以《推手》为例解读中美家庭价值观
从电影《推手》看中美家庭观念的冲突与和合

在 西方 , 孩 子 到 了 十 八 岁 以 后 就 应 该 搬 出 父 母 的家 而 独 立 生 活 。成 年 之 后 和 父 母 同住 或 啃 老 被 认 为 是 一 件 非 常 丢 人 的 事 情 。 但 是 子 女 独 立 也 并不 等于对 父母 不 管 不 问 , 会 在 周 末 或 节 假 日去 看 望 父 母 。美 国 父母 看 重 子 女 的 独 立 精 神 , 也 看重 自己 的 老 年 独 立 生 活 。 因此 , 尽 管 儿 女们 经 济 条 件
在此 文化观 念 的导 向下 , 孩 子外 出立业成 功 , 父 母
光临 而居 , 就 为 电 影 的 主 人 公 邀 请 夫 妻 移 居 美 观 共 同生 活 提 供 了 中 国 文 化 理 据 。 电 影 《 推手》 中,
寞 。在美 国 , 儿 子 娶 了个 洋 媳 妇 , 不 理 解 中 国 公 公
很好 , 老 人们 也 不 愿 与他 们 同住 。在 西 方 文 化 中 ,
人 们 比较 推 崇 自立 精 神 , 不喜 欢依 赖 自己的亲人 。
西 方 文 化 的价 值 取 向具 有 个 人 主 义 色 彩 。 脚
二、 个 人 与 集 体 观 念 的 冲 突 与 和合
中国人重 视 家庭 观 念 , 带 有 浓 厚 的 集 体 主 义
一
、
引言
色 彩 。儒 家 文 化 倡 导 “ 三纲五常” , 三纲 , 即 君 为
臣纲 、 父 为子 纲 、 夫 为妻 纲 。因此 , 在 传 统 的 中 国
不 同文 化的交 流会 在 磨 合 过 程 呈现 出 “ 始 于 冲突 、 中于磨 合 、 终 于 和合 ” 。 电影 《 推手 》 呈 现 出 的是 不 同 文 化 中 的 人 会 在 磨 合 中 , 要 么 最 终 达 到 和合 状态 , 或 者 同 一 个 体 自身 在 多 元 文 化 中 存 在
从《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文

ContentI. Introduction (2)1.1 Research Background (2)1.2 Aims & Objectives (2)1.3 The Scope of this Paper (2)II. The intercultural adaptation theory (3)2.1 The process of adaptation (3)2.2 Intercultural personhood (4)III. Conflicts between Chinese and Western Culture Reflected in Pushing Hands (6)3.1 Plot of Pushing Hands—The independent space in Chinese and Westernfamily (6)3.2 Attitudes towards children (7)3.3 Chinese and Western family’s attitude toward their elders (8)3.4 The emotional expression of Chinese and Western Countries (9)IV. Conclusion (10)V. References (11)I.Introduction1.1Research BackgroundNowadays, the development of mass media provides a lot of opportunities for people to experience different cultures. Among mass media, movie industry makes themost powerful impact on human beings. Film-makers use film as a kind of art form to express their interpretations of life. Therefore, movies not only entertain us, but also influence our views on ourselves, others and the whole world. Movies, as an essential form of mass media, have played an important role in intercultural communication.1.2Aims & ObjectivesResearch on intercultural communication helps us to know how cultures permeate through our daily life, lead our behaviors, form our think patterns and influence our communications with people who have diverse culture backgrounds. Movies are the effective carriers to bring different cultures to audiences. A lot of Chinese directors stand out conspicuously in the world with their unique angle of views and techniques of expression to show Chinese traditional cultures to foreign audiences. Among them, Ang Lee is the most successful intercultural films’ director. With the background of growing up in Tai Wan and being educated in America, Ang Lee has his own cognitions of culture differences and integration. Many years of living experience in America offers him chances to go through the process of intercultural adaptation and to form the intercultural personhood.From his films, the audience could see not only the conflicts and integrations of eastern and western cultures bu t also Ang Lee’s understandings of the humanity. In his early films, eastern and western cultural conflicts are the main topics to discuss. And in his later films, he integrates eastern and western cultures and even is beyond eastern and western culture boundaries to explore and discuss humanity. With long time intercultural life experience, Ang Lee has formed intercultural personhood.1.3The Scope of this PaperThe first part introduces Ang Lee’s biography.Ang Lee’s intercultural backgroundaffords the possibility for him to form intercultural personhood.The second part is the theoretical background. It presents managing conflict and negotiating face theory, the intercultural adaptation theory and theory of intercultural personhood.The third part is a very important one. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon has gained a big success. Eastern and western culture are integrated perfectly in this film, which shows that Ang Lee is in duality process because he can switch between eastern and western culture. The intercultural adaptation theory is adopted here to explain his mind’s flexibility.II.The intercultural adaptation theoryThe Intercultural adaptation process occurs when individuals travel from one culture to another, both in long and short term encounters. Along with this movement,there seems to be a process of adjustment and familiarization with the new situation.The sojourners seek out specific cultural knowledge, adopt a different style of communication, reserve judgment on unfamiliar cultural practices or withdraw from intercultural interactions (Witter, 1993). Intercultural adaptation is a complex and dynamic process which is an inevitable part of intercultural interactions.2.1 The process of adaptationIf a sojourner wants to stay in the new culture environment and lead a happy life, he/she has to go through the intercultural adaptation. Mansell pointed out that sojourners experience to one degree or another four emotional and affective states in the process of intercultural adaptation: alienation, marginality, acculturation, and duality.Alienation causes a strong desire in sojourners to retain identification with the own culture. The rejection of the host culture leads us to limit our social circle to acquaintances or work contacts and to seek out our own nationals for social enjoyment. Unable to employ the necessary skills for adjustment, we feel out of sync with the host culture and want desperately to return home.The feeling of marginality is like a sandwich, surrounding by two different cultures.Sojourners do not know which side they belong to. They would feel confused about their culture identities. During this period, sojourners can only build up superficial connections with host nationals and can enjoy neither his native culture nor the new host culture.Acculturation occurs when sojourners establish a strong need to adopt the way of living of the host culture. Our identification with the host culture means that the primary culture loses its importance. In this situation we are able to make intimate friends with the host nationals and are able gradually to replace some elements our original culture with elements of the host culture. Y et, moving too quickly to adopt the new culture may pose frustrations and obstacles to our intercultural adaptation.Duality symbolizes that even though sojourners are living in the foreign countries, they have cultivated the ability of simultaneously switching between native culture and host culture. During this period, sojourners are able to gain the achievement of being independent and subjective above primary culture and host culture. Open-mindedness and flexibility are necessary for maintaining this ability and establishing the continuity.2.2 Intercultural personhoodWhen sojourners go into duality period, their flexibility can help them engage in building a remarkable new personhood---intercultural personhood. Cultural identity in its pure form has become more a nostalgic concept than a reality. Intercultural personhood is a way of life in which an individual develops an identity and a definition of self that integrates, rather than separates, humanity. Intercultural personhood projects a kind of human development that is open to growth---a growth beyond the perimeters of one’s own cultura l upbringing (Kim, Y.1996:434). Intercultural personhood is an integration of eastern and western perspectives. With the intercultural personhood,the sojourners are able to conciliate contradictory elements and transform them into complementary, interacting parts of a single whole. The emerging intercultural personhood, then, is a special kind of mindset thatpromises greater fitness in our increasingly intercultural world (Kim, 2001).The current discussion of intercultural personhood owes much to the writings of several prominent thinkers of the 20th century who have explored ideologies with national and cultural interests and that embrace all humanity. One such work is Northrop’s The meeting of East and West (1996), in which an “international culture ideal” was presented as a way to provide intellectual and emotional foundations for what he envisioned as “partial world sovereignty.” Inspiration has also been drawn from the work of Tompson (1973), which explored the idea of “planetary culture,” or how Eastern mysticism was integrated with Western science and rationalism. The primary sources for the current analysis of Eastern and Western cultural traditions also include Nakamura’s Way of Thought of Eastern People (1964), Campbell’s The Power pf Myth(1988), Gulick’s The Eastern and the West (1963), Oliver’s Communication and Culture in Ancient India and China (1971), Capra’s The Tao of Physics (1975), and Hall’s Beyond culture (1976) and The Dance of Life (1983).The emergence of intercultural personhood is a direct function of dramatically increasing intercultural communication municating across cultural identity boundaries is often challenging because it provokes questions about people’s presumed cultural premises and habits, as well as people’s inevitable intergroup posturing and the us-and-them psychological orientation (Kim, 1995). Yet it is precisely such challenges that offer us openings for new cultural learning, self-awareness, and personal growth (Kim, 1988, 1995). The greater the severity of intercultural challenges, the greater the potential for reinvention of an inner self that goes beyond the boundaries of our original cultural conditioning. In this process, our identity is transformed gradually and imperceptibly from an ascribed or assigned identity to an achieved or adopted identity—an emergent intercultural personhood at a higher level of integration.Such an identity transformation takes place in a progression of stages. In each stage,new concepts, attitudes, and behavio rs are incorporated into an individual’s psychological makeup. As previously unknown life patterns are etched into our nervous systems, they become part of our new psyches.The evolution of our identity from cultural to intercultural is far from smooth or easy. Moments of intense stress can reverse the process at any time because individuals may indeed regress toward reidentifying with their origins, having found the alienation and malaise involved in maintaining a new identity too much of a strain. Such strain may take various forms of an identity crisis and cultural marginality. Yet the stress experience also challenges individuals to accommodate new cultural elements and become more capable of making deliberate and appropriate choices about action as situations demand.III. Conflicts between Chinese and W estern Culture Reflected in Pushing Hands In the muti-language background, Ang Lee always tries to meet the requirement of eastern and western audiences. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon, using western narrative mode to tell a Chinese story, shows the audience the Chinese spirit and western’s thinking patterns (Xu, 2001). The film is a roaring success, no matter in the perspective of commercial value or the cultural value. This film is the first Chinese film which is played in the main American theater. Through this film, Chinese Wuxia culture is firstly delivered to western audiences and firstly accepted by western mainstream culture. From his films’ success, we know Ang Lee clearly knows his cultural identity and the humanity. His films attract not only Chinese audiences but also western audiences. From this time forth, Ang Lee has formed intercultural personhood which helps him to touch those sensitive topics.3.1 Plot of Pushing Hands—The independent space in Chinese and Western familyLi Mubai is an accomplished Wudangs’ martial artists. Long ago, his master was murdered by Jade Fox. Mu Bai and Yu Shulien who have developed feelings for each other, but have never acknowledged or acted on them. Mu Bai, intending to lead a new path in life, asks Shu Lien who is on her way to Bei Jing to transport his sword, also referred to as the Green Destiny, as a gift for their friend Sir Te. At Sir Te's estate, Shu Lien meets Jen, the daughter of Governor Yu. Jen, destined for an arranged marriage and yearning for adventure, seems envious of Shu Lien's warrior lifestyle.One evening, a masked thief sneaks into Sir Te's estate and steals the sword. Mu Bai and Shu Lien, with the assistance of Sir Te's servant Master Bo, trace the theft to Governor Yu's compound and learn that Jade Fox has been posing as Jen's governess for many years. A guilt-ridden Jen returns the Green Destiny to Sir Te's estate but is intercepted by Mu Bai. Mu Bai easily defeats her and offers her to become his pupil. Jen angrily rebukes his offer and flees.That night, a desert bandit named Lo breaks into Jen's bedroom and asks her to leave with him. A flashback reveals that in the past, when Governor Yu and his family were traveling in the western deserts, Lo and his bandits had raided Jen's caravan and after a protracted desert chase, kidnapped her. However, Lo and Jen soon fell passionately in love. Jen refuses to leave with him and goes through the arranged wedding. Lo interrupts Jen's wedding procession, begging her to come away with him.3.2 Attitudes towards childrenThe story of this film happens in 18th century. At that time, younger generations marriages are arranged by their parents. There is old saying in China to describe this situation ,“arrange a match by parents’ order and on the matchmaker’s word.” Marriage is not simply meaning love. Parents, especially father, have the final word to choose future husband or wife for their children, which is always the case in collectivist society like China. One crucial factor of choosing the marriage is that the two families have the equal social status. So there is a scene that Shulien visits Jen: Yu: “Thank you for seeing me. I hear your wedding day is near. Y ou must be overwhe lmed by the preparations.”Jen: “I’m hardly doing a thing. The less I think of it the better. My parents are arranging everything. The Gous are a very powerful family. My marrying will be good for my father’s career.”Yu: “Y ou are fortunate to marry into such a noble family.”Jen: “Am I? I wish I were like the heroes in the books I read. Like you and Li Mubai. I guess I’m happy to be marrying. But to be free to live my own life, to choosewhom I love... That is true happiness.”Yu: “Do you think so? Let me tell you a story.”Jen: “About you and Li Mubai?”Yu: “Y es. Did you know I was once engaged to be married?”Jen: “No, really?”Yu: “His name was Meng Sizhao. He was a brother to Li Mubai by oath.One day, while in battle, he was killed by the sword of Li Mubai's enemy. After, Li Mubai and I went through a lot together. Our feelings for each other grew stronger. But how could we dishonor Meng's memory? So the freedoms you talk about, I too desire it. But I have never tasted it.”Jen: “Too bad for Meng, but it's not your fault, or Li Mubai's.”Yu: “I am not an aristocrat, as you are... but I must still respect a woman's duties.”From these conversations, we know that although Shulien and Li Mubai deeply fall in love with each other they could not or d are not get together for Li Mubai’s brotherhood and Shulien’s woman duty for the engagement. In their mind, Meng was killed for saving Li Mubai. As his brother, it would be a loss of face for both himself and Meng to marry Shulien. Now, Jen is forced to marriage a guy who she has never seen before. All these heroes are not free, but they are all eager to get freedom and have the “love” right. Chinese withholding love arouse because of the collectivistic culture.Traditional Chinese people care so much a bout others’ feelings and foresight. Therefore,they would take responsibility for others and live for others but not for themselves.Parents’ consent, social stratification and obligation become burdens to prevent people pursuing their freedom and the basic human right---love.3.3 Chinese and Western family’s attitude toward their eldersThe integration of eastern and western culture is shown not only in the film story but in the technique of expression. Ang lee uses western narrative model, especially H ollywood’s narrative skill to tell the audience a Chinese Wuxia story. Most of Ang Lee’s film is using the typical three-act narrative mode, which includes three scenes.The first scene: the main heroes come into the big screen and finish the premise part of the story; the second scene: the heroes encounter crisis and struggle with it; the third scene: crisis has been solved. This three-act narrative mode dominates the mainstream Hollywood films’ structure (Ding, 2001). Each scene could show its imposing dramatic power. Using this narrative model could establish tight structure so that it could attract audiences’ attention.In Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon, three-act narrative model has been used proficiently. The first scene is introducing the following contents: Li Mubai and Yu Shulien have strong feelings for each other; Li sends his sword Green Destiny to Sir Te so as to give up the life in Jiang Hu; Li’s master is poisoned by Fox; Jen’s parents arrange a marriage for her but she desires for Jiang Hu free life. The second scene is showing that because of the torrid love between Jen and Lo, Jen flees away from her wedding and steels the Green Destiny to adventure Jiang Hu; Li Mubai and Yu Shulientry to help and redirect Jen. The third scene is that Li kills Fox but is poisoned by Fox and died for saving Jen’s life; Jen ends up jumping to the river because of deeply remorseful.The three-act narrative model can be easily accepted by western audiences and Chinese Wuxia is always a mysterious topic for western audiences. Therefore, the three-act narrative model plus Chinese Wuxia make Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon a big success in the whole world.3.4 The emotional expression of Chinese and Western CountriesCrouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon is a big winner in Academy Award. This film has produced favorable comments from western audiences. Although Ang Lee uses western narrative mode to tell this story, his aim is to let the western audiences to accept and appreciate traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, Lee’s cultural orientation is his native culture---Chinese culture.Ang Lee integrates eastern and western culture to let western people can understand and follow this Chinese Wuxia story. From this film, western audiences are able to go into eastern circumstance.Chinese natural landscape, huge desert area,view of life of Taoism and typical Chinese reserved love style are described in this film. Those essential elements in traditional Chinese culture are depicted vividly. Besides that, fight setting similar to China opera and the explanation of Xia are the attractive labels to meet the curiosity of the audience with different culture background. In this way, Ang Lee effectively promotes Chinese culture and carries on a successful intercultural communication.IV.ConclusionWe live in a time of cultural integration. As the tightly knit communication wed has brought all cultures closer than ever before, rigid adherence to the culture of our youth is no longer feasible. Culture identity in its pure form has become more a nostalgic concept than a reality. In this circumstance, Y oung Yun Kim proposed a new concept of intercultural personhood---a way of life in which an individual develops an identity and a definition of self that integrates, rather than separates, humanity.Intercultural personhood projects a kind of human development that is open to growth, a growth beyond the perimeters of one’s own cultural upbringing.he emergence of intercultural personhood is a direct function of dramatically increasing intercultural communication activities, which is from personal experiences of diverse people and events through direct encounters to observations via various communication media such as books, television programs and movies. Among them, movies play an important role in intercultural communication. With the development of film industry, people receive different culture customs from films everyday. Therefore, in this dissertation, Ang Lee’s films are chosen as research subjects. From the m, I hope to find the formation of Ang Lee’s intercultural personhood.Ang Lee, as a successful intercultural director, has long-time personal experienceof being immersed in eastern and western cultures. His films always arouse audiences to think about culture differences, culture integration and humanity. In this dissertation, it selects Ang Lee’s five representative film works, Pushing Hand, Wedding Banquet, Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon, Brokeback Mountain and Lust, Caution, to catch a glimpse of th e formation of Ang Lee’s interculturalpersonhood.In Pushing Hand and Wedding Banquet, Ang Lee emphasizes on showing the eastern and western culture conflicts. At that time, he was finding a way to solve this problem. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon is a transition film. In that film, eastern and western cultures are perfectly integrated. From this point, Ang Lee has the flexibility to switch from eastern to western cultural perspectives. In his later two films,he focuses on exploring humanity, which is beyond culture boundaries. Thus, I can conclude that he has formed intercultural personhood, which is taking root in upbringing culture and absorbing the positive parts of western culture so as to promote the positive development of humanity.With the development of globalization, the world citizens all need to cultivate intercultural personhood. With this personality, people’s life experiences could extend beyond their native cultural world. And with this personality there would be fewer conflicts between native culture and new host culture. It is new culture identity for them,which could integrate diverse cultural elements into a single personality. With intercultural personhood, they would add the new views of nature, of evolution and of progress. In order to form intercultural personhood, people should keep keen relevance to the everyday realities, should have the courage to embrace new concepts and ideology and should have enough life experience of interfacing with other cultures.To sum up, forming intercultural personhood is important for every world citizen.With this personality, people can accept and follow other cultures as well as promote his or her native culture.V.References1. Biagi, Shirly. Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media Belmont [M]. CA:Wadsworth,1999.2. Chen, G.M.& Starosta, W.J. Foundations of Intercultural Communication[M]. Boston, MA:Allyn and Bacon, 1998.3. Claire, Kramash. Language and Culture [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.4. Dodd, C.H. Dynamics of Intercultural Communication [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006.5. Dou, W.C. Fundamentals of Intercultural Communication [M]. Beijing: University of International Business and Economics Press, 2007.6. Furham, A. & Bocher, S. Culture Shock [M]. London, England: Methuen, 1986.7. David, S. N. & Bryan W. V an Norden. The Ways of Confucianism: Investigations in Chinese Philosophy [M]. Open Court, 1996.8. Gudykunst, W.B. & Kim, Y.Y. Communicating With Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication [M]. New Y ork: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1997.9. Gudykunst, W.B. & Ting-Toomy, S. Culture and Interpersonal Communication [M]. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.10. Gudykunst, W.B. Cross-cultural and Intercultural Communication [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2007.。
电影《推手》

电影《推手》作者:祁钰童来源:《今日财富》2020年第21期电影《推手》以中国老人朱老与美国儿媳玛莎之间的矛盾为焦点,深刻地反映了中美文化的差异,体现了跨文化交际的重要性。
朱老代表的是中华民族传统的儒家思想,而玛莎代表的则是美国的民主主义思想。
他们两人因文化冲突就如同推手一般,相互闪避又相互制衡。
本文将从跨文化交际的角度来分析两种代表性文化的碰撞与融合。
一、引言随着中国国际影响力的日益增强,中国逐渐走向了国际舞台的中心。
尤其是近年来经济全球化的快速发展,各国之间的沟通往来就越发重要。
但想要与其他国家进行密切的交流,精通其国的语言是完全不够的,更要了解他们的文化。
人的交往行为、交往方式、思维方式都受文化的影响。
文化深深烙印在人的行为举止中。
因此,跨文化交际的重要性不言而喻。
电影《推手》就体现了中美文化之间的冲突。
儒家思想为核心的中国传统文化向来是讲究长幼尊卑。
《礼记·乐记》中记载道“所以官序贵贱各得其宜也,所以示后世有尊卑长幼之序也。
”在这种文化熏陶下,朱老自然不能理解儿子儿媳与孙子之间的相处模式,就像电影中那句“你们在美国对孩子挺客气的,不把孩子当孩子。
”朱晓生解释道“这就叫民主,民主就是没大没小。
”美国是一个提倡民主的国家,即《独立宣言》的中心思想“人生而平等。
”在这种文化氛围中长大的瑪莎也一样不会懂朱老的行为举止。
而朱晓生从小在中国长大又在美国工作生活,他同时吸纳了两种文化。
他因为孝顺把父亲接来美国生活,但也理解妻子玛莎对父亲的偏见。
他像是调和剂一般,夹在父亲和妻子间进退两难。
电影中通过很多对比镜头来刻画朱老和玛莎在生活中的格格不入。
比如俩人一同在餐桌吃饭,朱老用筷子大口吃肉,而玛莎拿叉子细嚼慢咽的吃蔬菜沙拉;还有两人在厨房烹饪的镜头,朱老大火炒菜,玛莎把食物放进烤箱;最经典的是晚上一家人吃饭的时候,朱老和玛莎一句中文一句英文的与朱晓生交流,两人都互不相让,朱晓生左右为难。
李安导演通过这些镜头直观地向观众展示了中美饮食文化的差异。
推手

《推手》从题材上讲是一部家庭题材的喜剧,它围绕着一个移民美国家庭发生的故事,表现了东西方之间在文化和生活之间的差异。
它以一个太极拳老人为主线,揭示出儿媳与公公之间的矛盾。
围绕一个移民美国家庭发生的一系列故事,表现了传统的中国文化与美国的风土人情之间的冲突。
在《推手》这部影片里,中西方的文化差异主要体现在以下几个方面:1、中西方对待老人问题的差异在对待老人这个问题上,就牵扯到中国的传统美德——孝道。
老人的问题是世界性的问题,而中国传统文化和西方现代文明在这个问题上的的分歧却是很大的。
《推手》选择这样一个中国老人在美国的故事,本身就包含着自然地冲突矛盾,而其中涉及的伦理、感情则是属于全人类的。
当然影片中不仅仅是对老人问题上阐述差异的,在饮食上,更是将中西饮食文化,做了生动、鲜明而又风趣幽默的比较。
2、中西饮食文化的差异在影片的开始我们可以看见一个很有趣的场景。
公公抱着一只大碗,里面是米饭和各种各样的配菜,还有肉类,用筷子大口大口地吃,而儿媳妇只是吃着一盘蔬菜沙拉和一片烤饼干。
从中我们可以看出中西方饮食文化的差异。
在中国,人们喜欢五谷杂粮,喜欢将蔬菜和肉类搭配,并用各种手法烹制成色、香、味俱全的美味佳肴。
但是在西方,人们基于对营养的重视,西方人多生吃蔬菜。
因而对于朱老来说,沙拉就如一盘兔饲料,使他们难以接受。
所以,朱老才会在和儿子儿媳一起吃饭时,让儿子劝儿媳妇吃东西要讲究搭配,但是西式化的儿子只是回答他一句:“他怕胖!”中国人在西方人的眼里总是封建的落后的,在看待如何教育孩子方面更是各有不同。
3、中西方教育的差异在这部影片中,中西方教育的差异体现在对小杰米的教育上。
在影片中,小杰米是最无辜的一个,他不得不生活在中西文化的夹缝之中,不得不接受两种不同的教育,学习两种不同的语言文化。
在杰米的教育上,玛莎是完全开放式的美国教育。
于是,当小杰米画出了一幅充满暴力色彩的画面时,玛莎会亲吻他并鼓励他。
而在爷爷看来,那些美国动画太过血腥暴力,会教坏孩子,他更希望在孙子身上看到中国儒学的文化底蕴,于是他给孙子画画时用的是中国画——水墨画。
#《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文

ContentI. Introduction11.1 Research Background11.2 Aims & Objectives21.3 The Scope of this Paper2II. The intercultural adaptation theory32.1 The process of adaptation32.2Intercultural personhood4III. Conflicts between Chinese and Western Culture Reflected in Pushing Hands53.1 Plot of Pushing Hands—The independent space in Chinese and Westernfamily63.2 Attitudes towards children73.3 Chinese and Western family’s attitude toward their elders83.4 The emotional expression of Chinese and Western Countries9IV. Conclusion9V. References11I.Introduction1.1Research BackgroundNowadays, the development of mass media provides a lot of opportunities forpeople to experience different cultures. Among mass media, movie industry makes themost powerful impact on human beings. Film-makers use film as a kind of art form to express their interpretations of life. Therefore, movies not only entertain us, but alsoinfluence our views on ourselves, others and the whole world. Movies, as an essentialform of mass media, have played an important role in intercultural communication. 1.2Aims & ObjectivesResearch on intercultural communication helps us to know how cultures permeatethrough our daily life, lead our behaviors, form our think patterns and influence ourcommunications with people who have diverse culture backgrounds. Movies are theeffective carriers to bring different cultures to audiences. A lot of Chinese directorsstand out conspicuously in the world with their unique angle of views and techniques ofexpression to show Chinese traditional cultures to foreign audiences. Among them, AngLee is the most successful intercultural films’ director. With the background of growingup in Tai Wan and being educated in America, Ang Lee has his own cognitions ofculture differences and integration. Many years of living experience in America offershim chances to go through the process of intercultural adaptation and to form theintercultural personhood.From his films, the audience could see not only the conflicts and integrations ofeastern and western cultures but also Ang Lee’s understandings of the humanity. In hisearly films, eastern and western cultural conflicts are the main topics to discuss. And inhis later films, he integrates eastern and western cultures and even is beyond eastern andwestern culture boundaries to explore and discuss humanity. With long timeintercultural life experience, Ang Lee has formed intercultural personhood.1.3The Scope of this PaperThe first part introduces Ang Lee’s biography.Ang Lee’s intercultural background affords the possibility for him to form interculturalpersonhood.The second part is the theoretical background. It presents managing conflict andnegotiating face theory, the intercultural adaptation theory and theory of interculturalpersonhood.The third part is a very important one. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragonhas gained a big success. Eastern and western culture are integrated perfectly in thisfilm, which shows that Ang Lee is in duality process because he can switch betweeneastern and western culture. The intercultural adaptation theory is adopted here toexplain his mind’s flexibility.II.The intercultural adaptation theoryThe Intercultural adaptation process occurs when individuals travel from oneculture to another, both in long and short term encounters. Along with this movement,there seems to be a process of adjustment and familiarization with the new situation.The sojourners seek out specific cultural knowledge, adopt a different style ofcommunication, reserve judgment on unfamiliar cultural practices or withdraw fromintercultural interactions (Witter, 1993>. Intercultural adaptation is a complex anddynamic process which is an inevitable part of intercultural interactions.2.1 The process of adaptationIf a sojourner wants to stay in the new culture environment and lead a happy life, he/she has to go through the intercultural adaptation. Mansell pointed out thatsojourners experience to one degree or another four emotional and affective states in theprocess of intercultural adaptation: alienation, marginality, acculturation, and duality.Alienation causes a strong desire in sojourners to retain identification with theown culture. The rejection of the host culture leads us to limit our social circle toacquaintances or work contacts and to seek out our own nationals for social enjoyment.Unable to employ the necessary skills for adjustment, we feel out of sync with the hostculture and want desperately to return home.The feeling of marginality is like a sandwich, surrounding by two different cultures.Sojourners do not know which side they belong to. They would feel confused abouttheir culture identities. During this period, sojourners can only build up superficialconnections with host nationals and can enjoy neither his native culture nor the newhost culture.Acculturation occurs when sojourners establish a strong need to adopt the way of living of the host culture. Our identification with the host culture means that the primaryculture loses its importance. In this situation we are able to make intimate friends withthe host nationals and are able gradually to replace some elements our original culturewith elements of the host culture. Yet, moving too quickly to adopt the new culture maypose frustrations and obstacles to our intercultural adaptation.Duality symbolizes that even though sojourners are living in the foreign countries,they have cultivated the ability of simultaneously switching between native culture and host culture. During this period, sojourners are able to gain the achievement of beingindependent and subjective above primary culture and host culture. Open-mindednessand flexibility are necessary for maintaining this ability and establishing the continuity.2.2Intercultural personhoodWhen sojourners go into duality period, their flexibility can help them engage in building a remarkable new personhood---intercultural personhood. Cultural identity in its pure form has become more a nostalgic concept than a reality. Interculturalpersonhood is a way of life in which an individual develops an identity and a definitionof self that integrates, rather than separates, humanity. Intercultural personhood projectsa kind of human development that is open to growth---a growth beyond the perimetersof one’s own cultural upbringing (Kim, Y.1996:434>. Intercultural personhood is anintegration of eastern and western perspectives. With the intercultural personhood,thesojourners are able to conciliate contradictory elements and transform them intocomplementary, interacting parts of a single whole. The emerging interculturalpersonhood, then, is a special kind of mindset that promises greater fitness in ourincreasingly intercultural world (Kim, 2001>.The current discussion of intercultural personhood owes much to the writings of several prominent thinkers of the 20th century who have explored ideologies withnational and cultural interests and that embrace all humanity. One such work isNorthrop’s The meeting of East and West (1996>, in which an “international cultureideal” was presented as a way to provide intellectual and emotional foundations forwh at he envisioned as “partial world sovereignty.” Inspiration has also been drawn fromthe work of Tompson (1973>, which explored the idea of “planetary culture,” or howEastern mysticism was integrated with Western science and rationalism. The primarysources for the current analysis of Eastern and Western cultural traditions also includeNakamura’s Way of Thought of Eastern People (1964>, Campbell’s The Power pf Myth(1988>, Gulick’s The Eastern and the West (1963>,Oliver’s Communication and Culturein Ancient India and China (1971>, Capra’s The Tao of Physics (1975>, and Hall’sBeyond culture (1976> and The Dance of Life (1983>.The emergence of intercultural personhood is a direct function of dramaticallyincreasing intercultural communication municating across culturalidentity boundaries is often challenging because it provokes questions about people’spresumed cultural premises and habits, as well as people’s inevitable intergroupposturing and the us-and-them psychological orientation (Kim, 1995>. Yet it is preciselysuch challenges that offer us openings for new cultural learning, self-awareness, andpersonal growth (Kim, 1988, 1995>. The greater the severity of intercultural challenges,the greater the potential for reinvention of an inner self that goes beyond the boundariesof our original cultural conditioning. In this process, our identity is transformedgradually and imperceptibly from an ascribed or assigned identity to an achieved oradopted identity—an emergent intercultural personhood at a higher level of integration.Such an identity transformation takes place in a progression of stages. In each stage,new concepts, attitudes, and behaviors are incorporated into an individual’spsychological makeup. As previously unknown life patterns are etched into our nervoussystems, they become part of our new psyches.The evolution of our identity from cultural to intercultural is far from smooth oreasy. Moments of intense stress can reverse the process at any time because individualsmay indeed regress toward reidentifying with their origins, having found the alienationand malaise involved in maintaining a new identity too much of a strain. Such strainmay take various forms of an identity crisis and cultural marginality. Yet the stressexperience also challenges individuals to accommodate new cultural elements andbecome more capable of making deliberate and appropriate choices about action assituations demand.III. Conflicts between Chinese and Western Culture Reflected in Pushing Hands In the muti-language background, Ang Lee always tries to meet the requirement ofeastern and western audiences. Crouching Tiger and Hidden Dragon, using westernnarrative mode to tell a Chinese story, shows the audience the Chinese spirit andwestern’s thinking patterns (Xu, 2001>. T he film is a roaring success, no matter in theperspective of commercial value or the cultural value. This film is the first Chinese filmwhich is played in the main American theater. Through this film, Chinese Wuxia cultureis firstly delivered to western audiences and firstly accepted by western mainstreamculture. From his films’ success, we know Ang Lee clearly knows his cultural identityand the humanity. His films attract not only Chinese audiences but also westernaudiences. From this time forth, Ang Lee has formed intercultural personhood whichhelps him to touch those sensitive topics.3.1 Plot of Pushing Hands—The independent space in Chinese and Western familyLi Mubai is an accomplished Wudangs’ martial artists. Long ago, his master wasmurdered by Jade Fox. Mu Bai and Yu Shulien who have developed feelings for eachother, but have never acknowledged or acted on them. Mu Bai, intending to lead a newpath in life, asks Shu Lien who is on her way to Bei Jing to transport his sword, alsoreferred to as the Green Destiny, as a gift for their friend Sir Te. At Sir Te's estate, ShuLien meets Jen, the daughter of Governor Yu. Jen, destined for an arranged marriageand yearning for adventure, seems envious of Shu Lien's warrior lifestyle. One evening, a masked thief sneaks into Sir Te's estate and steals the sword. MuBai and Shu Lien, with the assistance of Sir Te's servant Master Bo, trace the theft to Governor Yu's compound and learn that Jade Fox has been posing as Jen's governess formany years. A guilt-ridden Jen returns the Green Destiny to Sir Te's estate but is intercepted by Mu Bai. Mu Bai easily defeats her and offers her to become his pupil. Jenangrily rebukes his offer and flees.That night, a desert bandit named Lo breaks into Jen's bedroom and asks her toleave with him. A flashback reveals that in the past, when Governor Yu and his family were traveling in the western deserts, Lo and his bandits had raided Jen's caravan and after a protracted desert chase, kidnapped her. However, Lo and Jen soon fellpassionately in love. Jen refuses to leave with him and goes through the arrangedwedding. Lo interrupts Jen's wedding procession, begging her to come away with him.3.2 Attitudes towards childrenThe story of this film happens in 18th century. At that time, younger generationsmarriages are arranged by their parents. There is old saying in China to describe thissituation ,“arrange a match by parents’ order and on the matchmaker’s word.” Marriageis not simply meaning love. Parents, especially father, have the fi nal word to choosefuture husband or wife for their children, which is always the case in collectivist societylike China. One crucial factor of choosing the marriage is that the two families have theequal social status. So there is a scene that Shulien visits Jen: Yu: “Thank you for seeing me. I hear your wedding day is near. You must beoverwhelmed by the preparations.”Jen: “I’m hardly doing a thing. The less I think of it the better. My parents arearranging everything. The Gous are a very powerful family. Mymarrying will be good for my father’s career.”Yu: “You are fortunate to marry into such a noble family.”Jen: “Am I? I wish I were like the heroes in the books I read. Like you and Li Mubai. I guess I’m happy to be marrying. But to be free to live my ow nlife, to choose whom I love... That is true happiness.”Yu: “Do you think so? Let me tell you a story.”Jen: “About you and Li Mubai?”Yu: “Yes. Did you know I was once engaged to be married?”Jen: “No, really?”Yu: “His name was Meng Sizhao. He was a bro ther to Li Mubai by oath.Oneday, while in battle, he was killed by the sword of Li Mubai's enemy.After, Li Mubai and I went through a lot together. Our feelings for eachother grew stronger. But how could we dishonor Meng's memory? So thefreedoms you talk about, I too desire it. But I have never tasted it.”Jen: “Too bad for Meng, but it's not your fault, or Li Mubai's.”Yu: “I am not an aristocrat, as you are... but I must still respect a woman'sduties.”From these conversations, we know that although Shulien and Li Mubai deeply fallin love with each other they could not or dare not get together for LiMubai’sbrotherhood and Shulien’s woman duty for the engagement. In their mind, Meng waskilled for saving Li Mubai. As his brother, it would be a loss of face for both himselfand Meng to marry Shulien. Now, Jen is forced to marriage a guy who she has neverseen before. All these heroes are not free, but they are all eager to get freedom and havethe “love” right. Chinese withholding love arouse because of the collectivistic culture.Traditional Chinese people care so much about others’ feelings and foresight. Therefore,they would take responsibility for others and live for others but not for themselves.Parents’ consent, social stratification and obligation become burdens to prevent peoplepursuing their freedom and the basic human right---love.3.3 Chinese and Western family’s attitude toward their eldersThe integration of eastern and western culture is shown not only in the film storybut in the technique of expression. Ang lee uses western narrative model, especially H ollywood’s narrative skill to tell the audience a Chinese Wuxia story. Most of AngLee’s film is using the typical three-act narrative mode, which includes three scenes.The first scene: the main heroes come into the big screen and finish the premise part ofthe story。
从_推手_看中美家庭价值观的差异_石红莉

2.宗教的原因 宗教是人类意识形成的重要的组
子,家长对孩子百般疼爱,不让孩子有任何表现自我的 成部分。《圣经》中的很多故事是关于由妻子和儿女组
机会,这实际上是剥夺了孩子独立生活的权利。现在的 成的家庭。“诺亚方舟”故事里,诺亚父子争吵后,儿女
中国家庭独生子女多,家长对孩子细声细气,唯恐吓到 远走他乡,重新组织家庭,再也没有返回原地,说明西
你了”,玛莎看到这一幕很是气愤。在美国,这种情况是
3.思想政治意识的原因 中国的家庭价值观念在
不允许的,虽然,美国的性开放程度要比中国大,但是 很大程度上受封建主义思想的影响,中国强调家族观
那是相对于成年人的。例如近期的涅 乐队的专辑封 念,而这种观念的形成主要是族长意志的体现。其中
面出现了裸体小男孩,这张封面因违反网站规定被删 “父为子纲”就明确规定了儿子要完全从属于父亲,儿
孩子,所以,社会上的伪娘越来越多,也就不足为奇了。 方人对上辈人的感情比较淡薄。
并且,现在的啃老一族队伍也越来越壮大。
中国的家庭价值观念受儒家孝道影响很深,宗族
美国人很重视别人的隐私,包括孩子。所以,当老 意识比较强烈。比如中国的传统节日“清明”就是人们
朱抱着刚洗完澡的孙子看裤裆说“朱家传宗接代全靠 还乡祭祖的日子。
1.历史的原因 美国是个新兴的移民国家,很多
编 辑:魏思思 E-mail:sisi123_0@
/ 名作欣赏 MASTERPIECES REVIEW/ 艺术广角 176
REVIEW
/ 艺 术 广 角
从《推手》看中美家庭价值观的差异
⊙石红莉[河北软件职业技术学院, 河北 保定 071000] ⊙张 猛[保定外国语学校, 河北 保定 071000]
摘 要:《推手》是一部反映中美家庭价值观差异的电影。从影片中可以看到中国公公和美国媳妇由于文化差异而引 起的家庭生活各方面的互不适应。本文着重从家庭价值观着手来分析差异的原因和融合的趋势。 关键词:《推手》 中美文化 家庭价值观差异
推手中的中西文化冲突的文字对话

推手中的中西文化冲突的文字对话一、中西家庭观念的对比西方崇尚个人主义,主张个人独立和自由,要求家庭服从个人;中国社会更加注重家庭,自古以来强调家庭利益和它的生存发展大于个人。
所以中国传统文化就是大家庭观,与之对立的是美国的核心式家庭观。
在电影中就主要讲述了朱老先生和美国儿媳玛莎之间的矛盾冲突。
主人公朱晓生将父亲接到美国,希望一家人能共享天伦之乐,从这里可以看出他深受中国集体主义文化的影响。
朱老先生来自北京,是地地道道的中国人,代表着中国传统文化。
而他的美国儿媳则是美国主流文化的代表人物。
中国传统文化的大家庭讲究家人团聚,其乐融融;而美国的核心式家庭只包括父母和未成年的孩子而不包括祖父母。
在电影中,老朱和他的美国妻子在同一房间。
他安静地练习太极拳,练习书法,听京剧和烹饪中餐。
在这样的空间里,他按照自己的意愿行事,享受了三代人带来的幸福,但他根本没有考虑玛莎的感受。
因为在中国,个人生活和家庭生活息息相关。
玛莎是一位自由作家,在她看来,朱老的突然“闯入”占用了她的工作空间、生活空间和思考空间,让她根本没有精力专注于自己的工作,甚至是感到无所适从。
因为在玛莎看来,即使在家庭生活中,个人意愿也应得到尊重,他们也应该享受自己的私人空间。
作为自由作家,她需要一个自由和放松的环境,但是由于她的岳父已经加入了三代人的行列,她的生活受到了干扰,写作活动受到了影响。
因此她对父亲的到来极力反对,并且一直劝说晓生让朱老搬出去住老年公寓,这就让深受中国传统文化熏陶的晓生倍感苦恼。
二、中西饮食文化差异在电影中,当他们坐在一张桌子上吃饭时,食物的种类却不一样。
朱老端着一只大碗,里面有米饭和热菜,而玛莎则是吃的饼干和一盘蔬菜沙拉。
他们都各自吃得津津有味,但是又对对方吃的食物感到疑惑。
在吃早餐时,朱老从冰箱里拿出了昨晚剩下的土豆鸡块和米饭,将他们拌了一下后就放进微波炉里加热,过了一会,他才开始慢慢地、认真地享受他的早餐。
玛莎从冰箱里拿出一小块蛋糕,用食指抹了一点放进嘴里,我们可以看到蛋糕上还有无数的手指印。
从李安的“家庭三部曲”看东西方家庭观念之六大差异

从李安的“家庭三部曲”看东西方家庭观念之六大差异摘要李安的“家庭三部曲” (又称父亲三部曲)《推手》、《喜宴》、《饮食男女》)都是以家庭为主题,是反映中西方文化冲突和交融的代表作。
影片通过发生在“家庭”中的日常生活场景展现了中西文化的冲突与碰撞,李安从中国文化出发,引用“和而不同”的思想,以妥协与认同的策略来解决中国传统文化和西方现代文化之间的矛盾,使中西文化都能从文化差异中懂得另一种文化的智慧,弥补自己的不足,解决自身的困难。
本文拟就李安的“家庭三部曲”家庭六大观念差异作一研讨。
关键词:”家庭三部曲”;中西文化;家庭;六大差异目录一、“家庭三部曲”(《推手》、《喜宴》、《饮食男女》) (3)(一)《推手》 (4)(二)《喜宴》 (4)(三)《饮食男女》 (5)二、“家庭三部曲”中东西方文化的差异 (5)(一)生活习惯上的差异 (6)(二)语言文化的差异 (6)(三)中西教育的差异 (7)(四)中西道德观念上的差异 (7)(五)婚姻观念上的差异 (8)(六)传统与现代之间的差异 (8)引言:李安的“家庭三部曲”(《推手》、《喜宴》、《饮食男女》)都是以家庭为主题,是反映中西方文化冲突和交融的代表作。
影片通过发生在“家庭”中的日常生活场景展现了中西文化的冲突与碰撞。
李安是出生在台湾根却在大陆的一代台湾人。
台湾是中国传统文化保存最好,又是近代以来跟西方文化最密切的地区之一,必然成为中西文化激荡的前沿。
李安自幼生长在书香门第,父亲是一所中学的校长,治家甚有古风、教子极为严格,甚至很长一段时间逢年过节在家里还要行跪拜礼。
李安就是在这样有浓厚中国氛围的家庭中成长起来,家庭带给他的不仅仅是中国文化的浸染,父权家庭的中国典型模式也为他日后的作品提供了生活基础甚至是原始素材。
李安从中国文化出发,引用“和而不同”的思想,以妥协与认同的策略来解决中国传统文化和西方现代文化之间的矛盾,使中西文化都能从文化差异中懂得另一种文化的智慧,弥补自己的不足,解决自身的困难。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
以《推手》为例解读中美家庭价值观作者:陆溪核贾晓云来源:《戏剧之家》2017年第16期[摘要]电影《推手》是一个反映跨文化交际的典型范例,体现了中美家庭价值观的差异,通过展现不同文化背景下的观念异同,揭示了中美核心文化价值观的冲突与融合。
本文着重从电影《推手》中所展现的家庭价值观入手,分析了差异背后的诱因以及其发展趋势,并对个体主义和集体主义进行了一些简要探讨,旨在帮助人们了解两国不同的价值观,为跨文化交际提供助力。
[关键词]跨文化交际;文化价值观;家庭理念由李安导演的影片《推手》,讲述了发生在美国移民家庭中的一系列故事。
通过描绘日常生活中出现的种种矛盾,对中美文化差异进行反复深入挖掘,最终彰显了通过互相调和与理解,不同文化之间化干戈为玉帛的中心思想。
推手,是一种双人太极拳的对练动作。
练习者在保持自身平衡的同时,试图让对方失去平衡。
在这样的一个过程中,双方不断进行调整,以达到一种绝对运动、相对静止的微妙状态。
恰如其名,电影《推手》讲述的也是一个有关冲突与和谐的故事。
男主角朱晓生是一名土生土长的中国人,取得电脑博士学位后便在美国定居。
随后,晓生将父亲朱老先生接到美国颐养天年。
然而,事与愿违。
晓生的洋媳妇玛莎对此无法认同,并拒绝交流。
身为太极大师的朱老先生在美国社会中也显得格格不入,由此引发了一系列中美文化与价值观的冲突与碰撞。
双方从最初的冷战对抗,到矛盾爆发,再到最终妥协让步、互相理解,是不同文化交融过程的一个缩影。
本文将以此为基础,对其背后的历史与文化因素进行分析,为促进不同文化之间的理解与交流添砖加瓦。
一、中美家庭价值观对比(一)家庭理念的差异。
家庭是构成社会的基本单位。
现代社会学家将传统家庭分为三类:核心家庭(由夫妻两人及未婚子女构成)、主干家庭(由包括祖父母、父母和未婚子女在内的直系亲属构成)以及联合家庭(由核心家庭、主干家庭以及其他一些旁系亲属构成)。
中国有句古话叫“养儿防老”。
老人们渴望享受儿孙绕膝、数世同堂的天伦之乐。
不少中国人,尤其是男性,将三代同堂视为至孝。
因此,中国社会一直以来都偏好主干家庭,体现了其“家族本位”的意识。
这一情况在美国则有所不同。
在美国,绝大多数家庭是由未成年子女和夫妻组成的“核心家庭”,他们崇尚私人的“自由空间”,这充分体现了美国人“个人本位”的思想。
因而核心家庭可以说是美国社会的主流。
在这样的环境成长起来的玛莎,完全无法理解晓生基于中华孝道所作出的决定。
在她看来,朱老先生首先是一个“麻烦”,其次才是她的公公。
对家庭概念理解迥然不同的两人生活在同一屋檐下,所引发的矛盾可想而知。
当朱老先生因生活失意,外出散心而意外走丢时,玛莎认为这是其刻意为之,以吸引大家的注意力。
这直接导致了矛盾的集中爆发,致使朱老先生负气出走。
(二)家庭文化的差异。
在长期的封建统治下,“君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲”一直都是中国社会的主流观点,这在朱老先生身上可见一斑。
朱老先生在家中看电视或是听曲儿时,随意调大音量,到忘情处时甚至高声哼唱,全然不顾及正在写作的儿媳妇玛莎需要一个安静的空间。
玛莎亦不堪其扰,屡屡与晓生赌气:“今后不会再有任何新作品了。
”不仅仅是家庭,这种“唯我独尊”的心态还极大阻碍了朱老先生融入当地社会的进程。
面对形形色色的文化冲突,朱老先生表现出的态度是对抗、逃避,总是等着外界来附和自己,从未试着放下身段进行沟通。
与之形成鲜明对比的是玛莎代表的美国平等自由家庭观,以重视个人价值为宗旨。
这两种观念的碰撞即使在用餐时从未停歇一在中国,父辈拥有绝对的话语权。
父辈们在餐桌上高谈阔论时,小辈们只能聆听教诲,然后默默咽下一口饭菜。
但是,玛莎对此毫不买账。
面对朱老先生的“咄咄逼人”,玛莎选择针锋相对,以自己的话语捍卫家庭的民主与平等。
在两人乃至两种文化之间受夹板气的晓生,只能选择息事宁人。
可是这一切在朱老先生的眼中,就不仅仅是文化差异那么简单了。
(三)教育理念的冲突。
在对孩子吉米的教育上,这个移民家庭划分了“中文时间”和“英文时间”,看似达成了一定程度的和解,实则进一步激化了矛盾。
对此,电影中有两个场景令人印象深刻。
一是当吉米把自己的作品展示给母亲玛莎看时,尽管玛莎没有理会吉米的真正用意,但还是对其想象力赞不绝口。
依照美国的教育理念,父母更多的时候是观众,以掌声鼓励孩子发挥才能,点亮心中梦想。
二是朱老先生教吉米唱中国地方童谣时,我们可以看到——在经历了长时间的双语学习后,孩子的眼神中流露出明显的不情愿,但是朱老先生对此浑然不觉,仍沉浸在自己的填鸭式教育中。
这时已无法区分朱老先生到底是在教育孩子,还是满足自己了。
结果显而易见,吉米不堪重负,在课程中得分垫底。
齐头并进的结果却是两头落空,徒增烦恼。
这似乎也象征着两种文化的对立冲突有百害而无一利。
二、价值观差异的成因(一)中美对于孝道的理解不同。
古人云:“百善孝为先”,可见“孝”是扎根于国人血脉深处的美德。
这种对于“孝”的执念,源于中华民族长期的农耕社会。
正所谓“故土难离”,中华人民对于土地一直有着一种依赖感,而维系这种依赖感所需要的就是一个个血脉相承的小农家庭。
这一点在之后不断衍化,从土地延伸至了社会的方方面面。
人们普遍将传承视为对长辈最好的报答。
军旅世家、书香门第在中国可以说是屡见不鲜。
片尾处,朱老先生哀叹于家门世代大儒却出了自己这个武夫。
从他语气中所透出的遗憾与惋惜,足可见中华民族对于血脉相承的重视,这也是中华传统孝道的一大特质。
但是这一点在美国则有所不同。
当地普遍认为,孩子在18岁成人后就应自立门户,作为独立于父母的个体而存在。
他们通过自己的努力安身立命、成家立业,便是对父母最大的回报。
这一点在玛莎和晓生身上均可窥得一二——一贯支持置换房屋的玛莎在向自己父母借钱时一反常态,迟疑再三;晓生也因为一定程度的西化而投了否决票。
这种中美孝道的差异便是影片中家庭冲突的主要诱因。
作为一个中美文化的矛盾集合体,晓生在全片的绝大部分时间内都处于两难的抉择中,也为他之后一系列是非难断的举动埋下了伏笔。
(二)家族本位与个人本位之间的矛盾。
为了确保数世同堂的传承延续以及在此之上所建立起来的社会和谐稳定,家族本位意识应运而生。
家庭为社会构成的基本单位,而集体主义便是这种观念的核心价值。
正所谓“家和万事兴”“以大局为重”。
即使已身处美国多年的朱晓生也无法扭转这种家族观念,因而在父亲退休后便毅然决然地将他接到美国团聚。
面对妻子的质疑,晓生的“别无选择”一词已将“一家人就是要整整齐齐”的信念诠释得淋漓尽致。
正如片尾处,原本已心如死灰的朱老先生作出了最大的让步,只为了能给孙子杰米一个美满和睦的家庭。
而在西方,“个人本位”的思想成为了文化的首要原则。
《独立宣言》开篇提到:“我们认为以下真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主赋予他们某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
”从中可以看出,美国人民注重个人的权力与自由,支撑着他们的是一种“个体主义”价值观。
所谓社会家庭,均是建立在个人的基础上。
因此绝不能以大局为由抹杀每个独立人格的平等人权,一切都应以人为本。
基于这种观点,玛莎才会认为朱老先生的突然出现首先是侵占了她的个人空间,其次才是公公到访。
在讨论长辈与晚辈的关系前,应当理清两个平等个体之间的权利。
一言以蔽之——中国是家庭大于个人,而美国则是个人大于家庭。
三、结语影片的结尾,度过了磨合的阵痛期后,双方开始互相理解、作出让步,家庭关系也因而得到了显著改善。
拥有不同价值观念的两人尝试理解并融入异域文化,与其勉为其难、得过且过,不如敞开心扉,拥抱新生活。
这充分说明,文化差异造成的文化冲突并非不可协调,而中西方在价值观上的冲突和分歧也具有可调和的一面。
从这段故事中我们可以看到,在跨文化交际中,采取漠不关心或是一知半解的态度,不仅于事无补,还会造成矛盾的激化。
只有真正理解并尊重对方的文化,才能在不同文化间架起沟通的桥梁。
诚然,文化差异不可避免,但这种多样性本身就是文化的魅力所在。
不同文化各发其声、相得益彰、和而不同、求同存异,才能共同谱写出动人的乐章。
待人如此,齐家如此,治世亦是如此。
电影《推手》所呈现的故事,实则是不同文化之间从未知到冷漠,从矛盾到和解的故事。
代表中国的朱老先生和代表美国的玛莎,在经历了敌意与冲突后,最终通过理解与交流化干戈为玉帛。
因而,在全球化进程不断加剧的今天,移民和文化移植不是将一种文化原封不动地搬到另一个陌生的环境中;也不是像变色龙一样为适应新环境而舍弃原本的颜色。
所谓的跨文化交际,意味着不同国度、不同传统,以不同方式接纳认可异域文化,实现文化共存;以此引导人们建立起一个互联互通、兼容并包的文化价值体系。
每一种文化都有自己的价值取向,因而在交汇时便会产生碰撞。
面对这些问题,应把握“求同存异”这一原则,以尊重和理解为基础展开对话。
海不辞水,故能成其大;山不辞土石,故能成其高。
我们应通过不断包容和学习,共同促进多元文化格局的持续稳定、繁荣发展,助人类文明更上一层楼。