供应链管理SCM的关键特征

供应链管理：关键特征Key Attributes of SCM

A number of key attributes 重要特征are associated with supply-chain management, including:

①Customer power客户实力（权力）

② A long-term orientation长期定位

③Leveraging technology 杠杆技术

④Enhanced communication across organizations组织间强化交流

⑤Inventory control

⑥Interactivity交互性

⑦Inter-functional，Inter-organizational coordination内部功能及组织间协作

1.Customer power

Supply chains recognize the power of consumers and view customers as assets 供应链承认客户的权利并把客户看着是一种资产

In recent years, a clear shift of power has moved away from the manufacturer and toward customer power. Today’s customers “are demanding that companies recognize them as individuals and conduct business on their terms.”

For example, today’s customers are relatively unconcerned with a retailer’s trade class distinction. department store, specialty store) and more concerned with retailer’s honesty, trust, and respect . Two of the most successful retailers in the contemporary environment are Wal-Mart and Target.

Implications for SCM

The increasing power of customers has important implications for the design and management of supply chains.

Because customer needs and wants change relatively quickly, supply chains should be fast and agile, rather than slow and inflexible僵硬的.

Fast encompasses a speed / time component, while agile focuses on an organization’s ability to respond to changes in demand with respect to volume and variety.

Failure to be fast and agile can result in decreased market share, reduced profitability, lower stock price, and /or dissatisfied customers for supply-chain participants.

2.Long-term orientation长期定位

The definition for supply-chain management indicates that supply chains exist to improve “the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole.”

This emphasis on long-term performance suggests that supply chains should employ a long-term as opposed to a short-term orientation with the various participants 参与者—suppliers, customers, intermediaries , and facilitators.

A long-term orientation tends to be predicated on 【predicate on / upon 使依据于, 使基

于】relational exchanges while a short-term orientation tends to be predicated on transactional exchanges.长期定位倾向于针对相关的交易而预测, 而短期定位是倾向于针对相互影响的交易而预测的.

In order for relational exchanges相关交易to be effective, a transactional “what’s in it for me” philosophy needs to be replaced by a relational “what’s in it for us” philosophy.

Relational exchanges相关交易tend to be characterized by a far different set of attributes than are transactional exchanges相互影响的交易, including—but not limited to—trust, commitment, dependence, investment, and shared benefits.

At a minimum, relational exchange may result in individual supply-chain participants have to rethink and rework their approaches to other supply-chain participants.

Commitment suggests that supply-chain participants recognize the importance of maintaining the relationship that has been established, as opposed to regularly changing participants in order to take advantage of short-term bargains.

Relational exchanges—and by extension, supply-chain management—cannot be successful without information sharing various participants.

Partnerships[], which can be loosely described as positive, long-term relationships between supply-chain participants, are part and parcel [] of a relational exchange. A key decision with partnerships involves the degree to which it will be formalized.

3.Leveraging technology杠杆技术

It is argued that technology has been at the center of changes taking place that affect the supply chain, and that two key factors—computing power and the Internet—have sparked much of this change.

Business futurists Joseph Pine and James Gilmore have referred to the Internet as the greatest force of commodization known [] to man, for both goods and services.

With respect to supply chains, the Internet can facilitate[] efficiency and effectiveness by providing opportunities for supply chains to simultaneously improve customer service and reduce their logistics costs.

4.Enhanced communication across organizations

Because supply chains depend on huge quantities of real-time information, it is essential that this information can be seamlessly transmitted across organizations.

5.Inventory control

库存是一个公司运营有效性的重要标志之一。供应管理可通过提高“供应商的绩效Performance of suppliers”来降低库存

Another attribute of supply-chain management involves various activities that can be lumped [ under the inventory-control rubric[.