-ED分词

-ED分词
一. –ed分词作前置修饰语
1.来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语
来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动意义和完成意义；而能作上述用法的–ing分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。

试比较：
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveler a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a recorded talk a recording machine
a closed shop the closing hour
written language writing paper
有些-ed分词通常不能单独用作前置修饰语，但若加前缀un-或者为副词所修饰而构成“副词+ -ed分词”的复合形容词以后，便可作前置修饰语，例：
uninvited guests badly- built house
untold sufferings far-fetched reasons
unheard-of stories newly-born children
2.来自不及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语
来自不及物动词的-ed分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这种用法的仅限于retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired, risen, returned, vanished, grown这几个词，这些前置修饰语仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义，例：
a retired worker = a worker who has retired
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped
the risen sun = the sun that has just risen
某些来自不及物动词的-ed分词，单独一个词不可以作前置修饰语（如不可说“a behaved boy, a traveled businessman”）,但若与某些副词构成复合形容词，便可作前置修饰语，例：well-behaved children = children who behave well
a widely-traveled businessman = one who has traveled widely
二. –ed分词作补语
能用作补语的-ed分词也大都来自及物动词。

凡是已经形容词化了的-ed分词，大都可以既作名词修饰语又作主语补语或宾语补语，例：
The door remains locked.
I found the door locked.
I found a locked door.
1.古英语遗留下来的几个-ed分词的用法问题
在现代英语中，还有少数从古英语遗留下来、现在只用作形容词的-ed分词，有的在形式上与一般-ed分词不同，有的在用作名词修饰语或补语时采取不同形式，列表如下：
观察上述一般-ed分词与作形容词用的-ed分词的用法：
A lighted candle is one that has been lit.
A drunken man is one who has drunk too much alcohol and has got drunk.
2.能带-ed分词作宾语补语的动词分类
1)包括see, hear, feel, find, think,等表示感觉和心理状态的
动词，例：
I saw the students assembled in the hall.
We found her greatly changed.
2)包括make, get, have, keep等表示“致使”意义的动词，
例：
I have my hair cut every month.
He was trying to make himself understood.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
3)包括like, want, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意
义的动词，例：
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
The viewers wish the serial film (to be) continued.
三．关于“悬垂分词”
悬垂分词，又叫“无依着分词”，指-ing分词或-ed分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语，因而处于一种“悬垂”状态，即“无依着”状态。

1.“依着法则”和“悬垂分词”
当-ing分词或-ed分词结构在句中起关系分句或状语分句作用时，这种逻辑主语有时就是主句的主语，例：
Sitting at the back as we are, we can’t hear a word.
Jolted by the collision, Harry suffered a sprained back and a doctor.
但有时，分词结构的逻辑主语并不是主句的主语，而是主句的其他成分
Searching along the deck, it had taken him some time to find a doctor.
由上述各个例子可以看出，分词结构通常是通过它的逻辑主语而对主句发生依着关系，这种语法现象叫做“依着法则”。

相反地，如果一个分词结构在句中找不到它的逻辑主语或者依着在不该依着的词语上，就成了“悬垂分词”或“无依着分词”，例：
Having eaten our lunch, the car pushed its way through the tortuous canyon.
2.关于“悬垂分词”的可接受性问题
关于“悬垂分词”的可接受性，应对具体问题作具体分析，比如在科技语体中，“悬垂分词”以及无依着的不定式结构用得较多，这应视为正常，因为科技语体通常避免使用人称主语，例：
Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. 在其他语体中，只要“悬垂分词”不引起歧义或造成语义混乱，通常是可以接受的，例：
Leaving the cinema, it seemed to him that the film had been exceptionally bad.
但是，在脱离了上下文的情况下，有些“悬垂”
现象却应该避免，例：
Standing on the church tower, the whole village could be seen.
而有些“悬垂分词”结构，在理解上会引起歧义或者在表意上会引起混乱，这种“悬垂分词”是不可接受的，例：Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out.。