合作原则与礼貌原则

Title:

How are Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle similar and different?

两项原则是

Two Principles:

Pragmatics is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It deals with how utterances have meanings in situations. Studying pragmatics is very important. It enables us to understand what the nature of language itself is and how language is used in communication.

In order to create an effective conversation, people do follow some principles during their conversation. As follows:

a. J. Austin: Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）

b. P. Grice: Cooperative Principle（合作原则）

c. G. Leech: Politeness Principle （礼貌原则）

d. Sperber and Wilson: Relevance Theory（关联理论）

And the Cooperative Principle (CP) and Politeness Principle (PP) are among those most familiar ones.

哲学家对语言的兴趣源于他们对语言逻辑的研究。他们发现严密的形式逻辑不能完全结实自然语言，自然语言似乎具有它自己不合乎形式逻辑的“逻辑”：

合作原则是什么：

The Cooperative Principle (CP)

We know that quite often a speaker can mean a lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manage to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s meaning. H.P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanisms governing the production comprehension of these utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP). The CP means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.

To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:

The maxim of quantity

The maxim of quality

The maxim of relation

The maxim of manner

为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特

定的准则。进行对话，参与者必须首先有意愿去合作，否则，会话将难以进

行下去。Grice将这个准则叫做合作原则(Cooperative Principle)。指交谈双方

在会话中所贯彻的尊重对方、维护友好的原则

主要包括四大准则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。

礼貌原则是什么：

The Politeness Principle (PP)

The principle of politeness can explain the phenomenon of cooperation principle from another perspective.

CP maxim can be violated for various reasons. For example, the speaker wants to mislead the hearer, that is, to lie, or the speaker does not possess the adequate amount of information he is expected to provide, or the speaker simply does not want to go on with the conversation. Then we can use PP to explain. PP focuses on how to use communicative strategies to maintain or to promote interpersonal harmony during the course of communication.

然而，仅合作原则却并不能完全解释人们是如何进行会话的。它解释了

会话含义是如何产生的，却并没有告诉我们为什么人们总是不直接说出他们

想要表达的意思。Leech提出的礼貌原则能够从另一个不同的角度解释合作

原则所不能解释的现象。

主要包括：得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦虚准则、一致准则、同情准则。

相同点是什么：

Similarity

CP and PP have the same purpose.

There’s no doubt that Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness P rinciple are two major principles that guide the ways people communicate with ea

ch other.

So long as we combine the CP with the PP properly,we can go on quite well

with our communication and achieve the mutual understanding and realize the mu

tual cooperation desire.Here are examples:

A: Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?

B: I’d like to, but I have something urgent to do tonight.

A: Mr.White,I have a flat tire.Could you give me a hand?

B: I’m very sorry,but you see,I’m very busy now.

“I’d like to，but…” follows PP. And the following sentence follows the