor of England.
B. Francis Bacon
a. 培根的生平： He was later accused of taking bribes in office.
After a token imprisonment, Bacon retired in disgrace to his estate of Gornhambry to spend the last five years of his life.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
Bacon’s works can be divided into three groups.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容： His first group: his philosophical works
The Advancement of Learning (1605) Novum Organum (1620).
His second group: his literary works
Essays, the most famous of them His third group: Maxims of Law The learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses
(1642)
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on
education.
In Book I, Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections of learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. The second book is a survey of learning, which explains its importance in scholarship. According Bacon, man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.
B. Francis Bacon
b. 培根的主要作品及其内容：
Novum Organum is a successful treatise written
in Latin on methodology. It is the most impressive display of Bacon’s intellect.
B. Francis Bacon
c. 培根《论说文》的特点：
brevity, compactness and powerfulness Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays.
B. Francis Bacon
d. 对培根的评价：
a representative of the Renaissance in England a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist
lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation
B. Francis Bacon
d. 对培根的评价：
His Essays: the first example of that genre in English literature an important landmark in the development of English prose.
Some of his phrases have even entered the English literary tradition.
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Some there are who, though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future impertinences.
有的人，过着独身的日子，只考虑自己，考虑眼前， 认为未来是不相干的事
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants, but not always best subjects, they are light to run away, and almost all fugitives are of that condition.
独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最 好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。因为他们随 时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
A single life doth well with churchmen, for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool.
作为献身宗教的，是有理由保持独身的。否则他们 的慈悲就先布施于家人而不是供奉于上帝了。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, Vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.
一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞的男子汉，例如 像优里西斯（ulysses)那样，他曾抵制美丽女神 的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity.
一个独身的女人常常是骄横的。因为她需要显示， 她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses, so as a man may have a quarrel to marry when he will.
在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，中年时代的 伴 ，暮年时代的守护。所以在人的一生中，只要 有合适的对象，任何时候 结婚都是有道理的。
《论婚姻和单身》的经典之论
It is often seen that bad husbands have very good wives.
常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。
《论学习》的经典之论
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar.
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条 文断事乃学究故态。
《论学习》的经典之论
They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足， 盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何 修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之， 则又大而无当。
《论学习》的经典之论
… for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在 书外，全凭观察得之。
《论学习》的经典之论
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.
读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言， 亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
《论学习》的经典之论
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。
《论学习》的经典之论
Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
《论学习》的经典之论
Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密， 科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学 使人善辩.
《论学习》的经典之论
There is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises.
人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅， 一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。
《论学习》的经典之论
If a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; … if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; … if he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer’s case. 倘若有人神智涣散，就让他学数学；…倘若有人 不敏于辨别，就让他们学习经院哲学家； …倘 若有人不善于处理世事，不能触类旁通，就让他 学习律师的案例。