-ing 和-ed分词
动词-ed和动词-ing用法怎么用
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动词-ed和动词-ing用法怎么用动词-ed和动词-ing用法怎么用1、定义动词-ed和动词-ing形式常称作分词。
他们既有动词的特征,又有形容词和副词的特征,在英语中可以作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
2、构成(1)规则的动词后+ed构成动词-ed形式,不规则的需要记忆。
动词-ed形式没有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态的变化。
(2)动词-ing形式有一般式和完成式、主动语态和被动语态区别。
下列以及物动词write和不及物动词go列表示例:writego主动被动动词-ing一般式 writing being written going动词-ing完成式 having written having been written动词-ed written gone3、用法(1)作定语单个的分词作定语,一般置于所修饰的词前;分词短语作定语置于所修饰的词后,相当于一个定语从句。
如:Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground.许多兴奋的人们想乘地铁旅行。
The countries you referred to just now belong to developing countries.你刚才提到的那些国家属于发展中国家。
People developed a kind of paper made from the fibers of plants.=People developed a kind of paper which/that was madefrom the fibers of plants.人们研制出一种用植物纤维制成的纸。
The houses being built are for the teachers.=The houses which/that are being built are for the teachers.正在(被)建的那些房子是给老师们的。
3__-ing分词_ed-分词
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-ing 分词和-ed 分词
1、主语 注意:此时,主语和表语要同时采用-ING分词或同时采用 不定式形式,即平行结构,否则被认为不正确。但在动词 seem, prove, appear后面,通常只跟to be。 Climbing the mountain seems to be hopeless, for it’s raining hard. 用it 作形式主语, -ING分词用在下列结构中: It is/was + 特定adj. / n. + -ing分词 Adj. : nice, better, foolish, enjoyable, fun, good, useless n. : any /some/no good, any /some /no use, a waste of time Is it any good trying to explain? It’s no use crying over spilt milk. .
(5) begin, start 下列情况只能用to do 作宾语 begin, start 本身为进行体: I was beginning to get angry. 如所接动词为表示心理活动的动词,如 understand, realize, know等。 They began to realize what she really want. 如所接动词后又要加不定式,则前一动词用ING分词,以避免重复。 They began deciding to do….
1.有明显的先后 Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. I was unable to go with you, having promised to accompany my girlfriend to the concert. 2. 无明显的先后 Locking the door, he went home. Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing. 比较: Finding the door locked, I went home. (时间) I went home, finding the door locked. (结果) 分词动作晚于谓语动作,此时分词短语要置于句末。
动词分词变化规则
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动词分词变化规则动词分词有两种形式:现在分词(-ing)和过去分词(-ed)。
它们的变化规则如下:现在分词:- 一般情况下,在动词原形后面加上 -ing。
例如:walk → walking,eat → eating,talk → talking- 以不发音辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,先将 y 变成 i 再加 -ing。
例如:carry → carrying,study → studying,fly → flying- 以“辅音字母 + 元音字母 + 辅音字母”结尾的动词,双写结尾的辅音字母再加 -ing。
例如:stop → stopping,commit → committing,forget → forgetting- 有些动词形式会改变,变化规则不一定相同,如:begin → beginning,go → going,lie → lying,see → seeing过去分词:- 一般情况下,在动词原形后面加上 -ed。
例如:talk → talked,listen → listened,play → played- 以不发音辅音字母 + y 结尾的动词,先将 y 变成 i 再加 -ed。
例如:carry → carried,study → studied,fly → flown- 以“辅音字母 + 元音字母 + 辅音字母”结尾的动词,双写结尾的辅音字母再加 -ed。
例如:stop → stopped,commit → committed,forget → forgotten- 有些动词的过去分词形式与原形相同,如:bet → bet,cut → cut,put → put。
形容词比较级、-ing形式、-ed形式规则与用法
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形容词比较级、-ing形式(现在进行时)、-ed形式(一般过去时)规则与用法不规则形容词比较等级的形式变化good-----better------best 好的well------better------best 身体好的bad------worse------worst 坏的ill--------worse-------worst 病的many--------more------most 许多much------more--------most 许多few------less-------least 少数几个little-------less------least 少数一点儿far------further------furthest 更进一步,程度far------farther------farthest 更远,路程old-------older------oldest 年老的(指年纪)old------elder-------eldest 年老的(指兄弟姐妹的排行)规则变化单音节词(只读一个元音,两个辅音间有多个元音也读成一个元音)和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
1.一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est。
great(巨大的) greater greatest tall(高的) taller tallest2.以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st。
nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest able(有能力的) abler ablest3.以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est。
big(大的) bigger biggest hot热的) hotter hottest4."以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est。
不定式-ing分词和ed分词间的关系
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语法结构- 不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词三者间的关系一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别1. 作宾语时,-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作,而不定式则表示某次具体动作,特别是将来的动作1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.[A]cheating[B]to cheat[C]be cheated[D]being cheated2) News of success keeps in.[A]pouring[B]to pour[C]poured[D]to be pouring3) Long [A]before the dawn [B]of recorded [C]history, humans celebrated to harvest [D]their crops.2. 作定语时,-ING表示正在进行的动作,用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.[A]having launched[B]to have launched[C]to launch[D]launched5) The applicants interviewing [A]are required to [B]bring all the necessary papers [C]two days later [D].6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves [A]occasionally contain [B]enough hydrocyanic acid killing [C]livestock(牲畜) [D].3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候,用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语4. 在remember,forget等词后,如果跟-ING分词,表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前;如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同They stopped (talking) to work. [停下(其他动作)来工作]They stopped working. [停下工作(来干其他动作)]Workers went on discussing the problem. [工人继续讨论这一问题]Workers went on to discuss the problem.[工人们停下来其他事,继续讨论这一问题]He left off writing.[他停下写作(去干其他事)]He left off to write.[他停下(其他事)来写作]6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词,后跟不定式有两种情况:一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”;另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式;后跟-ING分词的情况有一种,那就是当used to中的used是形容词时,to后跟名词或-ING分词7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.[A]has worked[B]had worked[C]had been worked[D]used to work8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.[A]get used to[B]get to[C]get over[D]get on with9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging [A]in the crisp morning [B]air during [C]the winter months [D], but now he has stopped.7. 一般情况下,for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.[A]to be[B]being[C]to have been[D]having been8. be+形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语,而不用-INGIt is very difficult to manage the company.二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。
英语情感动词的“-ing分词”与“-ed分词”研究
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英语 -ED分词 的用法
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-ED分词-ED分词-ED分词(-ED Participle)即传统语法所指的“过去分词”(Past Participle), 是非限定动词之一。
-ED分词有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。
规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED 构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。
在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING 分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。
-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。
一、-ED分词与-ING分词的区别虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ED分词表示被动的意义而-ING分词则表示主动的意义;-ED分词表示已经完成和被动的动作而-ING分词则表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,在表现形式上,-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。
下边我们分析-ING 分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
1. 作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态The book is quite interesting. I am interested in the book very much.The play is more exciting than any I have ever seen.That piece of land lay deserted.2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况1) Having been served lunch,_________ .[A]the problem was discussed by the members of the committee[B]the committee members discussed the problem[C]it was discussed by the committee members the problem[D]a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee (B) 2) _______for her anthropological(人类学的) research,Margaret Mead also was involved with(涉及) the World Federation for Mental Health.[A] She is noted primarily[B] Noted primarily[C] Primarily is noted[D] She primarily noted (B)3) Considered one of the leading poets in America today,___________ .[A]a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez[B]Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays[C]a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written[D]there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez (B) 3. 作定语时,①-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;③-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动Identify and correct:1)The boiled [A]point of any liquid [ B]is determined[C]by the pressure [D]of the surrounding gases. 将boiled 改成boiling2)High-grade [A]written [B]paper is frequently [C]obtained [D]from cotton rags.将written 改成writing3)Scientists [A]still cannot find [B]any convinced[C]link between intelligence [D]and the quantity or quality of brain cells. 将convinced 改成convincing解析:1)A错。
非谓语ing和ed做形容词
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非谓语ing和ed做形容词
非谓语动词是指动词的非谓语形式,包括动词的现在分词(-ing形式)和过去分词(-ed 形式)。
这两种形式常常用来表示某一行为的状态或性质。
在英语中,非谓语-ing和-ed 可以用来做形容词,用于表达一个名词的性质或特征。
这种用法非常常见,我们可以在日常生活中的各种场合中见到。
-ing形式作为形容词,通常用来表示某个名词所处的状态或行为。
比如:
1. She had a boring day at work.(她上班那天很无聊。
)
2. The running water is so cold.(这流水太冷了。
)
3. I'm smelling something delicious.(我闻到了一些美味的味道。
)
在这些例句中,-ing形式修饰的名词分别是day(日子)、water(水)和something (某物),表示它们所处的状态或行为。
-ed形式做形容词
因为这两种形式都可以用来表达某个名词的性质或特征,所以他们也常常作为动词的补语或是形容词短语,例如:
3. She was fascinated by the scenery.(她被景色所吸引。
)
在这些例子中,-ed和-ing形式都充当了动词的补语,用来描述主语的感受或感受的对象。
这种用法可以使句子更加生动有趣。
总之,非谓语动词-ing和-ed做形容词的用法非常灵活,可以用来表示名词的状态、特征或经历,同时也可以作为动词的补语,使句子更加丰富、生动。
只需要不断地练习,就可以掌握它们的使用方法并增强自己的表达能力。
分词ing型和ed型在英语中的用法及含义
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分词ing型和ed型在英语中的用法及含义现在分词ing型具有动词的特征以及形容词或副词的功能,可以作表语、定语、状语或在复合结构中作宾补。
现在分词ing型具有主动意义。
而过去分词ed型说明主语情感心理上的感受,往往具有被动的意义。
1、现在分词ing型作表语:表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词具有主动意义,表示主语的特征,能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。
例如:a. The situation is encouraging. 形势很使人鼓舞。
She is greatly encouraged. 她深受鼓舞。
b. The food smells inviting. 这个才真诱人。
I don’t feel invited to enter such an ugly building. 我没有欲望进这么难看的建筑。
最常这样用的分词有:amazing / amazed,astonishing / astonished,surprising / surprised,encouraging / encouraged,confusing / confused,disappointing / disappointed,exciting / excited,interesting / interested,puzzling / puzzled,shocking / shocked,worrying / worried,tiring / tired,satisfying / satisfied2、现在分词ing型作定语1)上述表示情感心理的及物动词的现在分词可以作前置定语,仍然表示它所修饰的名词的特征,能引起听话人情感心理上的反应。
它们与对应的过去分词作定语的区别同上。
He told us the disappointing news. 他告诉我们那令人失望的消息。
The amusing story set the amused audience laughed all the time. 令人捧腹的故事令感到好笑的观众大笑不止。
以-ing和-ed结尾的形容词
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有些形容词是由使役性动词的-ing或-ed形式构成的。
前者表示主动意义,后者表示被动意义。
由于它们的形式与现在分词和过去分词完全一样,故又称之为分词形容词。
amazing令人惊异的;amazed 感到惊异的amusing 令人愉快的;amused 感到开心的boring令人讨厌的; bored感到厌烦的 confusing令人迷惑的; confused 感到迷惑的disappointing令人失望的;disappointed 感到失望的disturbing烦人的; disturbed 受到干扰的encouraging令人鼓舞的;encouraged 受到鼓励的 entertaining愉快的,有趣的;entertained 感到愉快的freezing 冰冻的,严寒的;frozen 冻僵了的frightening 令人害怕的;frightened 感到害怕的inspiring 令人鼓舞的; inspired受到鼓舞的 interesting 令人感兴趣的; interested感兴趣的moving 感动人的; moved 受感动的 pleasing 令人高兴的; pleased 感到高兴的puzzling 令人不解的;puzzled 感到不解的surprising 令人惊讶的;surprised 感到惊讶的touching 令人感动的;touched 受感动的worrying令人担忧的; worried 感到担忧的frustrating令人失望的 frustrated 感到失望的 tiring令人疲劳的 tired 劳累的;疲乏的embarrassing令人尴尬的 embarrassed感到尴尬的 exhausting令人精疲力竭的 exhausted 精疲力竭的 convincing令人信服的 convinced相信的 fascinating迷人的;有吸引力的 fascinated着迷的thrilling令人紧张的 thrilled紧张的 impressing给人加深印象的 impressed被打动的;被留下印象的relaxing轻松的 relaxed放松的;轻松的 annoying令人生气的 annoyed生气的II.–ed形容词和–ing形容词的用法区别:原则上说,由-ed分词转化来的形容词表被动含义,由-ing分词转化来的形容词表主动含义:a broken heart 破碎的心(=a heart that has been broken)an interesting book 有趣的书(=a book which interests readers)falling leaves 下落的树叶(=leaves that are falling)Everyone was moved by the moving story. 大家都被这个感人的故事感动了。
初三英语中考语法考点重难点解读指导(二十八)ing分词和ed分词总结整理
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2021届初三英语中考语法考点重难点解读指导(二十八)ing分词和ed分词总结整理同学们可以回忆一下,提到ing分词和ed分词,是不是脱口而出:ing加物,ed加人?熟练到等同于母语用法。
但可悲的是:这是错的。
下面老师就来梳理一下ing分词和ed分词的正确使用方法。
反例:Ing加人的举例:He is an interesting boy. 这很好反驳了“ing加物”的理论。
Ed加物的举例:The cat is interested in fish. 这很好反驳了“ed加人”的理论。
所以,简单两句话,轻松颠覆你以往认知,不是吗?那么什么才是准确的?总的原则如下:ing分词的基本概念:令人如何、使人如何,但自己没有这种感受。
ed分词的基本概念:自身如何、自己感受如何,强调自身,不强调对外界影响。
等式关系:ing= make sb/sth -ing不明白?好吧,逐条拆解词性划分:-ed过去分词与-ing现在分词都属于分词,分词相当于形容词。
形容词可以做表语,也可以做定语。
一、所以,我们先来看分词做表语的情况1. -ed 形容词用来表示主语本身所具有的某种主观感受。
同时,要求主语本身具有主观判断力。
主语一般为人、动物,基本不包括植物以及无生命事物(除非是童话故事、神话故事)。
举例:•I’m satisfied with your answer.•He is not interested in research.•The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.•They were very excited at the news.正因为如此,feel这个半系动词后面,必须加ed分词。
即Feel 作为感官动词,后面一律用-ed 分词。
2. -ing 形容词用来表示主语本身不具备没有主观感受,而是客观上给外界带来的感受。
主语可以是人,动物,植物,以及无生命事物。
关于英语-ed分词和-ing分词,这 5 个语法要点经常考.doc
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关于英语-ed分词和-ing分词,这 5 个语法要点经常考分词:包含现在分词和过去分词。
(高中学习重点)①主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。
分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。
②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。
[A]作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。
如:I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕)The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!)Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)[B]现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。
(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词(vt.)宾语宾语补足语keep(保持) /see(看到) /hear(听到) /watch(注意到) /feel(感觉到)sb./sth.(do)ing如:Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)[C]现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。
如:She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)[D]过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。
不定式ing分词和ed分词间的关系
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语法结构- 不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词三者间的关系一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别1. 作宾语时,-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作,而不定式则表示某次具体动作,特别是将来的动作1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.[A]cheating[B]to cheat[C]be cheated[D]being cheated2) News of success keeps in.[A]pouring[B]to pour[C]poured[D]to be pouring3) Long [A]before the dawn [B]of recorded [C]history, humans celebrated to harvest [D]their crops.2. 作定语时,-ING表示正在进行的动作,用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.[A]having launched[B]to have launched[C]to launch[D]launched5) The applicants interviewing [A]are required to [B]bring all the necessary papers [C]two days later [D].6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves [A]occasionally contain [B]enough hydrocyanic acid killing [C]livestock(牲畜) [D].3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候,用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语4. 在remember,forget等词后,如果跟-ING分词,表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前;如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同They stopped (talking) to work. [停下(其他动作)来工作]They stopped working. [停下工作(来干其他动作)]Workers went on discussing the problem. [工人继续讨论这一问题]Workers went on to discuss the problem.[工人们停下来其他事,继续讨论这一问题]He left off writing.[他停下写作(去干其他事)]He left off to write.[他停下(其他事)来写作]6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词,后跟不定式有两种情况:一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”;另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式;后跟-ING分词的情况有一种,那就是当used to中的used是形容词时,to后跟名词或-ING分词7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.[A]has worked[B]had worked[C]had been worked[D]used to work8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.[A]get used to[B]get to[C]get over[D]get on with9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging [A]in the crisp morning [B]air during [C]the winter months [D], but now he has stopped.7. 一般情况下,for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.[A]to be[B]being[C]to have been[D]having been8. be+形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语,而不用-INGIt is very difficult to manage the company.二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。
不定式
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二、不带to 的不定式(The bare infinitive)
• 1.情态助动词之后用不带to 的不定式 • 不带to的不定式的主要用法是放在情态助动 词will,shall,would,should,can,could, may, might,must之后,所有的情态助动 词(除ought外)后必须跟不带to的不定式。 例如:
• (4)主语是带有动词do的主语从句时: • What I want to do is take a holiday now. • What they are seeking to do is discover the form of the book from its content.
• (5)主语是以动词say作谓语的定语从句所修 饰的all时: • All they said is hurry up please. •
• 二)动词+宾语+不定式
• 有些动词必须先带宾语,然后再带不 定式,最常用的这类词包括: accustom, admit, aid, advise, allow, appoint, ascertain, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beckon, beg, believe, bring, bribe, call, cause, caution, challenge, charge, coax, coerce, command, compel, condemn, consider, convince, dare, decide, defy, demand, designate, desire,
• 6.当不定式结构由and, or, except, but, than连 接时,第二个不定式通常不带to。例如: • I want to lie down and go to sleep. • Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? • We had nothing to do except watch the TV. • I'll do anything but work as a driver.
-ing,-ed分词
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当动词的基本含义是“使……不”时。有时介词from 也 可以省略。 eg. We must prevent the trouble (from) spreading. I must stop you (from) destroying yourself. 如果是被动态,则介词不可省略。 eg. It can’t be stopped from happening here. 既能带不定式和-ing分词的动词 1。在begin, like, love, omit, prefer, start等动词之后,如 表示一般行为,用-ing分词较多;如表示特定的或是 具体的动作,则用不定式较多。 eg. I can’t bear living alone. I can’t bear to see the child treated stupidly.
2. 在need, want, require, deserve等动词之后,可用-ing 分词的主动形式表示被动意义,这相当于用不定式 的被动态。 eg. This letter needs signing by the manager. = This letter needs to be signed by the manager. That boy deserves looking after. 3. 能带不定式和-ing分词而意义不同的动词 a. forget, remember, regret之后,-ing分词表示动作发生 在“记得”,“忘记”, “后悔”之前,而不定式 则表示 发生在动作“之后”。 eg. Can you remember telling me the story last night? You must remember to tell him all that.
试论动词-ing分词和动词-ed分词做形容词的区别
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试论动词-ing分词和动词-ed分词做形容词的区别作者:苏雪莲来源:《教育界》2011年第15期【摘要】英语中,有些形容词是由动词加词尾-ing 或-ed,称为现在分词或过去分词转化来的。
动词-ing分词和动词-ed分词都可以充当形容词做定语,起修饰作用。
本文通过实际例子,并结合教学中学生所反映出来的问题,试对动词-ing分词和动词-ed分词做形容词的区别进行讨论。
【关键词】动词-ing分词动词-ed分词形容词区别一、及物动词和不及物动词的-ing形式和-ed形式做形容词的区别表示情感的及物动词如excite, discourage, interest, move, please, surprise, worry等,其后加上后缀-ing或-ed转化为分词(也可称为形容词),用作表、定、状或补语,在这种情况下,分词主要体现了语态的不同:现在分词有主动意味,含有“具有令人……的特性”的意思;而过去分词有被动意味,含有“受到影响而感到……”的意思。
例如:In China, there are plenty of interesting places to visit.中国有许多值得一去的地方。
但是,由不及物动词转化而成的分词作形容词时,则体现了时态的不同。
现在分词表示该动作正在进行,而过去分词表示该动作已经完成。
例如:fallen leaves落(在地上的)叶(比较:a falling leaf一片飘落的树叶)二、具有情绪色彩的与非情绪色彩动词的分词做形容词时,在语意上是有差异的(一)具有情绪色彩的动词-ing分词或-ed分词转化来的形容词情绪动词的现在分词-ing意思指令别人感到……,使别人感到……,能给别人带来这种情绪的;情绪动词的过去分词-ed意思指自己感到……,自己有这种情绪的。
以动词interest 举例说明:动词interest其现在分词interesting,过去分词interested都可以充当形容词,它们在含义上是有区别的。
英语中的分词
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英语中的分词在英语中,分词(Participles)是一种动词的非限定形式,通常以-ing(现在分词)或-ed、-en、-t、-n(过去分词)结尾。
分词可以用作形容词,也可以用在一些复杂的动词时态中。
以下是关于分词的主要用法:●现在分词(Present Participle):1.以-ing结尾,如"playing," "reading," "walking"。
2.作为形容词使用,描述正在进行的动作或事物的特征。
例句:The playing children seemed happy.翻译:玩耍的孩子们似乎很开心。
3.用于进行时态(Present Continuous Tense)。
例句:She is reading a book.翻译:她正在读一本书。
●过去分词(Past Participle):1.过去分词的形式有多种,通常以-ed结尾,如"played," "talked";也可以是不规则的形式,如"broken," "written"。
2.作为形容词使用,描述已完成的动作或事物的状态。
例句:The broken window needs to be fixed.翻译:需要修理的破窗户。
3.用于完成时态(Present Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Tense)。
例句:They have eaten lunch already.翻译:他们已经吃过午餐了。
4.用于被动语态。
例句:The letter was written by Tom.翻译:这封信是汤姆写的。
分词在英语中也有其他一些用法,如独立分词、分词短语等。
分词的灵活运用可以使语言更富有表现力和变化。
-ing分词&-ed分词
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I regret telling you that John stole it. =I regret that I told you John stole it. I regret to tell you that John stole it. =I am sorry to tell you that John stole it.
d)在attempt, intend, plan之后,既可跟不定式, 也可跟-ing分词。例如: She attempted to lie/lying. I hear they intend to marry/marrying. I planned to go/going myself.
但以跟不定式比较普通。如果上述动词为进行 体,那就只能跟不定式。例如: We are planning to visit France this summer.
2)动词+宾语+介词+-ing分词 有一些动词不能直接带-ing分词,而必须在动词之 后加宾语再加介词,然后才能带-ing分词。这里常 见的介词是into和from。 He tricked her into marrying him by pretending that he was rich. Don’t let his friendly words mislead you into trusting him. Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition. There was nothing to prevent her from doing so. 主动语态的时候上面句子中的from有时候可以省略, 但是被动态的时候介词不能省略。例如可以说: It can’t be stopped from happening here. 而不可以说: It can’t be stopped happening here. (P. 242-243)
ing分词 过去式和-ed分词构成
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-ing分词、过去式和-ed分词构成规律-ing分词和-ed分词构成规律(简版)1. 一般动词加-ing, -ed: working, worked;2. 以e结尾的(-ee, -oe, -ye, -ie除外),去e 加-ing, -ed;以-ie结尾的变-ie为-y再加-ing(但-ed分词则直接加–d):如hope→hoping, hoped; 但agree→agreeing, agreed; hoe(锄)→hoeing, hoed; dye→dyeing, dyed; tie→tying, tied.另外,age→ageing, aged; singe(烧/烫焦)→ singeing, singed.3. 以一个元音+一个辅音(w和x除外)结尾的重读音节出现在第2个音节重读的双音节或单音节词中,双写该末尾辅音字母后,加-ing, -ed:如admit→admitting, admitted; stop→stopping, stopped;但snow→snowing, snowed; fix→fixing, fixed. 个别以非重读结尾的也须双写该末尾辅音字母后,加-ing, -ed:如(telegram),humbug(欺骗)→humbugging, humbugged;4. 两个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的直接加-ing, -ed:如rain→raining, rained;5. 以一个辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i再加-ed(但直接加-ing):如(worried, 但worrying);以一个元音字母+y结尾的,直接加-ed和-ing:如(enjoyed);6. 以l结尾的动词,在英国英语中双写l再加-ed和-ing,在美国英语中直接加-ed 和-ing:如(travel);7. 以-ic结尾的加k后再加-ed和-ing:如(picnic→picnicking, picnicked).规则动词过去式、过去分词(即-ed分词)的构成规律规则动词:A.—般加-ed。
ing和ed分词表情感时的区别
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ing和ed分词表情感时的区别ing和ed分词表情感时的区别-ing分词表示主动、现在或将来的情况。
-ed分词表示被动、过去的情况第一句里,increased salary,也就是已经增加了的工资,表明工资增加是过去的,已经完成了.如果是increasing salary,貌似没这种用法,没有什么正在涨的工资.要么涨好了,要么还没涨,没有什么正在涨.第二句里,fallen snow,就是已经掉下来的雪,翻译的话,就是积雪了.如果是falling snow的话,就是还在天上飘着的雪花了,和句子后面结得很结实不搭.动词ing分词与动词ed分词的区别动词ing分词指的是现在分词。
动词ed分词指的是过去分词。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。
作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
3)分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear,observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get,catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
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Chapter 12Leabharlann –ed Participle
Q 1: There are two forms of verbs --- one can be affected by tense, person and number, and the other can not. What are the former called, and what is the term for the latter. A 1: Finite verbs & Non-finite verbs
Q 2: How many forms are non-finite verbs made up of according to Pro. Zhang Daozhen? What are they?
A 2: Four forms of non-finite verbs. They are infinitive, gerund, the present participle and the past participle.
Lecture 21 – ing Participle
Verb -- ① main verbs and auxiliaries (depending on the different roles played in the formation of verb phrases) ② finite verbs and non-finite verbs (depending on whether they are marked for tense) ③ etc. Two finite forms --- ① the present tense ② the past tense Three non-finite forms ① the infinitive ② the –ing participle (the gerund, the present participle) ③ the –ed participle
3. Collocation of –ing participle with verbs 1) Verb + -ing form (as an object) ① admit, acknowledge, confess, deny + doing sth. ② finish, recall, resume + doing sth. ③ postpone, put off, delay, give up, avoid, overlook, quit + doing sth. ④ enjoy, fancy, appreciate, dislike, feel like + doing sth. ⑤ consider, practice + doing sth. ⑥ advocate, suggest, recommend + doing sth. ⑦ risk, cannot help + doing sth. ⑧ be busy + doing sth ⑨ go + fishing / dancing / shopping / swimming ⑩ have difficulty / trouble / a good time / a bad time / a hard time / fun / pleasure + (in) doing sth.
2) The difference between the –ing participle
and the –ed participle
*** The –ing participle may indicate an action in process or show an active tendency.
*** In most cases the gerund shows the characteristics of noun, and it can be used as a subject, object a complement and a modifier (attribute). E.g. Seeing is believing. (subject & complement) E.g. I dislike making the house dirty. (object) E.g. a swimming pool (modifier)
4) Logic subject of the past participle E.g. Defeated, they withdrew into the valley. E.g. Locked up, he had no way to escape.
5) Absolute structure ① To express time: E.g. Summer vocation having come, the students went home. E.g. The work done, we felt relieved. ② To express cause: E.g. The weather being stormy, we decided to put off the camping trip. E.g. His leg badly hurt, he had to stay in bed. ③ To express condition: E.g. Everything taken into consideration, his work is well done. ④ To express accompanying E.g. He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks. E.g. We walked quickly, he leading the way.
1. Different forms of –ing participle
Progressive aspect Perfective aspect
Active voice
(not) doing
(not) having done
Passive (not) being done voice
(not) having been done
1. Meanings of –ed participle 1) –ed participles formed by transitive verbs indicate a passive meaning (compared with –ing participle) frozen food a freezing wind a bored traveler a boring journey a lost cause a losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the last finishing touch the spoken word a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine a closed shop the closing hour written language writing paper a terrified woman a terrifying story
Q 3: How many forms are non-finite verbs made up of according to Pro. Zhang Zhenbang? What are they?
A 3: Three forms of non-finite verbs. They are infinitive, ing participle and -ed participle.
2. The characteristics and functions of the –ing participle
1) The difference between the present participle and the gerund *** In most cases, the present participle shows the characteristics of adjectives and adverbs, and it can be used as a modifier (attribute) , an adverbial and a complement.
4. Logic subject of non-finite and absolute structure 1) Logic subject of the infinitive E.g. He opened the windows for the fresh air to come in. 2) Logic subject of the gerund E.g. Tom insisted on reading the document. E.g. Tom insisted on my / me reading the document. E.g. Tom insisted on the witness’ / her / his reading the document.
2) Verbs followed either by infinitive or by –ing participle
① begin, start, like, hate, prefer, neglect, omit ② forget, remember, regret try, mean
E.g. boiling water; the coming winter E.g. The bottle containing the poison was sent to the laboratory. E.g. Opening the door, I saw nobody. (time) E.g. Bill, being fond of a drink, naturally sampled all the Spanish wines. (cause) E.g. Working or playing, Sarah is always intense. (concession) E.g. Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result) E.g. They stood by the road side, watching the parade. (manner) E.g. We saw him going out. (object complement) E.g. He was seen going out. (subject complement)