时态语态学案 含答案

时态语态学案 含答案
时态语态学案 含答案

动词的时态和语态

英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。

语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时,称为主动语态;如果主语为动作之承受者,称为被动语态。

基础回归:1、请写出以下8种时态的谓语形式及相应的被动形式:

时态名称主动语态被动语态

一般现在时: ____________________ _______________________

一般过去时: ____________________ _______________________

一般将来时: ____________________ _______________________

过去将来时: ____________________ _______________________

现在进行时: ____________________ _______________________

过去进行时: ____________________ _______________________

现在完成时: ____________________ _______________________

过去完成时: ____________________ _______________________

一、动词时态

1. 一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加-s / -es)

【完成例句】

(1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。

The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.

【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。

(2) 我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。

We always care for each other and help each other.

【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。

(3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.

这儿所有学生都是一中的。

【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see, hear, smell,

(4这家商店每天晚上11:00 关门。

The shop closes at 11:00 p. m. every day.

【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,只用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时(v.-ed或不规则变化)

【翻译句子】

(5) 我昨天在街上遇到了她。

I met her in the street yesterday.

(6) 我原以为这部电影会很有趣,但实际上并不是。

I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.

【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法:

①表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);

②用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。

【结论2】表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。常见连词有:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。如:He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.

3. 一般将来时

【翻译句子】

(8)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。

We will talk about this topic next week.

【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall +动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next week等)。

【翻译句子】

(9) 公共汽车就要到了。

The bus is coming.

【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词,如come,go,start,begin,

【疑难1】

— You've left the light on.

— Oh, so I have. I'll go and turn it off.

【疑难剖析1】shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。

【疑难2】

Study hard, and you will pass the exam.

【疑难剖析2】在祈使句+and / or+陈述句句型中,陈述句中只能用will / 情态动词+动词原形。

【疑难3】

A meeting is to be held at 3:00 this afternoon.

【疑难剖析4】be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。

4. 现在进行时(am / is / are +v.-ing)

【疑难1】

He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

The girl is always talking loud in public.

【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go,come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时(与always, often等频率副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)。

【疑难2】The room remains clean.

You are allowed to speak here.

【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时:

a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。

b. 表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。

c. 表示瞬间动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。

d. 表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。

5. 过去完成时(had+v.-ed)

【完成例句】

(10)到去年为止我们已经生产了20000辆车。

By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.

【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。【完成例句】

(11)Jack到的时候,Mary已经走了将近一小时了。

When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.

【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态,即“从过去到过去”。

【完成例句】

(12)我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的,但我忘了。

I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.

【结论3】表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped / planned…+to have done。

【疑难1】

Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.

He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.

【疑难剖析1】“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时。

【疑难4】

It was the second time that he had been out with her.

【疑难剖析4】It / That / This was the first(second,third…)time+that从句中,用过去完成时。

6. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do)

【完成例句】

(13)我说我会安排一切的。

I said I would arrange everything.

【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。

【疑难2】

I was about to leave when the telephone rang.

【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来,was / were to do sth.常与when搭配。

7. 过去进行时(was / were +v.-ing)

【完成例句】

(14)在2010年夏天她在欧洲旅行。

During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.

【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

【翻译句子】

(15)①门铃响的时候,他正在看一本小说。

He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.

②我在想你能否载我一程。

I was wondering if you could give me a lift.

【结论2】

①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。

②过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。

8. 现在完成时(has / have+v.-ed)

【翻译句子】

(16)我已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知道电影内容)

I have seen the film already.

【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,强调结果的影响。

【翻译句子】

(17)过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。

We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.

(18)他们自2008年一直生活在这儿。

They've lived here since 2008.

【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since+时间点,for +时间段及介词短语during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。

【疑难1】

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:

I closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)

I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)

【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去,但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响,而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。

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