第三章 英语词汇学

Chapter 3
Word Formation Ⅰ
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. However, structurally, a word is not the smallest unit because many word can be separated into even smaller meaningful unit.
Inflectional affixes
9. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes —— Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional， thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. 加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀发生曲折变化， 因此叫内部曲折词缀。 内部曲折词缀的数量少而且稳定。
3.3.2 Bound morphemes
6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are found in derived words. 粘附词素——它们主要粘附在别的词素上才能构成词。 粘附词素主要出现在派生词里。 e.g. recollection （re + collect + ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）
Bound Root
7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 粘附词根就如自由词根一样，是带有基本意义的词的组 成部分。与自由词根不同的是，粘附词根是一种粘附形式， 必须与别的词素结合在一起才能构成词。 e.g. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。 Contradict “ speak against”。 Bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number， their productive power is amazing.尽管他们数量有限，但是他 们却有着惊人的能产性。
屈折词缀
a. There is the regular plural suffix -s（-es） which is added to nouns such as machines， desks. b. Simple present for the third person singular. –s （-es） c. The possessive case of nouns. ’s d. –er and –est to show comparative and superlative degree e. The past tense marker –ed f. –ing to form present participles or gerum —— a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 词干可以定义为，任何词缀都可以添 加的一个形式。 E.g. “internationalists”， nation is a root and a stem as well. a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix.一个词干可以由单个词根词素 组成，也可由两个词根词素组成。 a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.词干可以代替词根，还可以指比词根更大的任何 形式。
4. Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphs. 词素变体——有些词素根据他们在词中的位 置不同可以有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些 不同的形素叫词素变体。 E.g. the morpheme of plurality “-s” has a number if allomorphs in different sound context， e.g. in cats /s/， in bags /z/， in matches /iz/.
What is the smallest unit of a language?
3.1 Morphemes
1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.） 词素是最小的有意义的语言单位。（最小的功 能单位） 比较：a word is a minimal free form of a 比较 language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
3.3 Types of Morphemes
Free morpheme =free root
morpheme
Bound morpheme
Bound root Prefix
Derivational
Suffix
Affix Inflectional
3.3.1 Free morphemes
5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 自由词素（或者自由根词）本身具有完整的意义，在 句子中可以用作自由语法单位。 e.g. cat, walk. They are identical with root words, morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.
Affix
8. Affixes —— Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀是附着于词并对其意义或功能做修饰的形式。几 乎所有词缀都是黏着词素。 We can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes. 我们可以将词缀分为两类: 曲折词缀和派生词缀。
3.4 Root and stem
13. Root —— A root is the basic form of a word， which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. （a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.） . 词根是一个词的基本形式，这个形式如果再分 析下去就不再是这个词了。（它是当所有内部 曲折词缀和派生词缀都去掉时的那部分词形）。 e.g. “internationalists” removing inter-， -al-， -ist， -s， leaves the root nation.
3.2 Allomorphs
2. Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs. 词素（形位）是个抽象单位，形素是实际说 出来的最小的意义携带体。 3. Monomorphenic words 单语素词—— morphemes are realized by single morphs. e.g. bird, tree, sad, want……
Derivational affixes
10. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes —— Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 派生词缀是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。 They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixed. 派生词缀可进一步分为前缀和后缀。 11. Prefixes —— prefixes are affixes that come before the word， such as， pre+war， sub+sea 12. Suffixes —— suffixes are affixes that come after the word， for instance， blood+y.