2012职称英语必考内容

写在最前面的关于30分题+15分
1. +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章，考哪一级就看哪一级的内容，别的级别的题目完全不用看。

2. 每个级别新增阅读理解2篇完型填空2篇（今年以前完形填空只新增一篇），考试的时候，这两篇阅读理解必考一篇，文章完全一样，但是问题及答案不一定完全一样，所以仅仅记住答案是不可靠的，一定要结合后面的翻译把这篇文章看懂。

那么这里5道题目15分必定能拿到。

然后完型填空，先说今年以前，只新增一篇完型填空，这篇完型填空必考，只是留空的位置不会完全一样，大约有40%左右的留空位置是一样，所以光背答案是没得用的，一定要把文章看熟。

当然今年由于每个级别新增了2篇完型填空，那么考试的时候肯定也是2选1考一篇。

这里15道题15分也很容易能拿到。

3. 词汇有15道题，替换同义词，找本字典翻翻，这15分也不难，至少12分能拿到吧。

其他的题能拿多少分就看各位的英语底子了。

做最坏的打算，剩下的题目还有55分，按瞎蒙25%的概率能拿到13.75分，加上前面的45分大约也有58分左右，所以要完全靠瞎蒙的朋友考试前多扶扶老奶奶过马路，多积累点人品吧。

4. 以上只是投机取巧的方法，各位有时间的话还是花点时间复习下，但是考前一定要把新增的题目掌握好，就算英语底子好的朋友也起码可以节约不少考试时间。

5. 本人职称英语A\B\C级都是这样考过的，每年的规律都是一样的。

从客观角度说，每年的职称英语考试书都不便宜，新增的内容也不多，如果新增的东西里面没有价值，那么那本书还有谁买？那本书可是考试中心出的，
阅读理解*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan
*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
完形填空*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk
*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.
Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing" in
Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.
They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.
"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."
To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-
water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.
Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.
The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.
"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."
词汇：
Saturn /'sætən/ n．土星 methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼气
Titan/'taitən/ n．土卫六 acetylene/ə'setili:n/ n．乙炔
alien/'eiljən/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的
conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/ n．保守主义,守旧
注释：
1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。

2.the Saturn's moon：指土卫六（Titan) 。

土卫六又称泰坦星，是土星卫星中最大的一颗。

3.NASA：美国国家航空航天局的缩写，全称是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。

4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼号探测器，以出生于意大利的法国天文学家卡西尼的名字命名，其任务是环绕土星飞行，对土星及其大气、光环、卫星和磁场进行深人考察。

1997 年10 月15日，重六吨的“卡西尼”号星际探测器被发射飞往土星的轨道。

这是上世纪发射的最后一艘行星际探测的大飞船。

“卡西尼”号用了将近七年时间，在2004 年7月1日飞达土星轨道。

5.bugs：微生物。

非正式口语表达，所以使用了引号。

6.Kelvin：可翻译成“绝对温度”。

Kelvin Scale ，绝对温标，开氏温标，是由Kelvin 勋爵于19世纪中叶发明的温度计量方法，其零度相当于摄氏一273. 15" C ，被认为是宇宙中最低温度。

这种温度计量方法多为科学家使用。

7.principal investigator：研究项目负责人
8.rule out：排除……的可能性
练习：
1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?
A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.
B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.
C They have found methane-based life on Titan.
D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.
2. What do scientists say about Titan?
A There are life clues there.
B There is acetylene there.
C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.
D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.
3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this form
of life" refer to?
A Water-based life.
B Methane-based life.
C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.
D Gas-based life.
4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?
A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.
B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.
C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.
D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.
5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?
A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.
B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.
C Titan,a New Satellite Found.
D A different Life Form, a Possibility.
答案与题解：
1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。

该段告诉读者，科学家在土星的卫星土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了生命的迹象，这些生命的存在是以甲烷为基础的。

2.A根据第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are
'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，说明土卫六（Titan）有生命迹象。

因此A是答案。

3. B this form of life 指的是土卫六（ Titan ）上以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，即该文讨论的主题。

4.A科学家至今对土卫六是否存在生物有不同的观点和解释。

Allen 说要做出土卫六上有生
物的结论，首先必须对Titan 上没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们还须付出努力。

所以只有A是正确选择。

5.D该短文的主题是，科学家在土卫六（ Titan ）上发现了一种与地球生物不同的生命形式的迹象，即以甲烷为生命基础呼吸氢气的生物，但科学家还未能最后验证这一发现。

第四段中的一个句子能够揭示该短文的主题：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent
a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”
*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the
University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.
"If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades, it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study suggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have if
they were more confident.
Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to be
difficult to learn -- and teach. The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.
Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings: anxiety is uneasiness or worry.
The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influence
how her female students feel about math. The study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- and
second-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.
The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervous looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.
Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxious
teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing whether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math -- and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety.
"This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as
preliminary and in need
of replication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.
词汇：
snowball /'snəubɔ:l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事 replication/repli'keiʃən/ n ．重复，复现
superstar/'sju:pəsta:/ n．超级明星
练习：
1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大学。

位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891 年。

2. keep getting math-anxious female teachers：一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。

此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。

另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。

3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在数学成就上的雪球效应。

其含义是：在数学上越来越没有信心。

4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。

End up doing something：最终会做某事
5. sales receipt：销售清单
6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。

replication
在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。

7. the University of Missouri：密苏里大学。

位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。

练习：
1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?
A Girls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.
B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.
C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.
D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.
2. What is implied in the third paragraph?
A Math teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.
B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.
C Teachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.
D Math is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.
3. According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about
math when they felt
A nervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.
B helpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.
C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.
D hopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.
4. The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings
A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math
achievements.
B show that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female
students.
C provide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.
D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students'
math achievements.
5. David Geary thinks that
A the study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.
B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.
C the research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.
D the study is well based and produces significant results.
答案与题解：
1.D 该段告诉我们女教师的想法（what female teachers think）和女学生的学习（what female
students learn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2.B 第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone)，如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。

所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。

其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。

3.C 第五段第三句“To find out which teachers were anxious about math, the researchers asked
the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math,such as when reading a sales
receipt”指出了答案。

memorizing the numbers；意为“记住数字”；saving the numbers意为“保存数字”；filling in the numbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到a sales report；它们均不是答案。

4.A 短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girls with math-anxious
teachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests)，而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（all of
these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety. )。

D 所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers 和students,而不是female teachers 和female students。

5.B 根据David Geary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（in need of replication with a larger sample)。

他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。

*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities
A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But t oo few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their
residents."
Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s finding s highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．
The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters.
Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges
and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods
that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.
Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards
rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air
conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and
reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them
to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.
词汇：
vulnerable / 'vʌlnərəbl / adj ．易受伤害的
infrastructure / 'infrə,strʌktʃə / n ．基础设施
sociologist /,səusi'ɔlədʒist /n．社会学家
substandard / ,sʌb'stændəd / adj．标准以下的
dioxide / dai'ɔksaid / ．二氧化物
floodplain /'flʌdplein / n ．泛滥平原
注释：
1. likely：很可能，或许。

在本句中用作副词。

2. be likely to：很可能。

likely 在本句中是形容词，用作表语。

3. findings：调查结果
4. storm surges：风暴潮
5. paved cities：铺上沥青路面的城市
6. spring up：涌现
7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辞反应。

这个词的意思是：（地方政府）话讲得
很漂亮，但内容空洞。

8. a hands-off approach：一种不插手的政策
练习：
1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back
2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban
3．A reduce B increase C study D measure
4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5
5．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify
6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major
7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits
8．A threats B interests C functions D differences
9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildly
l0．A provide B improve C lack D update
11．A without B with C in D on
12．A moreover B therefore C however D though
13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than
14．A train B automobile C bus D bike
15．A idle B smart C busy D secure
答案与题解：
1. C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。

“A new examinat ion of urban policies has been
carried out” 意思上配得上。

carried along（携带）、carried away（运走）和carried back（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上。

2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic （经济
的）、industrial （工业的）和rural （农村的）的话题。

所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案。

3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨。

本句紧接上一句
的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量。

四个选项中，要选reduce。

4. B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases （温室气体）。

gases 是答案。

5. C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化。

采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民。

可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了。

本题选protect 最合适。

6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。

这说明“Cities are major
sources of greenhouse gase s”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是doubtful sources （不能确定的来源）, possible sources（可能的来源），更不会是repeatable sources（不断重复的来源）。

7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居
民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处。

因此，uses 、 chances
和cures
可以排除。

benefits（益处）才是答案。

8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 给城市居民造成伤害。

interests 、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案。

storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁。

因此threats 才是答案。

9. B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤
害？因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路。

heavily 是答案。

其他三个选项不符合上述意
思。

10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面。

贫穷社区的基础设施一
定是不尽如人意的。

所以要选lack。

1LA贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。

下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和
basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施。

所以选
without 比较合理。

12.B 本题的答案是therefore。

上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题。

下文说的
是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民。

两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要
选therefore。

13.D rhetoric responses （言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和meaningful responses （有
意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应。

地方政府的反应是前者还是后者？随后的句子，特
别是a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningful
responses 。

所以本题要选rather than（而不是）。

14.B 句中的“…emphasize mass transit”提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的train 和bus便可排除。

bike 是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除。

答案是automobile 。

私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。

15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为（ idle) 的政策。

idle 是正确的选择。

*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk
Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers
at Imperial College London 2 in a new
study．
Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 .
In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．
Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free t o take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．
When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re
encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．
词汇：
statin/'stæ tIn! n．降胆固醇药物
outlet/'autlit/ n．销售点
cholesterol/ kə'lestərɔl / n．胆固醇
offset /,ɔf'set/ V. 抵消，补偿
cheeseburger/ 'tʃi:z,bə:ɡə / n．芝士汉堡包
milkshake! 'milkʃeik / n．奶昔
condiment /'kɔndimənt]! n ．调味品
sachet /'sætʃei / ii ．小袋，小包
rational / 'ræʃənəl / adj．合理的
注释：
1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。

2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。

该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。

学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。

提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院
3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。

LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。

4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。

a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。

5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志
6. French fries:炸薯条
7.It makes sense...: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。

8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。

快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。

练习：
1．A change B charge C chain D chance
2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate
3．A number B amount C volume D product
4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk
5．A severe B enough C weak D active
6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking
7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful
8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility
9．A degree B dimension C angle D range
10．A use B hate C reject D like
11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened
12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor
1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns
14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing
1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking
答案与题解：
1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的
风险，一正一负正好抵消。

statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供
应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。

选择charge 是对的。

2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。

此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。

所以suggest 是个不二的选择。

3.B 与降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number
（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。

4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。

lower frequency（降低频率）、lower
treatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。

5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。

所以本题的答案是enough。

6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buying
cheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。

所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下
文的意思。

7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。

8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就……而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。

possibility 是答案。

9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病
的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。

如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸
(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。

1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。

as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。

所以，
like 是答案。

其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。

11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。

只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。

provided 是答案。

12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。

13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。

作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。

根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。

take
measure的意思是“采取措施”。

其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，take
advantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。

14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。

buying a seatbelt,
cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。

15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。

所以，lowering（降低）是答案。

第三十八篇土卫六上发现了生命迹象
科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。

美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。

据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里―呼吸‖的原始外星生命的线索。

他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。

这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。

美国国家航空航天局的科学家Chris Mckay说，―我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。

如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。

‖
时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。

在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度(相当于摄氏-273．15度)，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。

我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。

科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。

但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。

Mark Allen是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。

Allen说：―科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。

极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。

‖
第四十篇教数学，教焦虑
在最新一项关于小学生学数学的研究中，芝加哥大学的心理学家Sian Beilock 和Susan Levine 发现，女教师的想法和女学生的学习之间有着惊人的联系：如果女教师对自己的数学能力感到焦虑，她的女学生很可能认为男孩子数学比女孩学得更好。

"如果一直由对数学有焦虑的女教师教授数学，就会对她们的数学成绩产生雪球效应"，Levine说。

换言之，女孩子们最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。

该研究表明，如果女孩子们在一个认为男孩比女孩数学好的环境中成长，那么她们的数学可能会不如在更自信的状态下学得好。

如同学生，教师也会觉得某些学科难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的"焦虑"：不自在或担心。

此研究发现，教师对数学的焦虑能够传染给她的女学生们。

该研究的研究对象包括65个女孩，52个男孩和17位在中西部教一二年级的教师。

学生们在学年的开始和结束时都进行数学测试，研究者们比较得分。

研究者们测试学生是否认为数学明星一定会是男孩。

然后研究者们测试教师，试图找出哪些教师对数学感到焦虑，研究者们问教师们当碰到数学问题诸如阅读销售清单时的感受，如果一位教师一看到销售清单的数字就感到紧张，那么她很可能对数学存在焦虑。