BlbxvitGMAT狒狒逻辑讲义(优化版)

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GMAT逻辑Boldface题解题攻略

GMAT逻辑Boldface题解题攻略跟据Zora老师之前给大家讲过的GMAT考试CR部分所体现的商科思维，相信大家对于CR 都有了一个更为充分而深入的了解，相信同学们都已经知道了CR的做题方式并不是按照“阅读理解”方式解题，也不是按照“问题类型”划分来解题，更不是按照“逻辑学”推理方式来解题，而是应该从官方的出题角度出发，用不同的商科思维解决不同的考点问题，那么在CR五大考点当中，有一个考点与其他四个考点的出题形式都有所不同，同时又是很多同学屡做屡错的考点，那就是Boldface题。

一、出题形式：Boldface题俗称：黑体题、黑脸题、BD题、BF题，出题的形式为给考生一段话，把其中一句话、两句话、或半句话加粗变为黑体，问黑体的句子在这段话中发挥什么样的作用，因此Boldface题最准确的中文叫法应该是：句子作用题。

如下考题：Most of Western music since the Renaissance has been based on a seven-note scale known as the diatonic scale,but when did the scale originate?A fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite has four holes,which are spaced in exactly the right way for playing the third through sixth notes of a diatonic scale.The entire flute must surely have had more holes, and the flute was made from a bone that was long enough for these additional holes to have allowed a complete diatonic scale to be played.Therefore,the Neanderthals who made the flute probably used a diatonic musical scale.In the argument given,the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?A.The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument;the second isthe main conclusion stated in the argument.B.The first introduces evidence to support the main conclusion of the argument;the secondpresents a position to which the argument is opposed.C.The first describes a discovery as undermining the position against which the argument as awhole is directed;the second states the main conclusion of the argument.D.The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain;thesecond presents a position to which the argument is opposed.E.The first introduces the phenomenon that the argument as a whole seeks to explain;thesecond gives a reason to rule out one possible explanation.二、商科思维：Boldface题考察的商科思维是考生对于影响关系的判断，这也是作为未来管理者需要具备的潜质之一。

GMAT长难句讲解分析(图解版)

GMATA desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.what we might consider a novelist-scientistOf the various ways in which technology is expanding what a book can be, one of the most successful so far has been to add to book something that children have enjoyed for ever, and that most people required until the 20th century: another person to do the reading.In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly.Dr Gravekamp came up with the idea following her discovery that weakened bacteria (specifically, a modified form of Listeria monocytogenes) she was using for other purposes in tumour-afflicted mice, and which were cleared from most of the animal’s body by its immune system over the course of a few days, remained in the tumours.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.Senator Ted Cruz of Texas contrasts Mr. Obama's willingness to let airlines serve West Africa with July's "highly suspicious" decision by the Federal Aviation Authority to halt American flights into Israel after a rocket fell near that country's main airport, just as the government was—Mr. Cruz growls—pressing Israel to grant concessions to Hamas.Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.thatThe best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.Recently Amazon has been waging a very public, months-long war with Hachette, a large publisher, in which it has in the eyes of many abused the power that its market dominance provides in an attempt to squeeze Hachette's profits and drive prices even lower.thatBecause the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.ԆHis research, which assumes that a normal flight schedule is in operation, calculates how probable it is that an infected person boarding a plane in the worst-affected countries—Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, in particular—will disembark in each of dozens of other destinations.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women's work."Just one extra year of schooling makes someone10% less likely to attend a church, mosque or temple, pray alone or describe himself as religious, concludes a paper published on October 6th that looks at the relationship between religiosity and the length of time spent in school.a paper concludes that one extra year of schooling makes someone …The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.形式主语Instead, they rely more on recruiting the brightest undergraduates, in the belief that it is more productive—and better value—to develop cohorts of junior analysts in-house, rather than those with fixed ideas honed on expensive MBA programs.In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics.The "explorations" part of the project is, for instance, backing an astrophysicist who proposes to use lasers to herd malarial mosquitoes away from people, and a car mechanic who is trying to help the health of newborns by adapting a common car-repair tool to assist with difficult births.形式主语Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.Equally evocative are Carter’s diaries and record cards, and his delicate drawings of the finds, including a pencil sketch of the masked king lying in a nest of coffins.These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars—only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers—will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.But there are only so many hours in the day and she already combines multiple academic disciplines into a repertoire of research that spans an ambition to drive an electric car powered by a virus battery to building better touch-screens for digital devices and lately to giving surgeons new tools to detect and potentially treat minute traces of cancer.。

GMAT逻辑基本知识[1]

G M A T逻辑基本知识[1] -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN听前人说，如果理解了一些逻辑基础知识，比如三段论等，会更好的理解美国的单题逻辑推理思路！呵呵，我在网上找了半天，发现了这个MBA联考的逻辑基础，比较全面而且基础，正好用来应付单题！！！逻辑1.第一章：推理的基本概念2.第二章：直言判断与对当关系3.第三章：复合判断与复合判断推理4.第四章：逻辑基本规律5.第五章：三段论6.第六章：典型的逻辑错误7.第七章：求因果关系的初步方法8.第八章：预设第一章推理的基本概念MBA 联考考试大纲的逻辑部分明确指出，对考生进行逻辑科目考试，并非考核专业知识，而是考核考生对各种信息的理解、判断、分析、综合、推进及类比等日常逻辑思维能力。

应该说不具备逻辑专业知识，仍然可以有较强的日常逻辑思维能力，而只要具备并运用好这种能力，就能取得逻辑科目考试的好成绩；但试题毕竟涉及诸多逻辑内容，因此熟悉一些逻辑学基础知识，无疑有助于迅速准确地解题。

考生应当准确理解和把握这两个方面。

本部分设置了八章，分别介绍了对当关系、复合判断和复合判断推理、逻辑基本规律、三段论、典型逻辑错误、因果关系推进及预设等几个方面的逻辑基础知识。

这几方面内容，是从MBA 联考逻辑试题的内容中概括出来的，不是从逻辑学教科书中套衍出来的。

第一章推理的基本概念一、推理及其结构人类的思维是通过概念、判断和推理等形式抽象地反映对象世界。

概念是反映事物的特有属性的思维形式；判断是对事物情况有所肯定或否定的思维形式；而推理则是根据一个或一些判断得出另一个判断的思维过程。

判断与判断之间在真假方面是有联系的。

判断与判断之间的真假关系，是人们推理活动的根据。

例(1)如果人口的增长是社会发展的主要决定力量，那么较高的人口密度一定会产生出较高形式的社会制度。

①可是事实上较高的人口密度并不产生出较高形式的社会制度。

②所以，人口增长不是社会发展的主要决定力量③例(2)蘑菇没有叶绿素①香蕈没有叶绿素②地衣没有叶绿素③蘑菇、香蕈、地衣都是菌类植物④所以，凡菌类植物都没有叶绿素⑤例(1) 是一个推理，根据判断①、②，得出判断③。

狒狒逻辑笔记

GMAT逻辑总纲费允杰第一部分：逻辑总纲第一章：做题步骤一．先读问题（通过英文标志词读出题型）。

二．再读文章（随题型不同而发生变化）。

三．再看选项。

1．根据题型特点。

2．排除法（通用排除法和无关词排除法）。

3．白痴型思维。

第二章：五大题型1．归纳2．演绎（假设，加强，削弱，评价）3．解释4．填空5．句子作用第一节：归纳英文标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied; supported; if above true, then it is also true.读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，尽量减少思维，承认文章正确，只抓信息一．公共元素直推法。

If A, then B. A→BOnly if A, then B. B→AMust by A, in order to B. B→AIf only A, then B. A→BNot A, unless B. A→BA, unless B. B→A, A→BA require B. A→BA is necessary to B. B→AA depend/draw/base on B. A→B例1.所有的人都去了。

我是人。

公共信息：人直接推结论：我去了。

例2.To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.例3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report more on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more common stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud. If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?(A) The time television news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such asarson.(C) The number of fires and motor vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident.(D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeeping fraud.(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment. 二．无关词排除法。

GMAT数学讲义

有关数学的运算
Add,plus Subtract Difference Multiply, times Product divide
有关数学的运算
Add,plus
•加
Subtract
•减
Difference
•差
Multiply,times
•乘
Product
•积
divide
•除
isible Divided evenly Divident Divisor Quotient Remainder
• median
• median
• （中数）将一堆数排序之后，正中间的一个数（奇数个数字），或者中间两个数的平均数（偶数个数字）
e.g. median of 1,7,4,9 ,2,2,2,2,2,5,8 is 2 median of 1,7,4,9,2,5 is (5+7)/2=6
• mode
• 1.00001*0.99999+1.00002*0.99998=?
fraction improper fraction proper fraction denominator numerator Mixed number
分数
fraction improper fraction proper fraction denominator numerator Mixed number
• 阶乘 N!=1*2*3*....(N-2)*(N-1)*N
且规定0!=1 例如 8!=1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8
• 1、根号8除以2倍根号2
• If United States imports increased 20 percent and export decreased 10 percent during a certain year,the ratio of imports to exports at the end of the year was how many times the ratio at the beginning of the year?

GMAT逻辑板块怎么提升-GMAT逻辑题怎么做

GMAT逻辑板块怎么提升-GMAT逻辑题怎么做GMAT逻辑备考必须要重点学习提升的技巧有这些：一是主动概括关键逻辑链;二是抓住逻辑题目的结论;三是学会使用排除法。

如果想具体了解GMAT逻辑板块怎么提升，那无妨接着往下看吧!1、主动概括关键逻辑链在解答逻辑题时，考生必须要先看要求，是强化还是削弱、评估还是假设。

然后提炼出关键逻辑链，其中必须包涵题目中的重要对象以及对象之间的关系。

换种说法，就是搞清楚题目到底说了什么，让自己的大脑进入题目的思维里。

考生只有主动概括并理解理顺题目的逻辑链，才干不被选项所困惑。

2、抓住逻辑题目的结论在解题时，考生面对多个选项，应该特别注意找出选项中涉及关键链对象最多的、和题目的逻辑思维最接近的选项，这个选项往往就是正确答案。

只要能够抓住逻辑题目的结论并和各个选项进行对比，考生就能够快速找到正确答案。

3、学会使用排除法关于GMAT考生来说，如果在解题时无法直接找出正确答案，那么至少可以通过找出并排除其它显然存在问题的答案来缩小选择的范围。

具体做法是按照选项内容的相关和无关性进行排除。

至于其他针对特定类型题目的小技巧和规律也可以参照一下：比如假设类题目，正确答案假设被取非则原文必定会崩溃;再比如强化题，如果选项都很暧昧，无妨通过反向思维来合计答案。

2GMAT逻辑题怎么做一、GMAT逻辑题解题步骤首先确定题型，然后读题干，看选项。

先找有not的选项，如果有，看看是不是not+weaken，是的话基本上就是答案;不是的话，看剩下的选项有没有补充文章gap的，看这些选项的时候要思索是不是结论成立的必要条件，是否一定要这样结论才成立。

二、GMAT逻辑题选项细节1. 如果5个选项都没有not，那么，有必要进一步认定这是个填补gap的题;排除选项的时候心里要默默的想文章中是不是缺少了这样的gap。

2. 错误的选项包括无关选项、与原文不兼容选项等。

无关选项的内容可能包罗万象.但有一种无关选项必须要引起注意，即与原文兼容的选项。

GMAT狒狒逻辑视频学习笔记 By David Chou

狒狒逻辑视频学习笔记By David Chou一、先读问题读出是5个题型中的哪个InferAssumption二、确定题型后，确定读文章的方式，再读文章1欣赏性阅读归纳1 解释2 填空1句子作用12批判性阅读演绎题：假设1 加强2 削弱3 评价一般三、再看选项1.根据题型特点2.排除法无关词排除法（原文未提到的词）3.白痴型思维（不要想太多）T1.归纳题标志词：conclusion; inferred; implied(推出); supported（文章支持选项）If above true, then it is also true一、公共元素直推法A推出B B 推出C1. IF A then B A充分推出BA是B 的充分条件B是A 的必要条件A:上哈弗MBAB:GMAT>7502. A，unless B 非B推出A 或者非A推出B逆命题与原命题不等价, 否命题与原命题不等价，逆命题和否命题是等价的，逆否命题与原命题等价A:上哈弗MBAB:GMAT>750箭头所指方向为必要条件3.only if A then B 表示一般情况下没有B,只有A才能有B, 即有B一定有A（B A）和only最接近的元素一定是必要条件，是箭头所指方向。

4.Must by A in order to B （B A）和MSUT最接近的元素是必要条件，是箭头所指方向5.if only A, then B 只有A才有B（A B）一般only都是是倒序B推A，if only 不倒序6.NOT A，unless B 没有A 除非有B(A B) 把unless 当成If not7.A, unless B 表示非B 推出A或者非A 推出B把unless 当成If not8.A requireB (A B)A is necessary toB (B A)A depend/draw/base onB (A B)二、无关词排除法T2.演绎题A是前提B是结论，A是B 的充分条件1.前提结论结构2.因果结构A发生在B前面B发生在A前面可能A是B 的原因也可能B是A 的原因A对B解释B对A 解释1.前提结论结构（1）假设题这些词是在问题中的，not true unless 说明unless后的是必要条件假设的本质是文章推理成立的必要条件把5个选项都取非后，哪个能削弱原推理就是正确答案文章推理是有若干个缺陷的，如果某个选项能把推理的某一个缺陷给补上，就是必要条件，就是正确答案也就是在有差异变量之间加联系New Jersey1. has lowest rate2.Requires inspectionsTherefore, all should have inspections缺陷？？没说死亡率低和车检有关系，那为啥要推行车检？所以就要说车检可以推出死亡率低。

GMAT逻辑神笔记

GMAT逻辑笔记终稿一．削弱题（weaken\ cast doubt\ argue against\ damage\ counter\ refute\ jeopardize\ challenge\ undermine）1.看问题2.看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1原文中原因和结论关系不密切2.2因果型结论2.3结论是类比2.4调查型结论2.5条件型结论2.6削弱现象解释2.7削弱plan-goal2.8由于某种变化导致的结论3.按类型预测答案方向3.1原文中原因和结论关系不密切答案直接weaken结论3.2因果性结论3.2.1先预测有没有可能是因果颠倒了3.2.2有没有可能是文章所提出的原因有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.3没有因果颠倒和原因有特殊性的可能就直接割断因果也就是直接攻击主论据可能会有新元素出现来攻击主论据注意：若原文中提出了两个可能原因A和B 但文中说正确原因不是A而是B 这时正确答案就是在说原因就应该是A而不是B 切不可只围绕不是B来进行分析而忽略了A3.3结论是类比：正确选项有两种：类比的两件事本质上有区别或直接削弱结论但前者居多注意：当选项旨在说明类比的两者有本质不同时选项中可能是明显的比较结构但是也有可能在选项中根本就看不出比较而是在说文章主体具有特殊性这样也就说明不可以类比了3.4 调查性结论：正确答案可能是调查或调查对象没有代表性或者说调查有特殊性不能说明问题或者说调查的有效性受到怀疑3.5 条件型结论：If A，B 那么正确答案是承认了A，削弱了B 千万注意不要去攻击A 承认它就好接下来有可能会有新元素的作用使A即使做了B也实现不了3.6 削弱现象解释：正确答案是现象的一个新解释在原文中有可能有提示有可能没有3.7 削弱plan-goal：3.7.1 原因A导致了不好的结果B，现在提出plan 这个plan是通过解决A从而解决了B，也就是plan的根本goal是解决B 但是正确选项有可能是再说其实导致B的原因根本就不是A 或者是不只是A 还有别的原因所以说plan即使做了goal也达不到这种削弱方法有点像“现象的新解释”但其实两者并不相同要注意在削弱plan-goal题型中光提出新原因是不行的最后落脚点必须是“plan无效”否则提出新原因也没用3.7.2 基本plan-goal的削弱：一个新原因的作用使“plan做了goal也达不到”这个新原因在文中可能有提示也可能没有“plan做了goal也达不到”是所有plan-goal削弱题型的最终落脚点注意：不要去讨论plan做还是不做而是讨论做了有没有用3.8 由于某种变化导致的结论：若文章说因为某种变化（尤其是上升或下降）会导致某种结果为了削弱结论正确选项是消除这种变化消除这种变化所能带来的影响所以可能有新元素出现这种削弱题跟paradox题型是一个思路（或是割断因果关系但是这种解法不常见）4.看选项选答案4.1与主论据所讨论主题无关选项错无关比较错4.2 模糊词选项（some\ possible\ not + 极端词）在结论没有极端词时错注意：at least some不算模糊词4.3 “大金刚”错（other than\ any other\ most other\ some other\ many other\ apartfrom\ aside from）注意：“否定词\ 否定词缀+ other than”不算“大金刚”例如：no+ other than是only的意思5. 检验：想象成一场辩论正确答案会使作者没有反手的余地二．缺陷题（flaw of reasoning\ reasoning error\ criticism\ weakness）缺陷题和削弱题相近但是也有明显的不同之处1.在plan-goal题型中削弱题是有一个新原因使plan做了goal也达不到但是缺陷题中是plan本身有缺陷使goal达不到2.普通缺陷题：直接找论据和结论间的差异正确答案描述原文的错误描述的因素一定在原文中有绝对不可以有新元素总结：缺陷题的核心是描述原文的推理错误正确选项中的每个元素都在原文中出现过三．加强题（support\ strengthen\ provide the strongest ground\ conclusion can be drawn if it was true that\ justify\ provide justification）1.看问题2.看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1原文前提和结论关系不密切2.2因果型结论2.3结论是类比2.4调查性结论2.5加强现象解释2.6加强plan-goal2.7paradox3.按类型预测答案方向3.1原文前提和结论关系不密切答案直接加强结论3.2因果型结论：3.2.1原文逻辑链条中有没有gap需要架桥有的话正确选项架桥3.2.2有没有可能有别的因素会削弱结论如果有的话要排除使结论不成立的可能性（如果不好预测的话可以直接在选项中辨析）有点像“排除他因”但还不完全一样不过这种解答方式很少慎用3.2.3正确选项直接与原因结合提高结论成立的可能性这时要求正确选项与结论有“共同元素”才能够结合注意：3.2.1和3.2.3中正确选项可能有新元素出现不要当无关选项排除了但是3.2.1中架桥时不可以架出与原文逻辑链无关的桥3.3结论是类比正确选项说两者本质是相同的或者直接加强结论注意：当说两者本质相同时有可能正确选项是明显的比较结构也有可能就是在说文章所讨论的主体没有什么特殊性这样正确选项就没有对比结构了3.4调查型结论调查对象有代表性所以调查的有效性不受怀疑3.5 加强现象解释3.5.1 没有此原因就没有此结果也就是原文逻辑链的否命题正确答案通常是类比3.5.2 用另外一个解释来解释这个解释或用另外一个证据来证明这个解释（但是注意原文中已说明确切无疑的事情不要在选项中再去重复只有must be true题型中才会去重复原文）正确选项中会出现新词新概念3.5.3 排除他因没有其他原因或可能导致该结果（排除他因的选项中有可能出现“大金刚”：other than\ any other\ most other\ many other\ some other\ apart from\ aside from）少见慎用！3.6 加强plan-goal3.6.1 一个新原因与plan结合使goal能更好地达到3.6.2 plan无害（文中会暗示plan的害处但未必暗示具体是什么）注意：如果文中确实说了plan有可能有害处但是文章中自己把这种害处给否了那么正确选项中继续讨论这种害处的可能性不大还是回归到3.6.1中的情况3.6.3别的plan不好（文中有对比措施）注意：如果文中暗示了害处（未必暗示具体是什么）比如文中说“应该不会有什么不好的影响”这个时候就采取 3.6.2 也就是正确选项证明了就是不会有什么不好的影响的如果文中有对比措施就采取3.6.3 除了这两种情况都采取3.6.1 这个法则通常都是比较准的甚至可以用于排除选项可以记住直接用3.7 paradox：按paradox的思路来解题可以把这种直接归到paradox一类4. 看选项选答案4.1 模糊词选项（some\ possible\ not + 极端词）当结论没有极端词时不选极端词选项是可以的注意：（1）at least some不算模糊词（2）如果选项拿一个毫不相干的其他对象来进行比较比如选项说“B就是这样的”去证明结论“A也应该这样”这个逻辑是不对的但是如果选项是在讨论A所在的整体比如“A在C这个范围内这个范围内的所有相关的个体都是这样的”去证明“A也应该这样”这是可以的这也就是极端词选项的出现情况（3）如果文章结论说“是A而不是B”那么正确选项两个方面都要加强也就是说不但要加强“是A”还要加强“不是B”光加强“是A”是不可以的4.2 “大金刚”（other than\ any other\ most other\ any other\ some other\ many other\apart from\ aside from）选项除非是在排除他因否则错注意：“否定词\ 否定词缀+ other than”不算“大金刚”4.3. 无关选项错（除非是在paradox中）注意：当文章有两个并列结论时加强其中一个（只要不对另一个起削弱作用）就算加强了四．假设题（assumption\ assume\ presuppose\ additional premise\ not true unless\ rely on\ depend on）1. 看问题2. 看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1 原文逻辑链条中明显有gap2.2 暂时看不出来明显的gap3. 按类型预测答案方向3.1 原文逻辑链条中有明显的gap 直接奔填补gap的选项去3.2 暂时还看不出明显的gap3.2.1 找否定句选项（带not的是最标准的否定句带no的有的不算是要进一步慎重考虑）把否定词去掉看剩下的内容能不能削弱选项（接下来的步骤就跟做削弱题一样了）3.2.1.1 原因和结论间关系不密切去掉否定词后直接削弱结论3.2.1.2 因果型结论3.2.1.2.1 因果有没有可能颠倒如果可能的话把否定词去掉就是因果颠倒3.2.1.2.2 推出结论的原因可能有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.1.2.3 因果也没颠倒原因也没有特殊性有没有可能直接割断因果也就是直接攻击主论据可能会有新元素出现来攻击主论据3.2.1.3 结论是类比考虑类比的两者有没有本质区别注意：正确选项未必是比较结构有可能就是说文章讨论主体的特殊性3.2.1.4 调查型结论调查对象有没有代表性调查有没有效3.2.1.5 条件型结论（结论中带有if引导的条件状语从句）3.2.1.5.1即使条件产生了一定能推出结论吗有没有可能有新元素的作用使条件和结论之间的关系断掉或是条件产生了也产生不了结论3.2.1.5.2 在assumption题型中的条件型结论还比削弱中多了一种答案：条件也就是if后面的内容到底有没有可能实现（OG12th44）注意：条件型结论有可能是文章最重要的一个推导，当选项中没有否定句或否定句都不可行时，可以考虑在条件型结论中的条件和最终结论中间架桥3.2.1.6 现象解释型有没有可能有别的解释3.2.1.7 plan-goal型3.2.1.7.1 有没有可能是新原因导致的坏结果所以说针对原来原因的plan达不到预期的效果3.2.1.7.2 有没有可能就是新元素与plan结合使plan做了goal也达不到3.2.1.8 由于某种变化导致的结论有没有可能有新元素抵消原来的变化使结论不成立3.2.2 选项中没有否定句或是否定句都不可行且结论和原因之间有因果关系则重新考虑架桥注意：（1）架桥不可以架出无关名词（2）架桥弥补gap选项中一定会出现新元素（3）条件型结论有可能是文章最重要的一个推导，当选项中没有否定句或否定句都不可行时，可以考虑在条件型结论中的条件和最终结论中间架桥4. 看选项选答案4.1 去掉not以后模糊词（some\ possible\ not + 极端词）选项好极端词选项不好注意：（1）和削弱题是相反的（2）“not + 极端词”去掉not以后留的是极端词是不好的（3）如果选项中没有not 这条不适用要慎重考虑4.2 条件句选项要么是架桥要么错4.3太绝对了反而不能成为假设题正确答案因为越绝对越没有可能是必要条件慎用此条！5. 检验（当有两个选项拿不定主意时用）将选项取反削弱结论的是正确选项五．解释题（explain\ reason\ account for\ provide a rational for 注意：有的还应当归到paradox一类中去）1. 看问题2. 看原文缕清逻辑链条细分类型2.1 原文中出现paradox（在之前读问题时没判断出来）2.2 原文中有原因2.3原文中无原因2.3.1 原文的现象中包含比较2.3.2 原文的现象中包含变化2.3.3 原文中说某个plan不好2.3.4 其他类型3. 看选项找答案3.1 原文中出现paradox（在之前读问题时没判断出来）直接归到paradox一类用解paradox题型的方法来求解3.2 原文中有原因直接把原因选出来即可3.3 原文中无原因则尽量用文中的信息去解释3.3.1 原文中的现象中包含比较正确答案必须体现两者不同也可以说是主体的特殊性3.3.2 原文中的现象中包含变化（尤其是上升或下降）正确答案要体现出变化注意：3.3.1和3.3.2中所说的“比较”和“变化”一定是可以明显看出来的“比较”和“变化”不要牵强地往上靠如果既看不出“比较”又看不出“变化”就尽量用文中的信息去解释3.3.3原文中说某个plan不好（也可以归到paradox类）3.3.3.1这个plan与goal无关（断掉plan和goal之间的关系）3.3.3.2这个plan本身有坏处或有更大的弊端（有点类似削弱题缺陷题）3.3.4 其他类型如文中呈现一个现象需要解释就尽量用文中的信息去解释注意要联系原文最好别出现新元素注意：如果把paradox从解释题中分出来的话那么解释题就尽量用文中的信息去解释最好不要出现新元素（paradox中会出现新元素）六．Paradox（resolve the discrepancy\ resolve the paradox\ reconcile the discrepancy\ reconcile the paradox\ explain the surprising finding 包括在阅读原文过程中判断为paradox的题）1.看问题2.看原文找出相矛盾的现象或内容缕清逻辑链条找出前因后果细分类型2.1 普通paradox2.2 说某个plan（或类似的东西）不好2.3 做了A预期会有什么样的后果但是做A是对的或者说做了A预期的后果不会产生3. 根据类型预测选项方向3.1 普通paradox：发生了A，本来预期会因为发生了A就会发生B 但是B没发生或者发生的事情反而与B相反正确选项极有可能是新元素与A结合导致了paradox 也有可能不和A结合就是一个新元素导致了paradox 或者是这个新元素断掉了前因与后果之间的联系但还是结合的情况比较多所以A 也就是文章中的前因一定要好好留意附加说明：paradox中最常见的就是上升或下降问题：A变B不变或成意料之外的反方向变动那么正确答案C的出现会将A的变化抵消或断掉AB之间的联系注意：continue to increase\ continue to decrease并不是“变了”或是“没变”而是出乎意料地继续increase或decrease 所以也可以归到“A变B不变或成意料之外的反方向变动”这种情况3.2 说某个plan（或类似的东西）不好3.2.1 plan和goal无关（也就是断掉plan和goal之间的联系）3.2.2plan本身有缺陷或有更大的弊端（有点类似削弱题缺陷题）3.3 做了A预期会有什么样的后果但是做A是对的或者说做了A预期的后果不会产生正确选项多数是用的反向证明法也就是说如果不做A会出现什么样的后果所以说做A是对的（OG12th73题）总结：paradox的根本就是新元素的作用即使极个别情况下连“新元素”是什么都不说（OG12th57题）七．填空题1. 看问题2. 看原文细分类型2.1 非paradox型因果型2.2 paradox型3. 根据类型预测选项方向2.1 非paradox型因果型缕清逻辑链条找逻辑链条中的gap 考虑怎样架桥补缺注意：因果型填空题和解释题相类似要尽量用到文中的信息很少出现新元素2.2 paradox型按paradox的思路解题八．评价题（justify the conclusion\ evaluate the argument）1. 看问题2. 看原文细分类型（和削弱题是一样的）2.1 原因和结论间关系不密切2.2 因果型结论2.3 结论是类比2.4 调查型结论2.5 条件型结论2.6 现象解释型2.7 plan-goal型2.8 由某种变化导致的结论3. 根据类型预测选项方向3.1 原因和结论间关系不密切正确选项直接用来判断结论成不成立3.2 因果型结论3.2.1 有没有可能因果颠倒3.2.2 有没有可能是文章所提出的原因有特殊性推不出结论来3.2.3 既没有因果颠倒文章原因也没有特殊性有没有可能直接断掉因果3.3 结论是类比两者有没有本质不同或者文章主体有没有特殊性导致无法类比3.4 调查型结论调查对象有没有代表性调查有效性受不受到怀疑3.5 条件型结论即使A做了有没有可能有新元素的作用使B达不到有没有可能做到A 本身就是件不可能的事（前者居多后者较少）3.6 现象解释型有没有可能有新的解释3.7 plan-goal型有没有可能有新元素的作用使plan做了goal也达不到注意：不要去讨论有没有别的plan 评价题从不讨论原文逻辑链以外的东西3.8 由某种变化导致的结论有没有可能有新元素的作用消除这种变化消除这种变化所带来的影响（类似paradox的思路）4. 检验：对选项的肯定或否定回答是否能加强和削弱结论（拿不准的时候用）注意：评价题除了以上标注会出现新元素的情况之外不会出现新元素即使在以上标注的情况下出现新元素新元素也是作用在文章自身逻辑链上的也就是说评价题正确选项从来不会讨论自身逻辑链以外的内容这也是plan-goal在评价题中不会去讨论有没有别的plan的原因注意：（1）评价题要找好因果关系回溯原因（2）评价题中模糊词（在结论没有极端词时）和极端词选项都不好九．Must be true（must be true\ infer\ imply\ serve as part of an argument\ support the following 最后一个到底是归到must be true类还是归纳类有争议）1. 看问题2. 看原文整理文章结构有逻辑链条的缕出逻辑链条有信息结合的列出信息结合3. 看选项寻找正确答案正确答案是原文中某句话的重写或逆否命题或信息的结合（也就是概括总结文中信息点）也可以是弥补推理链中的gap 但是弥补gap也不可以出现新元素关键信息点必须能在原文中找到依据注意：“正确选项是原文某句话的重写或逆否命题”这是题目比较简单的情况一般比较复杂的题会用到信息整合或填补gap 这个时候思路要稍微发散不要局限4. 检验：正确选项中包含结论或推理中的关键词且正确答案中的信息全部来之原文绝对不可以有新元素即使是在弥补gap 信息点也必须全部来自原文注意：看到数字和percentage要特别敏感基本都是将数字信息结合起来比较大小或说明什么问题并且注意数字和百分比是不同的概念不要混淆并且归纳题比数字的时候通常不会直接比大小会做一个计算比如说用“profits/ sales= 利润率”然后来比较利润率的大小十．归纳题（conclude\ conclusion\ main point\ support the following 最后一个有争议）1. 看问题2. 看原文整理文章结构有逻辑链条的缕出逻辑链条有信息结合的列出信息结合找原文中有没有主结论3. 看选项寻找正确答案3.1 原文中就能找到主结论正确选项是主结论的重写重写时候可能有适当的改写但是不可能改的面目全非本质也是“重写”3.2 原文中找不到结论通过原文的信息结合或逻辑链概括总结出结论（也就是原文所有信息加总所能说明的问题）注意：原文中出现多个信息点时正确答案最好是将所有信息点结合起来而不是只根据一个信息点一个逻辑链条来推结论注意：看到数字和percentage要特别敏感基本都是将数字信息结合起来比较大小或说明什么问题并且注意数字和百分比是不同的概念不要混淆并且归纳题比数字的时候通常不会直接比大小会做一个计算比如说用“profits/ sales= 利润率”然后来比较利润率的大小4. 检验：正确选项的信息必须是概括全文的并且是must be true注意：归纳题和must be true类型题的区别就是must be true类只需要是正确的信息就可以了可以是概括性的也可以不是概括性的归纳题不但要是正确的信息（也就是must be true）还必须是概括性的十一. 论证方法题（method of reasoning\ The main point of the argument is made primarily by…?\ The doctor does which of the following in refuting the patient?）1.看问题2.看原文细分类型判别论证结构3.根据类型预测选项3.1对话型论证方法题3.2普通型论证方法题4.看选项选择正确答案4.1对话型论证方法题一般都是问第二个人对第一个人的观点是怎样反应的先判断感情色彩是支持还是赞同（如果在问题中已经说明感情色彩了这一步可以省略）然后再根据原文找论证方法多用排除法4.2普通型论证方法题直接根据原文找论证方法即可多用排除法注意：排除在原文中没出现过的元素正确答案中的信息点一定可以在原文中找到依据不可以有新元素十二. Parallel reasoning1.看问题2.看原文找出原文推理形式（因果推理充分必要类比循环论证等）结论和前提的特点（certainty level）推理有效性（问题说有推理缺陷的选项也应该有相应的推理缺陷问题没说则没有推理缺陷）3.看选项选择正确答案将上面四个因素和答案比较（绝对配绝对意见配意见条件配条件must\ could\ many\ some\ never配相应词）十三. Principle（问怎么办好要求设计出一个plan 或问怎么样符合条件）1.看问题2.看原文细分类型2.1原文中有问题需要解决需要一个恰当的plan或strategy2.2原文是陈述principle就在原文中3.根据类型预测选项方向3.1原文中有问题需要解决需要一个恰当的plan或strategy 那么需要找出原文中的主要矛盾主要需要解决的问题以及产生问题的根本原因根据原文中找到的依据寻找恰当的plan或strategy3.2原文是陈述principle就在原文中找准原文中的principle 正确选项是对该principle进行改写4.看选项找答案十四. Boldface1.时间允许的话读文章缕清逻辑链条时间不允许这步直接跳过2.直接找标志词判断2.1找转折词判断句子的态度2.1.1 But\ Yet放句首是转折相当于however but\ yet放句中不是转折相当于没看见2.1.2 although相当于没看见2.1.3 however不管句首句中大写小写都是转折要考虑2.1.4 Nevertheless\ nonetheless是语气比较弱的转折词要考虑2.2 找因果关系词判断句子的角色Since A, B\ A thus B\ Because A, BA是evidence\ expectation\ premiseB是conclusion\ position\ claim\ judgment\ prediction（象征词would）\ proposal Explanation也应该是在A的位置不应该是在B的位置补充说明：（1）句首的负面评价也有可能是转折（2）文中没有转折正确选项就不能有反对拒绝或质疑（3）对比写法的地方是论据让步是结论（4）到底是支持还是反对基本会在正确选项中明确地体现出来正确选项一般不会是“和稀泥”的态度对感情色彩模棱两可慎用！综述：1.“大金刚”（other than\ any other\ many other\ most other\ some other\ apart from\ asidefrom）选项基本都可以排除但注意“否定词+ 大金刚”不可以排除在排除他因的选项中有可能出现“大金刚”2.“At least + some”不算模糊词3.Should的选项排除4.写逻辑链信息的时候保留定语有的时候定语可能会影响到细节从而影响正确性5.文中有两个并列结论可以针对一个结论来解题只要不对另一个结论起相反作用文中有两个并列逻辑链可以针对一个逻辑链解题只要不对另一个逻辑链起相反作用6.如果一个逻辑链很严密看起来很合理但要求找毛病要求weaken 就要格外关注细节往往突破口在细节上面7.注意在原文句子改写的题中逆否命题是对的逆命题不一定是对的通常都不对8.“忽略了两者可以结合的可能”这种题常出现就是说原文一直在讨论选A还是选B其实两者可以都选可以结合9.尤其是在削弱和加强题中选项中有加强或比较千万注意不要比反尤其是年份间的比较不同时间下情况的比较特别容易比反10.注意“时间观念”（1）选项所讨论时间要和文章主体的时间尽量一致（2）注意after一类的词原文中出现由于时间引起的变化选项中多数会体现（3）选项中涉及不同时间比较时注意不要比反例如要看清楚是“last year”还是“this year”11.注意比重、percentage和绝对量之间的区别12.认真读问题有时候问题会限定正确选项的范围（prep43）补充一些需要引起注意的词或话题：1.Argue on the basis是因果联系词要引起注意2.看到讨论profit的选项就要想到有四个因素会影响profit：cost\ price\ sale\ market其中影响price的还有供求关系四个因素想全面且并“profit/ sale= 利润率”也可以去比较利润率的大小3.供求关系会影响price 供大于求price低供小于求price高为了降低price或控制price上涨可以增加供给也可以减少需求两种情况想全面一个因素会使供给增加未必price就高了没准需求也多了没准有别的因素使供给高不了两种情况也要想全面4.Import\ export\ 自产自销三者之间有着密不可分的联系共同作用影响供给影响销量在原文中看到其中一个（多数这种原文是在讨论销量和供给）就要联想到另外两个5.关于weed和crop的问题很多经常讨论怎样有效地对付weed还能有效地保护crop 不。

gmat逻辑提干简化方法智课教育

智课网 G M A T 备考资料GMAT逻辑提干简化方法-智课教育教你迅速了解“逻辑”的题型特点通过本文智课教育名师为大家分析了GMAT逻辑提干提取信息和简化信息的方法，通过有技巧地阅读，相信大家能够快速掌握逻辑读题的方法。

一、GMAT逻辑的定义。

在我们想要对GMAT逻辑有一个简单了解之前，一定要先指导GM AT逻辑是什么。

简单来说，逻辑就是我们在思考问题的过程中由已知条件推合理结论的思考过程。

所以，在推理的过程中关注已知条件和结论非常必要。

注意，已知条件包括前提和假设，用一种简单的形式可以表示成：前提+(假设)+结论。

其中，假设是隐含在已知条件中的，前提是直接给出的，我们在解题过程中需要挖掘假设。

所以，逻辑解题的核心是找到前提的和结论。

二、如何找准前提和结论?1、前提、假设和结论的概念。

1)前提即陈述的信息、证据，通常起到支持既定结论的作用。

前提可以是事实、观点或主张。

如果前提是主张或观点，他们不会是作者提出的总体主张，相反，是中间主张，用来支持总体主张(或结论)。

2)假设是论证过程中未被陈述的一部分，是得出结论的必要条件。

在上述的公式中，假设放在圆括号中，表明假设并未陈述在论证过程中。

论证的关键是结论，由假设和前提支持。

3)结论使以观点或主张的形式出现。

你可以把论证的结论放在建筑的顶部，由建筑自身(前提)和看不见的地基(假设)所支持。

2、根据标志词的划分判断结论和前提。

1)结论的标志词有therefore, as a result, consequently, it follows that, accordingly, suggests, so, thus, hence, indicates…2)前提的标志词有since, because, due to, given that, as a result of, as…我们在做题时通常是通过对文章的理解和标志词来找到前提和结论，但是找到前提和结论只是最初部分，能不能准确理解前提和结论，并且把前提和结论准确地记忆起来才是关键。

gmat focus edition 文本逻辑推理-概述说明以及解释

gmat focus edition 文本逻辑推理-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是全球范围内被公认的商学院研究生招生考试，旨在评估考生在商业管理和管理学领域的应试能力。

GMAT考试包括四个部分：分析性写作、整体评估、量化推理和口语推理。

其中，逻辑推理是GMAT考试中的重要组成部分，考察考生在逻辑思维、分析问题和解决问题方面的能力。

逻辑推理的题目种类多样，涵盖了各种实际情境和逻辑问题，考生需要通过合理的推理和思考来解决问题。

在GMAT考试中，逻辑推理不仅是一种能力的考查，更是考生在解题过程中展现出的逻辑严谨性和思维清晰度。

因此，提高逻辑推理能力对于GMAT考试的备考至关重要。

接下来，本文将重点探讨逻辑推理在GMAT考试中的重要性以及相关的题型分析，帮助考生更好地备考和提高逻辑推理能力。

1.2 文章结构文章结构部分主要包括本文的组织形式和篇章布局。

在本文中，主要分为引言、正文和结论三个部分。

在引言部分，我们会对GMAT考试和逻辑推理进行概述，介绍本文的目的并展示整篇文章的结构。

引言的目的是为了引起读者的兴趣，使他们对本文的内容有一个整体的了解。

在正文部分，我们将会详细介绍GMAT考试的概述，逻辑推理在GMAT中的重要性以及GMAT逻辑推理题型的分析。

通过这些内容，读者可以更深入地了解逻辑推理在GMAT考试中的应用和作用。

最后，在结论部分，我们将对逻辑推理对GMAT考试的帮助进行总结，并提出提高逻辑推理能力的方法。

结语部分将会对全文进行回顾，强调逻辑推理在GMAT考试中的重要性，并鼓励读者在备考过程中注重逻辑推理能力的提升。

1.3 目的本文旨在帮助读者了解GMAT考试中逻辑推理的重要性，以及该部分题型的分析。

通过深入探讨逻辑推理在GMAT考试中的作用，读者将更好地理解这一考试领域，并为其备考提供有力的帮助。

同时，我们还将探讨如何提高逻辑推理能力，以便读者能够在GMAT考试中取得更好的成绩。

GMAT逻辑解题方法

【实战方法】GMAT逻辑解题方法by lawyer携隐：lawyer的这篇文章，详细阐述了考试时采取何种解题步骤、如何读原文、GMAT逻辑包括哪些类型、以及各种题型的特点和具体解答方法，在实战中非常的有用。

其与XDF有所不同的分类，从某种程度上来说更贴近ETS的出题意图，给我们提供了另外一种分类总结的方式。

建议大家详细阅读，反复体会，争取在实战中取得更好的成绩。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------曾经有人问，考试时是按平时分析题的思路去做题吗，答案是NO，时间不允许，考试时做题很大程度上是靠感觉，这种感觉主要靠平时分析题的思路形成。

为此，下文对这种感觉进行探讨，分析考试时实际是如何做题的。

解题步骤一．看问题问题分为：MUST BE TRUE（包括SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING）/MIAN POIN T（包括FILL IN BLANK）/WEAKEN/SUPPORT/JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSION/A SSUMPTION/RESOLVE THE PARADOX/METHOD OF REASONING（包括ROLE）/FLAW IN THE REASONING/PARALLEL REASONING/EVALUATION THE ARG UMENT/CANNOT BE TRUE（包括WEAKEN选项）/POINT AT ISSUE/PRINCIP LE二。

分析原文1．原文有结论：分清前提，反前提，附加前提，中间结论和总结论，特别是推出结论的直接前提。

在脑中形成因为（直接前提）所以（结论）推理结构。

注意结论的特殊性和具体性2．原文没结论的：主要有三类MUST BE TRUE/CANNOT BE TRUE/RESOLVE THE DESCREPANCY。

对前两类，有共同结合点的，将其结合起来，看能推出什麽。

GMAT资料下载地址大全

本文适用对象：刚刚接触GMAT的新手，看过本文对GMAT备考资料有一个较为全面的了解；已经复习GMAT一段时间的朋友，帮您对手中的一些资料进行取舍！下列资料都来自梦网论坛，在此向他们的辛勤劳动表示感谢。

网友下载前须知：1、点击鼠标右键“另存为”下载；2、下面有些文件是PDF格式的，需要Acrobate Adobe Reader 7.0软件才能打开，它的下载地址为：/soft/2696.htm第一部分、Official Guide for GMATGMAT国内笔考真题（1）Official Guide 逻辑+语法+阅读（PDF版）下载/exam/GMAT_Official_Guide_10th_CR_RC.rar（2）Official Guide 阅读（Word版）下载/exam/OfficialGuideForGMAT_10th_RC_word.zip（3）GMAT OG数学部分下载第一部分/exam/GMAT_OG_Math.zip（4）XDF补充教材（阅读、语法、逻辑、数学分册）含答案 (4.4M) 下载/exam/XDF_Old_Books.rar（5）OG阅读（Word版） (144K) 下载/exam/OG_RC_WORD.rar说明：OG阅读48篇，word版。

通过CD上面的内容整理，不过文字格式等等后面的没有调整，一些页码通过PDF转过来没有删除（6）OG语法完全版（Word版） (98K) （感谢sfish制作！）下载/exam/OG_SC_FULL_VERSION_BY_SFISH.rar第二部分、GMAT模考软件（1）KAPLAN HighScore 2005 for GMAT (287M) 下载ftp://gmat:***********************.117.229/KPL_HigherScore_for_GMAT_2 005.rar（2）Princeton 2004 (1 0.4M) 下载（强烈感谢DC上传！）/exam/PR_GMAT_2004.rar（3）HighGMAT（35.2M）下载简介：新东方的GMAT模考软件，内容覆盖大部分GMAT笔考题，感谢Anchoret 上传！/exam/HighGMAT.rar注：模考软件需要使用虚拟光驱安装。

GMAT逻辑难点题型及例题讲解【纯干货】

GMAT逻辑难点题型及例题讲解【纯干货】武汉雷哥GMAT小讲堂：大家都知道GMAT是讲究方法思维的考试，也可以说GMAT是逻辑思维的考试，不仅逻辑注重思维方法，阅读和句子改错同样注重思维方法。

今天武汉雷哥GMAT的逻辑小王子Elisha老师，带大家来看下逻辑题中的难题。

说到逻辑中的难题，大多数同学会想到假设题和评价题这两种题型。

下面，我们结合假设题以及评价题的例题，对每种题型的特点进行分析与总结。

一、假设题假设题，又称assumption题目，属于增强类的一种特殊形式。

通常需要寻找一个必要条件，使得文章结论成立，与增强题不同的是增强题是提高可能性，而假设题目是使之成立，从这层意义上说，假设题算数加强题的一种变体，因为都是要让结论成立。

1、标志性词语：assumption、an addition premise、depend on。

2、解题思路：寻找与文中逻辑链最相关的条件，且能够使结论成立的选项；3、解题技巧：把选项取否定，如因此推翻结论（变成削弱选项），则该选项是答案。

4、例题：The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?(A) Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.(C) People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.(D) Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.(E) Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.解析：血管中特定的V&M水平越高，人的肺功能越好，肺功能可由人在一秒呼出的空气量确定。

gmat逻辑复习计划分享

gmat逻辑复习计划分享想知道gmat逻辑怎么复习?接下来是为大家搜集了的gmat逻辑复习计划分享，供大家参考借鉴。

一、初步熟悉逻辑题型1、MUSTBETURE:结论2、MAINCONCLUSION:结论3、WEAKEN削弱4、SUPPORT加强5、ASSUMPTION6、JUSTIFYTHECONCLUSION7、Paradox(Explanation)解释8、FLAWINTHEREASONING找错(解释吧)9、EVALUATIONTHEARGUMENT评价10、MAINPOINT&FILLINBLANK填空简化出前提和结论二、第二阶段：建立思维模式1)第一步，逻辑思维入门。

这里推荐2个系列的文章，一个是《mba联考逻辑基础》，一个系列是《逻辑入门(英文版)》。

前者是一个逻辑基础的中文教程，本身写得通俗易懂，对于逻辑的入门，是一下不错的读物。

后者是一位前辈写的关于gmat逻辑的文章，对于gmat的题目更加有针对性，但是由于是英文写的，对于入门不是太有利。

这两个系列有一些重复的内容，不需要全部都看。

如果你本身对于逻辑已经有了比较全面的认识的话，可以跳过这一步。

2)第二步，使用og1)第一遍计时做，计算每道题的时间，和所有题目的总时间。

考试要求我们1分40秒做出一道题目，而我们在第一遍的时候不必做到这样的要求。

我们要做的是认真思考。

并用时针总共记录下OG12中124道题的时间，有些题目可以瞬间搞定，有些可能花一些时间，通过时间衡量，我们能够知道我们的薄弱环节再哪里。

当然我们最好是能记录下每道题的时间。

2)第二遍不限时做，总结错误，归类。

你对题目有了很大了解，就没有必要限时做了。

不限时做，是在做题过程中再次总结之前所有错误和这次的新错误。

总结错误方式。

如果一道题本该选D但是你选B，就要知道B选项为什么错，而不一定非要知道D为什么对，排除错误选项的方法才是重中之重。

3)第三遍计时做，找感觉。

3.狒狒逻辑 Day2

Test 219.Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Jane’s argument?(A) The most violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adult characters who are portrayed by adult actors.(B) The movies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people’s behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.(C) The people who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are those who can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.(D) Many adolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies.(E) Among the producers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.20. A rise in the percentage of all 18-year-olds who were recruited by the armed services of a small republic between 1980 and 1986 correlates with a rise in the percentage of young people who dropped out of high school in that republic. Since 18-year-olds in the republic are generally either high school graduates or high school dropouts, the correlation leads to the conclusion that the republic’s recruitment rates for 18-year-olds depend substantially on recruitment rates for high school dropouts.Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the argument?(A) A large number of 18-year-old high school graduates were recruited for the republic’s armed services in 1986 than in 1980.(B) Many of the high-technology systems used by the republic’s armed services can be operated only by individuals who have completed a high school education.(C) Between 1980 and 1986 the percentage of high school graduates among 18-year-olds recruited in the republic rose sharply.(D) Personnel of the republic’s armed services are strongly encouraged to finish their high school education.(E) The proportion of recruits who had completed at least two years of college education was greater in 1986 than in 1980.21. Historian: We can learn about the medical history of individuals through chemical analysis of thei r hair. It is likely, for example, that Isaac Newton’s psychological problems were due to mercury poisoning; traces of mercury were found in his hair. Analysis is now being done on a lock of Beethoven’s hair. Although no convincing argument has shown that Beethoven ever had a venereal disease, some people hypothesize that venereal disease caused his deafness. Since mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease, if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair, we can conclude that this hypothesis is correct.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian’s argument depends?(A) None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated.(B) Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.(C) Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease.(D) Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.(E) Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as Newton’s.22. In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North American paid its reporters an average salary paid by its principle competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaperargued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters’ salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.Which one of the following, if true about the newspaper in 1992, most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive?(A) Senior reporters at the newspaper earned as much as reporters of similar stature who worked for the newspaper’s principle competitors.(B) Most of the newspaper’s reporters had worked there for more than ten years.(C) The circulation of the newspaper had recently reached a plateau, after it had increased steadily throughout the 1980s.(D) The union that represented reporters at the newspaper was different from the union that represented reporters at the newspaper’s competitors.(E) The newspaper was widely read throughout continental Europe and Great Britain as well as North America.23. On a certain day, nine scheduled flights on Swift Airlines were canceled. Ordinarily, a cancellation is due to mechanical problems with the airplane scheduled for a certain flight. However, since it is unlikely that Swift would have the mechanical problems with more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day, some of the nine cancellations were probably due to something else.The argument depends on which one of the following assumptions?(A) More than one or two airplanes were scheduled for the nine canceled flights.(B) Swift Airlines has fewer mechanical problems than do other airlines of the same size.(C) Each of the canceled flights would have been longer than the average flight on Swift Airlines.(D) Swift Airlines had never before canceled more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day.(E) All of the airplanes scheduled for the canceled flights are based at the same airport.24. The inters titial nucleus, a subregion of the brain’s hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than .05 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?(A) No female cats have been known to contract disease X, which is a subtype of disease Y.(B) Many male cats who contract disease X also contract disease Z, the cause of which is unknown.(C) the interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact disease X are larger than those of female cats who do not contract disease X.(D) Of 1,000 autopsies on male cats who did not contract disease X, 5 revealed interstitial nuclei larger than those of the average male cat.(E) The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.25. There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol and gasoline, and has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by photosynthesis. Each of the following, if true, strengthens the argument above EXCEPT:(A) Cars run less well on gasoline than they do on gasohol.(B) Since less gasoline is needed with the use of gasohol, an energy shortage is less likely.(C) Cars burn on the average slightly more gasohol per kilometer than they do gasoline.(D) Gasohol is cheaper to produce and hence costs less at the pump than gasoline.(E) Burning gasoline adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants can remove.26. Barnes: The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Hence, the salaries and the complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced.Which one of the following is an assumption on which Barnes’s argument d epends?(A) The duties of the two newest employees are not less complex than any others in the company.(B) It is because of the complex duties assigned that the two newest employees are being paid more than is usually paid to newly hired employees.(C) The two newest employees are not experienced at their occupations.(D) Barnes was not hired at a higher-than-average starting salary.(E) The salaries of the two newest are no higher than the salaries that other companies pay for workers with a similar level of experience.27. These days, drug companies and health professionals alike are focusing their attention on cholesterol in the blood. The more cholesterol we have in our blood, the higher the risk that we shall die of a heart attack. The issue is pertinent since heart disease kills more North Americans every year than any other single cause. At least three factors---smoking, drinking, and exercise—can each influence levels of the cholesterol in the blood.Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?(A) If a person has low blood cholesterol, then that person’s risk of fatal heart disease is low.(B) Smoking in moderation can entail as great a risk of fatal heart disease as does heavy smoking.(C) A high-cholesterol diet is the principal cause of death in North America.(D) The only way that smoking increases one’s risk of fatal heart disease is by influencing the levels of cholesterol in the blood.(E) The risk of fatal heart disease can be altered by certain changes in lifestyle.28. Ordinary mountain sickness, a common condition among mountain climbers, and one from which most people can recover, is caused by the characteristic shortage of oxygen in the atmosphere at high altitudes. Cerebral edema, a rarer disruption of blood circulation in the brain that quickly becomes life-threatening if not correctly treated from its onset, can also be caused by a shortage of oxygen. Since the symptoms of cerebral edema resemble those of ordinary mountain sickness, cerebral edema is especially dangerous at high altitudes.Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?(A) The treatment for ordinary mountain sickness differs from the treatment for cerebral edema.(B) Cerebral edema can cause those who suffer from it to slip into a coma within a few hours.(C) Unlike cerebral edema, ordinary mountain sickness involves no disruption of blood circulation in the brain.(D) Shortage of oxygen at extremely high altitude is likely to affect thinking processes and cause errors of judgment.(E) Most people who suffer from ordinary mountain sickness recover without any special treatment.29. The price of a full-fare coach ticket from Toronto to Dallas on Breezeway Airlines is the same today as it was a year ago, if inflation is taken into account by calculating prices in constant dollars. However, today 90 percent of the Toronto-to-Dallas coach tickets that Breezeway sells are discount tickets and only 10 percent are full-fare tickets, whereas a year ago half were discount tickets and half were full-fare tickets. Therefore, on average, people pay less today in constant dollars for a Breezeway Toronto-to-Dallas coach ticket than they did a year ago. Which one of the following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn?(A) A Toronto-to-Dallas full-fare coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines provides ticket-holders with a lower level of service today than such a ticket provided a year ago.(B) A Toronto-to-Dallas discount coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.(C) All full-fare coach tickets on Breezeway Airlines cost the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.(D) The average number of coach passengers per flight that Breezeway Airlines carries from Toronto to Dallas today is higher than the average number per flight a year ago.(E) The criteria that Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers to buy discount coach tickets on the Toronto-to-Dallas route are different today than they were a year ago.30. Combustion of gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene, a known carcinogen. Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol, which does not produce significant quantities of benzene when burned. However, combustion of methanol produces formaldehyde, also a know carcinogen. Therefore the environmentalists’ proposal has little merit.Which one of the following, if true, most supports the environmentalist’ prop osal?(A) The engines of some automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel rather than gasoline.(B) Several large research efforts are under way to formulate cleaner-burning types of gasoline.(C) In some regions, the local economy is largely dependent on industries devoted to the production and distribution of automobile fuel.(D) formaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen than benzene.(E) Since methanol is water soluble, methanol spills are more damaging to the environment than gasoline spills.Questions 31-32Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.31. An assumption made in the explanation offered by the author of the passage is that(A) most television viewers cannot agree on which elements of a particular opinion or analysis are most disturbing.(B) there are television viewers who might refuse to watch television talk shows that they knew would be controversial and disturbing.(C) each television viewer holds some opinion that is outside the political mainstream, but those opinions are not the same for everyone.(D) there are television shows on which economic forces have an even greater impact than they do on television talk shows.(E) the television talk shows of different stations resemble one another in most respects.32. The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that(A) television station executives usually lack a political agenda of their own(B) bland and innocuous political opinions and analyses are generally in the mainstream(C) political analysts outside the mainstream are relatively indifferent to the effect their analyses have on television viewers(D) most television viewers are prepared to argue against allowing the expression of political opinions and analyses with which they disagree(E) the political opinions of television station executives are not often reflected in the television shows their stations produceQuestions 33-34Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower’s range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.33. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist’s reasoning?(A) It is better to take measures to preserve a valued type of organism, even if those measures are drastic, than to accept a less valuable substitute for the organism.(B) It is better to preserve a type of organism that is in danger of extinction, even if surviving organisms of that type are not vigorous, than to allow something more vigorous to replace it.(C) It is better to change a type of organism that would otherwise be lost, even if the changes are radical, than to lose it entirely.(D) It is better to destroy one of two competing types of organisms, even if both are irreplaceable, than to allow both of them to be lost.(E) It is better to protect an endangered type of organism, even if doing so has some negative effects on another type of organism, than to do nothing at all.34. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist’s reasoning depends?(A) The wildflower currently reproduces only by forming seeds.(B) The domesticated daisy was bred from wild plants that once grew in the wildflower’s range.(C) Increasing the population of the wildflower will also expand its range.(D) Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to reproduce.(E) The domesticated daisy will cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.35. Because of increases in the price of oil and because of government policies promoting energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes fell by 40 percent from 1970 to the present, and manyhomeowners switched to natural gas for heating. Because switching to natural gas involved investing in equipment, a significant switch back to oil in the near future is unlikely.The prediction that ends the passage would be most seriously called into question if it were true that in the last few years.(A) the price of natural gas to heat homes has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply.(B) the price of home heating oil has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat home with natural gas has risen sharply.(C) the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply, while the price of home heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels.(D) the cost of equipment to heat homes with oil has fallen sharply, while the price of heating with oil has fallen below the price of heating with natural gas(E) the use of oil to heat homes has continued to decline, while the price of heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels36. Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for “Do something creative together” two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On the other occasions, the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions that may include the use of language and forethought.Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?(A) Mammals have some resemblance to one another with respect to bodily function and brain structure.(B) The dolphins often exhibit complex new responses to the hand signal.(C) The dolphins are given food incentives as part of their training.(D) Dolphins do not interact with humans the way they interact with one another.(E) Some of the behaviors mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their natural habitat。

GMAT狒狒逻辑讲义(优化版)1

GMAT逻辑讲义归纳题：从上到下（从原文到答案）1、读题 1）注意条件句，如if, as long as等，例第二册P203 (20)2）注意有没有否绝对化词，如only，any，no, solely等3）注意有没有数学上的等式、不等式关系或比例(percent, proportion)等，例第二册第二册P117 ⒂、 P126⒆、 P169(1)、P248(14)2、判断答案的原则：(1) 答案中不能出现原文中没有的新概念（包括新的动词、形容词、名词等，但是需要同义词的出现）(2) 若原文在某一信息点上没有绝对化概念，那么答案中也没有(3) 不能出现新的比较(4) 答案不能和原文信息相违背。

例题：第二册P115⑽ P116⑾ P123⑼ P126⒅推导结构例题第二册P122 ④，讲义section 1(19题)2）理解命题及常用表达（该知识点需要好好把握，不仅仅在归纳题中有用，在逻辑描述题中，逻辑结构II. unless := if not 即 not A unless B表达为：A→BA unless B表达为：非A→Bonly if: A only if B表达为A→Bif only: A if only B表达为B→AA is necessary to B：B→AWhenever，whoever，wherever := if二、Weaken 和Support演绎题型（从下到上，即从答案到原文）weaken supportReasoningPremise（前提），Conclusion（结论），Reasoning(推理过程，前提到结论的思维变迁) 演绎题所面临的是一个“待评价的推理”，也就是从前提到结论的这个推理是否能够成立我是1、如何正确理解weaken , support支持：(support),将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有支持作用就可以，所以既可非充分又可非必要驳斥：（weaken），将答案放在论据和结论之间，对原文推理或者结论有驳斥作用就可以，所以也是既可非充分又可非必要如何理解充分和必要1．充分：所谓充分条件就是仅有这条件就足以带来结果，不需考虑别的条件了。