英语专业,考研,期末,语言学必备

Methods of study: First, certain linguistic phenomena are observed and questions are raised about them. Second, hypotheses (which are generalizations based on observations) are formulated to explain the phenomena.
Forth, linguistic theories thus produced, just as other scientific theories, are open to challenge.
2) Branches of linguistics Intra-disciplinary divisions The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning. The core of general linguistics is the study of these aspects, dealing with the regularities of these across languages.
2. What is linguistics
研究语言的科学。同哲学、心理学、历史学、文 学和自然科学技术均有密切的联系。分理论语言 学和具体语言学；前者研究人类语言的一般规 律，后者研究具体语言的存在和发展的规律，如 汉语语言学、英语语言学，根据不同的研究目 的，具体语言学又可分为描写语言学和历史语言 学，前者研究语言在某一时期的状态，后者研 究语言的古今演变。
The object of linguistics：language Notice that the word language is not preceded by an article (i.e. without a or the), nor in the plural form. This means that linguistics studies all languages.
Inter-disciplinary
divisions Language as a system is also closely interwoven with other aspects of man and society. It has often been studied in ways that relate linguistics to other disciplines. Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence etc. are also preoccupied with language.
Third, the hypotheses are tested by further observations or experiments. If they are valid, the hypotheses become theories. If they are not, then the researcher must reformulate hypotheses and then verify them until no data collected contradict the hypotheses.
2. What is linguistics
此外，为研究语言实践问题，特别是同通讯科学 技术，机器翻译，语言教学和语言运用等有关的 语言实践问题，又分出应用语言学、数理语言 学、心理语言学和社会语言学等。语言学的内部 分科由语音学、语文学、语法学、语用学等。语 言研究已经有二千多年的历史，中国，印度，希 腊是世界上最早研究语言的国家（辞海，1989年版， 第447页） 。
Synt来自百度文库x
is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences.The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax, which specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.
Sociolinguistics
studies language in relation to society. Language varies from region to region, from class to class, and it also varies with age and sex. Language changes are mostly caused by social changes. Language is part of culture and the carrier of culture.
Morphology
is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language，many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes.
Pragmatics
is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is internally structured.
1. Course information and requirements
1. Instructor: Aimei (Grace) Chen gracechen89@yahoo.com.cn 2. Teaching Method: discussion and presentation. 3. Grading: Attendance (5%) Performance (presentation and participation) (15%) Mid-term paper(20 %); Final exam (60 %).
Lecture One: Course information and Introduction
Contents of this lecture
1. Course information and requirements 2. What is linguistics? 3. Contents and aims of this course 4. Significance of learning language or linguistics 5. Learning strategies for this course 6. Questions for reflection and discussion
The kind of science for linguistics: Its object of study, language, determines that it is a discipline among humanities, because language is mostly a social phenomenon, despite a biological aspect of it. Its method of study is close to that used in natural sciences. From these two perspectives linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities, to natural sciences.
Phonology
studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.
2. What is linguistics
1) Definition “Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language” (Lyons 1968: 1). This definition is well accepted because it pinpoints the object and methods of linguistics as a discipline.
Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences.
Phonetics
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics
Phonetics
studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.