英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件cha(3)

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• Derivational affixes:
• Definition: When derivational affixes are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word.
• Features:
• Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning, e.g. mono-, inter-, anti-, etc.
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• By use frequency:
• The basic word stock:
• Definition: The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs and forms the common core of the language.
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Biblioteka Baidu Classification of Morphemes
• Free morphemes and bound morphemes:
• Free morpheme: morpheme that can be uttered alone with meaning. • Bound morpheme: A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a
• friend/friendly/friendliness
• Morph: the smallest sequence of phonological units into which words are divided in an analysis of morphemes.
• friend /frend/, friendly /frend/+/li/, friendliness /frend/+/li/+/nis/
Morphological Structure of English Words
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Morphemes
• Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
• elevated, comfortable, paralyzed (drunk)
• Technical words: words used in various special fields, e.g. penicillin, symphony.
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• By morphological structure:
• Simple words: those consisting of a single morpheme. • Derived words (complex words): those which are the result of a derivational process. • Compound words: those which are composed of two or more free morphemes.
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• Productive (living): those that can be used to form new words.
• Unproductive (dead): those that are no longer used to form new words, e.g. with- as in withdraw, withhold; -ant as in servant, etc.
• Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early.
• Colloquial words: Colloquial words are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues.
• Free roots: • Bound roots:
• tain as in contain, detain, retain • dict as in predict, contradict
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• Affixes: Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
• According to linguistic origin:
• Native affixes: those that existed in English in the OE period or were formed from OE words, e.g. un-, mis-, over-, -ness, -hood, etc.
complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
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• Roots and affixes:
• Roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
• Inflectional affixes include:
• the plural marker (s, es, en, etc.) • the genitive case (’s) • the verbal endings (s, ing, ed, etc.) • the comparative and the superlative degrees (er, est)
• Tom went to bed early because he felt tired.
• Literary words: words chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official document, or in formal speeches.
• Content words: Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
• Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.
• Slang words: Slang is language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.
• Function words: Function words do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; they serve grammatically more than anything else. They include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions and auxiliaries.
• Allomorphs: any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
• books /s/, bags /z/, matches /iz/
• worked /t/, tried /d/, wanted /id/
• Foreign affixes: Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other
languages, e.g. bi-, dis-, re-, mal-, -ism, etc.
• According to productivity:
• Features:
• National character • Stability
• Word-forming ability: football, footpath, footprint • Ability to form collocations: a heart of gold, at heart, break one’s heart, heart and soul, with all one’s
heart
• The non-basic word stock:
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• By level of usage:
• Common words: words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life.
meaning, e.g. mis-, mal-, pseudo-, etc.
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• Classification of derivational affixes:
• According to position:
• Prefixes: affixes before the word
• Suffixes: affixes after the word
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Classification of English Words
• By origin:
• Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin. • Loan words: words borrowed from other languages.
• By notion:
• Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning, e.g. over(overhead, overwork).
• Derivational affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective
• Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:
• Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes serve to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed.