汽车专业英语第四章
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CHAPTER 4
BRAKING SYSTEM AND BODY CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Basic Features of Braking System
• Energy is required when a vehicle is accelerated from rest to a certain speed. A proportion of that energy is now stored in the vehicle and is called kinetic energy. In order to reduce the speed of the vehicle, the brakes have to convert the kinetic energy to heat energy; the speed of conversion governs the rate at which the vehicle slows down.
• 常用在许多乘用车上的盘式制动器正逐渐 被用于商用车. 它们除用于快速客车外, 目 前盘式制动器在商用车上的用途基本限制 在前轴制动, 因为商用车重量约等于7.5吨 时驱动方式与乘用车相似.
4.3.1 Non-power Brakes
• The master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment.
• 鼓式制动器的主要缺点是它的摩擦面几乎 完全被摩擦衬片覆盖了，制动过程中大多 数的热要通过制动鼓传给大气进行冷却。
4.2.2 Disc Brakes
• Exposed to the air, disc brakes radiate the heat to the air better thanto drum brakes: This means that is that the brake can be operated say continuously for a longer period, i.e. they have a greater resistance to fade (fall-off in brake efficiency due to heat).
• 这种制动器的优点是两个蹄上制动衬片磨 损几乎相同，与领从蹄制动器相比它的内 传动比较高．
• Many cars have 2 L.S. front brakes and L.&T. rear brakes. The more powerful front brakes take advantage of the transference of weight from the rear to the front which occurs when the brakes are applied.
• In the case of the simplex brake, C*(brake factor) is the sum of the values for the individual shoes, and is≈2.0（referred to a specific coefficient of friction)．A disadvantage of this design is the great difference in the braking effect between the two brake shoes, and the resulting greatly increased wear on the leading shoe. For this reason, the trailing shoe is often equipped with a much thinner lining than the leading shoe.
• 由于暴露于空气中，盘式制动器的散热效 果比鼓式的要好：这意味着盘式制动器能 持续使用更长的时间，也就是说其抗热衰 退性（因受热导致制动效能下降）要好得 多。
• Disc brakes as used in most passenger cars are slowly beginning to be used in commercial vehicles as well. Aside from their use in fast coaches, current use of disc brakes in commercial vehicles is primarily limited to front-axle brakes for commercial vehicles up to a weight of approx. 7.5 t which are driven in a manner similar to passenger cars.
• 这种制动器有两个固定在制动底板 上的制动蹄，通过液压轮缸或机械 杆系作用从内侧向外推开与制动鼓 接触。
The main types of Drum brakes:
• Simplex drum brake (Leading trailing shoe brake) • 领从蹄式制动器 • Duo-trailing shoe brake (Two trailing shoe brake) • 双从蹄式制动器 • Double leading shoe brake • 单向双领蹄
• The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking braking system and additional retardingbraking system. The service braking system and the parking braking system have separate control and transmission devices. The service braking system is normally foot-operated, while the parking braking system is hand-operated.
• 目前使用的制动系统有三种类型：行车制 动系，驻车制动系和辅助制动系．行车制 动系和驻车制动系有独立的控制和传动装 置．行车制动系通常使用脚来操作，而驻 车制动系通常使用手来操作．
• Two types of brakes are used in modern cars: drum brakes and disc brakes. Since 1976,all cars have used disc brakes on the front wheels. Most cars use drum brakes on the rear wheels. In both drum and disc brakes, a hydraulic system applies the brakes. The hydraulic system connects the brake pedal to the brake parts at each wheel.
• 目前使用的制动器有两种类型：鼓式制动 器和盘式制动器．从1976年开始，所有的 汽车前轮都使用盘式制动器,大部分汽车后 轮使用的是鼓式制动器.在盘式制动器和鼓 式制动器中都使用液压系统（来提供驱动 力）.液压系统把制动踏板与每个车轮的制 动部件相连接.
4.2.1 Drum Brakes
• These have two shoes, anchored to a stationary back-plate, which are internally expanded to contact the drum by hydraulic cylinders or a mechanical linkage.
• 就领从蹄而言，制动系数C*表示各蹄的值 的总数，且≈２.０(特指某一摩擦系 数）．这种设计的缺点是两个制动蹄制动 效果有很大不同，结果大大增加了领蹄上 的摩擦．因此，从蹄的摩擦衬片比领蹄 薄．
2. Dou-duplex drum brake
• An advantage of this type of brake is the nearly equal brake lining wear on both shoes and the higher internal transmission ratio in comparison to simplex brakes.
• 这类凸轮制动器有一套简单，稳定，恒温 机构．它包括膜片弹簧制动器室，自动调 整臂，制动轴和vantage of drum brakes is that the friction area is almost entirely covered by a lining, so most heat must be conducted through the drum to reach the outside air to cool.
• 汽车从原地起步加速到某一速度需要能量。 储存在汽车中的那部分能量称为动能。要 降低车速,制动器必须把汽车的动能转换为 热能；转换的速度决定了汽车减速的快慢。
The main parts of braking system:
• • • • • • • •
1、Energy-supplying device 供能装置 2、Control device 控制装置 3、Transmission device 传能装置 4、Brake 制动器
• 多数汽车前轮采用双领蹄式制动器， 后轮采用领从蹄式制动器。前轮制 动器制动力很大，充分利用制动时 轴荷由后轮向前轮转移的特点。
3. Duo-servo drum brake
• This type of drum brake has an application mechanism which is simpler, more reliable and insensitive to temperature. It comprises diaphragm cylinder, automatic slack adjuster, brake shaft and S-cam.
• 制动主缸由两个分开的部分组成，每个部 分都有一个活塞，两个活塞都与驾驶室里 的制动踏板相连接。
• When the brake pedal is pushed by the driver, the two pistons move in the two sections of the master cylinder. This forces brake fluid out and through the brake lines, or tubes, to the brake mechanisms at the wheels. In a typical system, the brake fluid from one section of the master cylinder goes to the two front-wheel brakes. The brake fluid from the other section goes to the two rear-wheel brakes. The purpose of this that, if one section fails, the other section will still provide braking.
• Duo-duplex drum brake（Dou two leading shoe brake） • 双向双领蹄式制动器 • Uni-servo drum brake • 单向自增力式制动器 • Duo-servo drum brake • 双向自增力式制动器
1. Simplex Drum brakes
BRAKING SYSTEM AND BODY CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Basic Features of Braking System
• Energy is required when a vehicle is accelerated from rest to a certain speed. A proportion of that energy is now stored in the vehicle and is called kinetic energy. In order to reduce the speed of the vehicle, the brakes have to convert the kinetic energy to heat energy; the speed of conversion governs the rate at which the vehicle slows down.
• 常用在许多乘用车上的盘式制动器正逐渐 被用于商用车. 它们除用于快速客车外, 目 前盘式制动器在商用车上的用途基本限制 在前轴制动, 因为商用车重量约等于7.5吨 时驱动方式与乘用车相似.
4.3.1 Non-power Brakes
• The master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment.
• 鼓式制动器的主要缺点是它的摩擦面几乎 完全被摩擦衬片覆盖了，制动过程中大多 数的热要通过制动鼓传给大气进行冷却。
4.2.2 Disc Brakes
• Exposed to the air, disc brakes radiate the heat to the air better thanto drum brakes: This means that is that the brake can be operated say continuously for a longer period, i.e. they have a greater resistance to fade (fall-off in brake efficiency due to heat).
• 这种制动器的优点是两个蹄上制动衬片磨 损几乎相同，与领从蹄制动器相比它的内 传动比较高．
• Many cars have 2 L.S. front brakes and L.&T. rear brakes. The more powerful front brakes take advantage of the transference of weight from the rear to the front which occurs when the brakes are applied.
• In the case of the simplex brake, C*(brake factor) is the sum of the values for the individual shoes, and is≈2.0（referred to a specific coefficient of friction)．A disadvantage of this design is the great difference in the braking effect between the two brake shoes, and the resulting greatly increased wear on the leading shoe. For this reason, the trailing shoe is often equipped with a much thinner lining than the leading shoe.
• 由于暴露于空气中，盘式制动器的散热效 果比鼓式的要好：这意味着盘式制动器能 持续使用更长的时间，也就是说其抗热衰 退性（因受热导致制动效能下降）要好得 多。
• Disc brakes as used in most passenger cars are slowly beginning to be used in commercial vehicles as well. Aside from their use in fast coaches, current use of disc brakes in commercial vehicles is primarily limited to front-axle brakes for commercial vehicles up to a weight of approx. 7.5 t which are driven in a manner similar to passenger cars.
• 这种制动器有两个固定在制动底板 上的制动蹄，通过液压轮缸或机械 杆系作用从内侧向外推开与制动鼓 接触。
The main types of Drum brakes:
• Simplex drum brake (Leading trailing shoe brake) • 领从蹄式制动器 • Duo-trailing shoe brake (Two trailing shoe brake) • 双从蹄式制动器 • Double leading shoe brake • 单向双领蹄
• The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking braking system and additional retardingbraking system. The service braking system and the parking braking system have separate control and transmission devices. The service braking system is normally foot-operated, while the parking braking system is hand-operated.
• 目前使用的制动系统有三种类型：行车制 动系，驻车制动系和辅助制动系．行车制 动系和驻车制动系有独立的控制和传动装 置．行车制动系通常使用脚来操作，而驻 车制动系通常使用手来操作．
• Two types of brakes are used in modern cars: drum brakes and disc brakes. Since 1976,all cars have used disc brakes on the front wheels. Most cars use drum brakes on the rear wheels. In both drum and disc brakes, a hydraulic system applies the brakes. The hydraulic system connects the brake pedal to the brake parts at each wheel.
• 目前使用的制动器有两种类型：鼓式制动 器和盘式制动器．从1976年开始，所有的 汽车前轮都使用盘式制动器,大部分汽车后 轮使用的是鼓式制动器.在盘式制动器和鼓 式制动器中都使用液压系统（来提供驱动 力）.液压系统把制动踏板与每个车轮的制 动部件相连接.
4.2.1 Drum Brakes
• These have two shoes, anchored to a stationary back-plate, which are internally expanded to contact the drum by hydraulic cylinders or a mechanical linkage.
• 就领从蹄而言，制动系数C*表示各蹄的值 的总数，且≈２.０(特指某一摩擦系 数）．这种设计的缺点是两个制动蹄制动 效果有很大不同，结果大大增加了领蹄上 的摩擦．因此，从蹄的摩擦衬片比领蹄 薄．
2. Dou-duplex drum brake
• An advantage of this type of brake is the nearly equal brake lining wear on both shoes and the higher internal transmission ratio in comparison to simplex brakes.
• 这类凸轮制动器有一套简单，稳定，恒温 机构．它包括膜片弹簧制动器室，自动调 整臂，制动轴和vantage of drum brakes is that the friction area is almost entirely covered by a lining, so most heat must be conducted through the drum to reach the outside air to cool.
• 汽车从原地起步加速到某一速度需要能量。 储存在汽车中的那部分能量称为动能。要 降低车速,制动器必须把汽车的动能转换为 热能；转换的速度决定了汽车减速的快慢。
The main parts of braking system:
• • • • • • • •
1、Energy-supplying device 供能装置 2、Control device 控制装置 3、Transmission device 传能装置 4、Brake 制动器
• 多数汽车前轮采用双领蹄式制动器， 后轮采用领从蹄式制动器。前轮制 动器制动力很大，充分利用制动时 轴荷由后轮向前轮转移的特点。
3. Duo-servo drum brake
• This type of drum brake has an application mechanism which is simpler, more reliable and insensitive to temperature. It comprises diaphragm cylinder, automatic slack adjuster, brake shaft and S-cam.
• 制动主缸由两个分开的部分组成，每个部 分都有一个活塞，两个活塞都与驾驶室里 的制动踏板相连接。
• When the brake pedal is pushed by the driver, the two pistons move in the two sections of the master cylinder. This forces brake fluid out and through the brake lines, or tubes, to the brake mechanisms at the wheels. In a typical system, the brake fluid from one section of the master cylinder goes to the two front-wheel brakes. The brake fluid from the other section goes to the two rear-wheel brakes. The purpose of this that, if one section fails, the other section will still provide braking.
• Duo-duplex drum brake（Dou two leading shoe brake） • 双向双领蹄式制动器 • Uni-servo drum brake • 单向自增力式制动器 • Duo-servo drum brake • 双向自增力式制动器
1. Simplex Drum brakes