食品专业英语

Lesson 1 Nutrition

1.Food might be defined as any edible substance that provides nourishment when consumed. 食物可定义为食后起滋养作用的任何可食用的物质。

2.We need them for energy, for building and maintaining body tissue; and for regulating body processes the three essential functions of foods in the body.

我们需要这些营养素来提供能量，构成和修补机体组织，调节机体生理过程。这是食物在人体内的三种基本功能。

3.Nutrition might be defined as the process whereby we obtain the essential nutrients and use them to make many other substances our bodies need.

营养可定义为人们赖以获得的必须营养素，并利用这些营养素来制造人体所需的其他物质的过程。

4.The term good nutrition implies that we are obtaining from our food all of the essential nutrients in the amounts needed to keep our bodies functioning and to maintain optimum health. A very simplified definition of good nutrition might be" eating the right foods in the right amounts.”由此可见，唯有营养素才是真正必需的，而正常提供营养素的则是食物。食物是维持生命所必不可少的，因此我们必须懂得各种食物的营养素含量，必须懂得哪些食物是各种各样营养素最丰富的来源，懂得怎样把它们配成有益健康的膳食。营养良好这一术语是指我们处在从食物中获取为保持机体正常活动和维持最佳健康状况所需的全部营养素。营养良好最简明的说法是：“适量食用恰当的食物”。

5.Nutrients might be divided into two genial categories based on the amount that we need. These are the macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water), which we need in relatively large amounts and the micronutrients) mineral elements and vitamins), which we need in relatively small amounts.

根据人体需要量的不同，营养素可分为量大类：需要量大的称为常量营养素（碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质和水）；需要量少的称为微量营养素（矿物质和维生素）

6.Recommended Dietary Allowances 推荐膳食标准,简写“RDA”

7.National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, And Food and Nutrition Board. 美国科学院全国科学研究委员会食品营养研究会

8.To allow for individual difference, the usually are set with a generous margin of safety.

考虑到个别的种种差异，RDA中通常规定了充裕的安全余量。

9.On the other side of the coin, receiving too much of certain nutrients, amounts significantly above the RDA, can be just harmful as not obtaining enough certain vitamins (such as A and D) and minerals can be highly toxic if high for optimal nutrient intake from the standpoint of both maximum and minimum levels. 另一方面，摄取某些营养素过多（大大超过RDA），也有可能与这些营养素摄取不足一样有害。某些维生素（如VA、VD）和矿物质若大计量的食用超过一段时间会有很大的毒性。因此，可把RDA作为从最高、最低两限量来看都是最佳的营养素摄入量标准来使有。

lesson 4 Amino acids and protein

词汇：

peptide 肽hydrophobic 疏水的

hydrophilic 亲水的building blocks 结构单元

the α-helix α-螺旋he β-pleated sheet configuration β-折叠片结构

the collagen helix 胶原螺旋

重要的句子：

Amino acids are chemical compounds which contain both basic amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups.（氨基酸是既含碱性氨基又含酸性羧基的化合物）

When the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid,a peptide bond is formed and a molecule of water is released.

（当一个氨基酸分子的氨基与另一个氨基酸分子的羧基起反应时，便形成一个肽键，同时释放出一个水分子）

Proteins perform a wide variety of biological functions and since they are composed of hundreds of amino acids,their structures are much more complex than those of peptides（蛋白质执行着多种多样的生理功能，而且由于它是数百个氨基酸组成的，故其结构远比肽复杂）

Enzymes are globular proteins produced in living matter for the special purpose of catalyzing vital chemical reactions that otherwise do not occur under physiological conditions（酶是生物体中产生的球状蛋白质，目的是专门催化某些生命化学反应，不然的话，这些化学反应在生理条件下是不会发生的）

重要的段落：

第一段

蛋白质的三种生理功能：

1.In mammals,including man,proteins function as structural components of the body.

2.Some proteins function as biocatalysts（enzymes and hormones）to regulate chemical reactions within the body.

3.Proteins are necessary for immunological reactions

氨基酸的四种类型（The side chains may be classified into four groups）

①amino acids with polar-uncharged(hydrophilic亲水的)R groups

②amino acids with nonpolar(hydrophobic疏水的)R groups

③amino acids with positively charged(basic碱性的)R groups

④the dicarboxylic amino acids with net negative charges

蛋白质结构

①The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein is referred to as “primary structure”

②The three-dimensional manner in which relatively close members of the protein chain are arranged is referred to as “secondary structure”

③The manner in which large proteins of the protein chain are arranged is referred to as tertiary structure

④The structure formed when individual（subunit）polypeptide chains interact to form

a native protein molecule is referred to as “quaternary structure”.