-ing 和-ed分词

3) Logic subject of the present participle
E.g. Having asked a question, the teacher was anxious to hear an answer. E.g. Having been asked a question, the students were anxious to work out the answer.

4) Logic subject of the past participle E.g. Defeated, they withdrew into the valley. E.g. Locked up, he had no way to escape.




5) Absolute structure ① To express time: E.g. Summer vocation having come, the students went home. E.g. The work done, we felt relieved. ② To express cause: E.g. The weather being stormy, we decided to put off the camping trip. E.g. His leg badly hurt, he had to stay in bed. ③ To express condition: E.g. Everything taken into consideration, his work is well done. ④ To express accompanying E.g. He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. E.g. We walked quickly, he leading the way.

Q 2: How many forms are non-finite verbs made up of according to Pro. Zhang Daozhen? What are they?
A 2: Four forms of non-finite verbs. They are infinitive, gerund, the present participle and the past participle.

E.g. boiling water; the coming winter E.g. The bottle containing the poison was sent to the laboratory. E.g. Opening the door, I saw nobody. (time) E.g. Bill, being fond of a drink, naturally sampled all the Spanish wines. (cause) E.g. Working or playing, Sarah is always intense. (concession) E.g. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result) E.g. They stood by the road side, watching the parade. (manner) E.g. We saw him going out. (object complement) E.g. He was seen going out. (subject complement)
*** In most cases the gerund shows the characteristics of noun, and it can be used as a subject, object a complement and a modifier (attribute). E.g. Seeing is believing. (subject & complement) E.g. I dislike making the house dirty. (object) E.g. a swimming pool (modifier)

2. The characteristics and functions of the –ing participle
1) The difference between the present participle and the gerund *** In most cases, the present participle shows the characteristics of adjectives and adverbs, and it can be used as a modifier (attribute) , an adverbial and a complement.
E.g. a flying plane (in process and active)
*** The –ed participle may indicate that an action is finished or show a passive tendency. E.g. a damaged bridge (vt. finished and passive) E.g. a retired worker (vi. finished)

2) Verbs followed either by infinitive or by –ing participle
① begin, start, like, hate, prefer, neglect, omit ② forget, remember, regret try, mean



3. Collocation of –ing participle with verbs 1) Verb + -ing form (as an object) ① admit, acknowledge, confess, deny + doing sth. ② finish, recall, resume + doing sth. ③ postpone, put off, delay, give up, avoid, overlook, quit + doing sth. ④ enjoy, fancy, appreciate, dislike, feel like + doing sth. ⑤ consider, practice + doing sth. ⑥ advocate, suggest, recommend + doing sth. ⑦ risk, cannot help + doing sth. ⑧ be busy + doing sth ⑨ go + fishing / dancing / shopping / swimming ⑩ have difficulty / trouble / a good time / a bad time / a hard time / fun / pleasure + (in) doing sth.
1. Different forms of –ing participle
Progressive aspect Perfective aspect
Active voice
(not) doing
(not) having done
Passive (not) being done voice
(not) having been done




1. Meanings of –ed participle 1) –ed participles formed by transitive verbs indicate a passive meaning (compared with –ing participle) frozen food a freezing wind a bored traveler a boring journey a lost cause a losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the last finishing touch the spoken word a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine a closed shop the closing hour written language writing paper a terrified woman a terrifying story

2) The difΒιβλιοθήκη Baiduerence between the –ing participle
and the –ed participle
*** The –ing participle may indicate an action in process or show an active tendency.
Chapter 12

–ed Participle
Q 1: There are two forms of verbs --- one can be affected by tense, person and number, and the other can not. What are the former called, and what is the term for the latter. A 1: Finite verbs & Non-finite verbs


4. Logic subject of non-finite and absolute structure 1) Logic subject of the infinitive E.g. He opened the windows for the fresh air to come in. 2) Logic subject of the gerund E.g. Tom insisted on reading the document. E.g. Tom insisted on my / me reading the document. E.g. Tom insisted on the witness’ / her / his reading the document.
Lecture 21 – ing Participle
Verb -- ① main verbs and auxiliaries (depending on the different roles played in the formation of verb phrases) ② finite verbs and non-finite verbs (depending on whether they are marked for tense) ③ etc. Two finite forms --- ① the present tense ② the past tense Three non-finite forms ① the infinitive ② the –ing participle (the gerund, the present participle) ③ the –ed participle

Q 3: How many forms are non-finite verbs made up of according to Pro. Zhang Zhenbang? What are they?
A 3: Three forms of non-finite verbs. They are infinitive, ing participle and -ed participle.