药理学英文课件 (1)

History of Medicinal Drugs
• Medical Breakthroughs
– 1847, Semmelweis
• Handwashing with chlorinated lime water in maternity wards
– 1860s, Lister
• Introduced antiseptics into surgery
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Paracelsus
– 1493-1541 – Challenged teachings of Galen, denouncing humors – Advocated use of individual drugs, not mixtures and potions
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Pharmacopoeia of the United States
– 1820 – First official listing of drugs in the U.S. – Massachusetts Medical Society
History of Medicinal Drugs
• American Civil War
– 1861-1865 – Defined boundaries between practice of physicians and pharmacists – 1852, formation of the American Pharmaceutical Association
Learning Objectives
• Recognize the important figures, events, and resources in the development of pharmacology through the ages. • Know what is meant by pharmacology. • Define drugs, identify their sources, and understand how they work. • Be familiar with the federal laws that regulate drugs and the agencies that administer them. • Be familiar with the procedure for getting a new drug to market.
Chapter 1
The Evolution of Medicinal Drugs
Chapter 1 Topics
• • • • The History of Medicinal Drugs Present-Day Pharmacology Practice Drug Legislation and Regulation Drug Testing, Approval, and Removal from the Market • FDA Food Health Claims
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Hippocrates
– c. 460-377 B.C. – Propose that disease came from natural, not supernatural causes – Favored empirical learning – Used dissection to study human body’s organs’ functions
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Pharmacopoeias
– Official listings of medical preparations – Florence, Italy: Nuovo Receptario – Nuremberg, Germay: Dispensatorium
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Claude Bernard
– 1813-1878 – Certain drugs have specific sites of action in the body – Started field of experimental pharmacology
– 1907, Ehrlich
• Introduced arsphenamine to treat syphilisHistory o来自 Medicinal Drugs
• Medical Breakthroughs
– 1923, Banting and Best
• Extracted insulin from the pancreas to treat diabetes
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Knowledge of healing properties of natural substances grew from trial and error • Historically, medical treatment controlled by religious leaders • Pharmakon, Greek word meaning magic spell, remedy, or poison
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Galen
– c. A.D. 130-201 – Humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)
History of Medicinal Drugs
• Dioscrides
– First century A.D. – de Materia Medica – Described and classified 600 plants by substance not disease they were intended to treat