Unit 12英汉翻译中的视角转换

反说正译法
某些英语否定词，用汉语的肯定词和肯定句 来表达更能符合汉语表达习惯。 英语双重否定句，除了可以译成汉语双重否 定句外，也可以译成肯定句。
名词
The machine has two serious disadvantages. 那机器有两个严重缺陷。
The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper. 市政官员的欺诈行为被报纸披露。
名词
There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. 关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。
Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. 她的孩子简直没人管。
Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸打开来。
连接词及其短语
I’ll do it now before I forget it. 我趁着还没有忘记的时候就做吧。 Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception. 生命很可能是普遍存在的，而不是一种例外， 这一点很可能得到证实。 She is too careful not to have noticed it. 她那么细心，不会不注意到这一点的。
Fish in the air Rat in a hole Kill two birds with one stone Drink like a fish 水中捞月 瓮中之鳖 一箭双雕 牛饮
虚实转换
Were it left to an American to decide whether they should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, he should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. 如果让美国人决定要没有言论自由的政府还 是要言论自由而无政府的国家，他会毫不犹 豫地选择后者。
动词
He hates going to work late. 他不喜欢/不愿上班迟到。 The doctor lost his patient. 医生没把病人治好。
The motor refused to start. 马达开不动。
常见动词性否定含蓄词
fail lack deny defy differ miss forbid stop ignore
介词或介词短语
But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 不过那件事很不平常，似乎不符合自然规律。 The Theory of Relativity put forward by Einstein is now above many people’s understanding. 爱因斯坦提出的相对论，现在还有不少人理解 不了。
某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句
Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 Bite off more than one can chew. 贪多嚼不烂。 Let sleeping dogs lie. 莫惹是生非。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 Call a spade a spade.直言不讳。
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 有志者事竟成。
We can’t be too careful in doing experiments. 我们在做实验时应尽可能小心。
形象转换
在翻译成语时，无法在译语文化中再现成语中 的形象，可以用符合译语表达习惯、读者所熟 知的译语形象代替原语成语的形象。
常见介词性否定含蓄词
below beneath beyond under without except within instead
副词
She said idly, “Well, what does it matter?” 她漫不经心地说，“哼，有什么关系？”
Unit 12 The Shift of Perspectives in Translation
May, 2013
英汉翻译中的视角转换
正反转换 形象转换
虚实转换
正反转换
Only five customers remained in the bar. 酒吧里只有五个顾客还没有走。
I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before. 我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的纪录。
副词
“I don’t know if I ought to have come,” she said breathlessly, grasping Sandy’s arm. “我不知道我该不该来，”她气喘嘘嘘地说，一 把抓住桑迪的胳膊。 This country is now unprecedentedly expanding its industry. 这个国家目前正在以空前的规模发展其工业。
短语
To be or not to be, that is the question. 生存还是毁灭，这是值得考虑的问题。
Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 赶快把这部机器擦好。
All men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war. 所有18至45岁的男性统统要在战时服役。
动词
By a sudden attack, we uncovered the enemy’s right flank. 我们以突袭使敌人右翼暴露。
The enemies were disarmed. 敌人被缴械。
பைடு நூலகம்
形容词
He gave me an indefinite answer. 他给我一个含糊的答复。 He was in an uncomfortable predicament. 他限于困窘的艰难处境中。 It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in front of her. 他实在轻率，竟然在她面前讨论此事。
A radar screen is not unlike a television. 雷达荧光屏和电视荧光屏一样。
The machine is far from being complicated. 这部机器一点也不复杂。
正反转换的翻译方法
1. 正说反译 2. 反说正译
正说反译法
英语中的某些否定概念是通过含有否定意义 或近似否定意义的词来表达的。这些词从形 态上看，不是由否定词缀构成的，是肯定式； 从词义上看，具有否定意义，被称为“含蓄 否定词”。 含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语，一般要译成汉 语的否定词组。
All international dispute must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. 一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解 决。
常见名词性含蓄否定词
defiance denial exclusion freedom lack failure refusal loss
How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart? 我们该如何去解释评论家和读者之间的分歧， 即理智与情感之间的差异呢？
Not yet, however, in spite of her disappointment in her husband, did Mrs. Bennet give up the point. 班纳特太太虽然碰了一鼻子灰，可是并不善 罢甘休。
常见形容词性否定含蓄词
absent awkward bad blind dead difficult foreign to short of poor ignorant of
形容词或形容词短语
She was deaf to all advice. 她不听一切劝告。 He is free from the influence of gravity in the sky. 他在空中不受重力影响。 He would be the last man to say such things. 他决不会说这种话。
Sir Anderson’s spies were not going to lose sight of me. 安德森爵士的密探一直在监视我的行踪。
双重否定句
They never work without helping each other. 他们工作时总是相互帮助。
There is no evil without compensation. 恶有恶报。
语义翻译
在译入语允许的范围内，尽可能地使译文从 语义和句法上接近原文，将原文确切的上下 文意义翻译出来。