data structure 4

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数据结构英文版课件1Data-Structures-Course

It should go without saying that people write programs to solve problems. However ， it is crucial to keep this truism in mind when selecting a data structure to solve a particular problem. Only by first analyzing the problem to determine the performance goals that must be achieved can there be any hope of selecting the right data structure that they are familiar with but which is inappropriate to the problem.
Data Structures 2017-2-21 9/9
How to use Data Structures?
When selecting a data structure to solve a problem, you should follow these steps: 1. Analyze your problem to determine the basic operations that must be supported. Examples of basic operations include inserting a data item into the data structure, deleting a data item from the data structure, and finding a specified data item. 2. Quantify the resource constraints for each operation. 3. Select the data structure that best meets these requirements.

Data Structures and Algorithms

Identifying Techniques for Designing Algorithms (Contd.)
Divide and conquer is a powerful approach for solving conceptually difficult problems. Divide and conquer approach requires you to find a way of:
Multiple algorithms can be designed to solve a particular problem. An algorithm that provides the maximum efficiency should be used for solving the problem.
Data Structures and Algorithms
Rationale
Computer science is a field of study that deals with solving a variety of problems by using computers.
To solve a given problem by using computers, you need to design an algorithm for it.
Finding the shortest distance from an originating city to a set of destination cities, given the distances between the pairs of cities. Finding the minimum number of currency notes required for an amount, where an arbitrary number of notes for each denomination are available. Selecting items with maximum value from a given set of items, where the total weight of the selected items cannot exceed a given value.

data structure

线性表操作
ListDelete(&L, i, &e)的实现：
首先分析：
删除元素时，
线性表的逻辑结构发生什么变化？
(a1, …, ai-1, ai, ai+1, …, an) 改变为
(a1, …, ai-1, ai+1, …, an) <ai-1, ai>, <ai, ai+1>
<ai-1, ai+1>
由于“弧”是有方向的，因此称由顶点集和弧集构成的图为有向图。
例如: G1 = (V1, VR1)
A
B C D E 其中 V1={A, B, C, D, E} VR1={<A,B>, <A,E>,
<B,C>, <C,D>, <D,B>, <D,A>, <E,C> }
若<v, w>VR 必有<w, v>VR, 则称 (v,w) 为顶点 v 和顶点 w 之间存在一条边。例如: G2=(V2,VR2) V2={A, B, C, D, E, F} VR2={(A, B), (A, E),
共5个

性质 1 ：在二叉树的第 i 层上至多有2i-1 个结点。
(i≥1)
用归纳法证明：
归纳基： i = 1 层时，只有一个根结点， 2i-1 = 20 = 1；归纳假设：假设对所有的 j，1≤ j i，命题成立; 归纳证明：二叉树上每个结点至多有两棵子树，则第 i 层的结点数 = 2i-2 2 = 2i-1 。
例如：顺序表
L.elem L.listsize
23 75 41 38 54 62 17

数据结构第1章绪论

课程改革: 课程改革:
实验单独设课, 强调上机实践能力数据结构课程: 理论课(68课时4学分)+实验课(24课时1.5 学分) 课程考核
1.3 基本概念和术语
1、 2、 3、 4、 5、 6、数据数据元素数据对象数据结构数据类型抽象数据类型
1. 数据能输入到计算机中的符号集数据: 合. 2. 数据元素数据的基本单位. 数据元素: 3. 数据对象数据对象: 具有相同性质的数据元素的集合. 4. 数据结构: DATA STRUCTURE 数据结构: 数据及其相互关系的集合. 分为逻辑结构和存储结构(物理结构). 数据结构-------------------------------类数据结构----------------类 CLASS
数据的存储结构
1. 顺序存储结构顺序存储结构：借助元素在存储器中的相对位置来表示数据元素间的逻辑关系。【例1.4】对于表1-1提出的学生信息登记表进行存储，假定每个元素占用50个存储单元，数据从1000号单元开始由低地址向高地址存放，对应的顺序存储结构如表1-3所示。
数据的存储结构
顺序存储结构的主要特点：可实现对各数据元素的随机访问。这是因为只要知道存储的首地址以及每个数据元素所占的存储单元，就可以计算出各数据元素的存储地址。不利于修改，在对数据元素进行插入、删除运算时可能要移动一系列的数据元素。
抽象数据类型的定义：抽象数据类型的定义：
ADT： ADT：抽象数据类型名 data 数据元素之间逻辑关系定义 operation 操作1 操作1 操作2 操作2
……
操作n 操作n
抽象数据类型的不同视图
1.4 1.4 算法和算法分析
1. 定义：算法（Algorithm）是对特定问题求定义：算法（Algorithm）解步骤的一种描述，它是指令的有限序列，解步骤的一种描述，它是指令的有限序列，其中每一条指令表示一个或多个操作。中每一条指令表示一个或多个操作特性： 2. 特性：

cs3460_ch1 Data Structures 美国高校《数据结构》(Data Structure)ppt课件,共9章,英文版

Series - 2
• The top three examples are arithmetic series
• Proofs are typically by induction, which we will see in a minute
• The series for HN is a harmonic series; the eo Euler’s constant 0.57721..
• Then show p1 * p2 * p3 * … * pk + 1 is a prime and it is clearly larger than pk
Recursion
• Some mathematical functions are naturally recursive
– factorial: n! =
• Two steps –
– Prove a base case, for example, if you want to prove a theorem for any integer value n >= 1, you would first prove it for n = 1
– Assuming the theorem is true for values 1..k for some arbitrary k, prove it is true for k + 1
Proof by Induction - 2
• We first prove the base case with n = 1, which results in 1 = 1 (1 + 1) (2 * 1 + 1) / 6
• To prove the general case, we let n = k and prove the formula for k+1 using algebraic manipulation

编程英语中英文对照

编程英语中英文对照Data Structures 基本数据结构Dictionaries 字典Priority Queues 堆Graph Data Structures 图Set Data Structures 集合Kd-Trees 线段树Numerical Problems 数值问题Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法Determinants and Permanents 行列式Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题Linear Programming 线性规划Random Number Generation 随机数生成Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算Knapsack Problem 背包问题Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier变换Combinatorial Problems 组合问题Sorting 排序Searching 查找Median and Selection 中位数Generating Permutations 排列生成Generating Subsets 子集生成Generating Partitions 划分生成Generating Graphs 图的生成Calendrical Calculations 日期Job Scheduling 工程安排Satisfiability 可满足性Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法Connected Components 连通分支Topological Sorting 拓扑排序Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树Shortest Path 最短路径Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包Matching 匹配Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler回路/中国邮路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点Network Flow 网络流Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘Drawing Trees 树的描绘Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP问题Clique 最大团Independent Set 独立集Vertex Cover 点覆盖Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商问题Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton回路Graph Partition 图的划分Vertex Coloring 点染色Edge Coloring 边染色Graph Isomorphism 同构Steiner Tree Steiner树Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大无环子图Computational Geometry 计算几何Convex Hull 凸包Triangulation 三角剖分Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi图Nearest Neighbor Search 最近点对查询Range Search 范围查询Point Location 位置查询Intersection Detection 碰撞测试Bin Packing 装箱问题Medial-Axis Transformation 中轴变换Polygon Partitioning 多边形分割Simplifying Polygons 多边形化简Shape Similarity 相似多边形Motion Planning 运动规划Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割Minkowski Sum Minkowski和Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题Set Cover 集合覆盖Set Packing 集合配置String Matching 模式匹配Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Text Compression 压缩Cryptography 密码Finite State Machine Minimization 有穷自动机简化Longest Common Substring 最长公共子串Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串DP——Dynamic Programming——动态规划recursion —— 递归编程词汇A2A integration A2A整合abstract 抽象的abstract base class (ABC)抽象基类abstract class 抽象类abstraction 抽象、抽象物、抽象性access 存取、访问access level访问级别access function 访问函数account 账户action 动作activate 激活active 活动的actual parameter 实参adapter 适配器add-in 插件address 地址address space 地址空间address-of operator 取地址操作符ADL (argument-dependent lookup)ADO(ActiveX Data Object)ActiveX数据对象advanced 高级的aggregation 聚合、聚集algorithm 算法alias 别名align 排列、对齐allocate 分配、配置allocator分配器、配置器angle bracket 尖括号annotation 注解、评注API (Application Programming Interface) 应用(程序)编程接口app domain (application domain)应用域application 应用、应用程序application framework 应用程序框架appearance 外观append 附加architecture 架构、体系结构archive file 归档文件、存档文件argument引数(传给函式的值)。

data structure 数据结构英文大纲

ECON0010: Data StructureCourse Outline, 2020-2021 (Term 2)LecturerTeaching FellowClass TeachersAims"Data Structure”is a specialized and fundamental knowledge for college students majoring in computer science.This course covers the basic fundamental data structures, including linear structure, tree structure and graph structure,etc. It discusses the internal representation of basic data structure, associated algorithms (implemented by C programming language) based on data structures and analysis of algorithms, and implementations of data structures. In addition, sorting algorithm, searching algorithm and files algorithm will be introduced as well. Based on the successful experience of this course，students will master fundamental knowledge and methods of software，and improve their programming skills. Besides, students will establish a strong foundation for subsequent courses, such as Operation System, Compiling System, Principles of Data Base. The course is an examination subject for enrolling postgraduate students of Computer Science in high schools.ObjectivesThis course covers the basic fundamental data structures, they are linear structure.tree structure and graph structure;It discusses the internal representation of basic data structure、 associated algorithms (implemented by C or C++ programming language)based on data structures and analysis of algorithms, and implementations of data structures;Algorithms for sorting . searching and files will be introduced as well.At the end of the course, students should:(i) Master the basic knowledge and skills of computer programming;(ii) Establish the basic concepts and ideas of process oriented programming;(iii) skillfully use C language for general process oriented programming.Outline SyllabusChapter 1 PrefaceDefinitions of data structure,Basic concepts and terminology,Data abstraction and OOP. Chapter 2 Algorithm AnalysisDefinition of program and algorithm,Time complexities,Methods and goal of algorithm analysis.Chapter 3 List,Stacks,and QueuesDefinition of ADT,List ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked Lists,Data structure and library of function, Applications of lists,Cursor implementation of linked lists, Stack ADT, Array implementation of lists, Linked lists implementation of stack, Applications of stacks, Postfix and infix evaluation,Circular queue,Applications of queue.Chapter 4 StringsDefinition of operations of Strings, Storage representation of Strings as sequence and linked, Algorithm implementation of associated operations.Chapter 5 Matrix And Generic ListCompression of matrix,Operations on compressed matrix,Linked implementation of generic lists,Recursive functions of generic lists,Applications of generic list.Chapter 6 TreesDefinition of tree ADT,FirstChild-NextSibling Representation, Tree traversals,Applications of trees, Definitions and properties of binary trees,Traversal of trees, Recursive functions of trees, Threaded binary trees,Binary search trees,AVL trees, Splay trees,B-trees,Application of binary trees.Chapter 7 Graph AlgorithmsDefinitions and terminology of graph,Representation of Graphs,AOV network,Topological sort,Shortest path algorithms,AOE network,Critical Path,Network flow problems,Minimum spanning tree,Applications of Depth-First Search,Biconnectivity,Breadth-first search,Euler Circuits,Problem solving in AI.Chapter 8 SearchingSearching of sequential tables and algorithms analysis,searching of tree-table and algorithms analysis,searching of hash-table and algorithms analysis.Chapter 9 SortingInsertion sort,A Slower bound for simple sorting algorithms,Shellsort,Heapsort,Mergesort, Quicksort,Sorting large structures,Bucket sort and radix sort.Required courseworkMultimedia courseware(programming assignment)Assessment50% process assessment results (10% discussion,20% Stage Test,20% homework)50%final assessment scoreRecommended reading1. TextbookKejian Xia;Data Structure +Algorithms , nd Edition; National DefenceIndustry Press，2004.2，(ISBN 7-118-02419-8 , 34 thousand characters);2. ReferencesWeimin Yan &Weimin Wu，Data Structure (C programming language),TSinghua University Press，1999;Zhuoqun Xu etc，Data Structure，High education Press，1998Course ArrangementFirst week：(4 class hours)Definitions of data structure,Basic concepts and terminology,Data abstraction and OOP. Second week: (4 class hours)Definition of program and algorithm,Time complexities,Methods and goal of algorithm analysis.The third week: (4 class hours)Definition of ADT,List ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked Lists,Data structure and library of function, Applications of lists,Cursor implementation of linked lists.Stack ADT,Array implementation of lists,Linked lists implementation of stack,Applications ofstacks,Postfix and infix evaluation,Circular queue,Applications of queue.The fourth week: (4 class hours)Definition of operations of Strings,storage representation of Strings as sequence and linked,algorithm implementation of associated operations.The fifth week: (4 class hours)Compression of matrix,Operations on compressed matrix,Linked implementation of generic lists,Recursive functions of generic lists,Applications of generic list.The six week: (4 class hours)Definition of tree ADT,FirstChild-NextSibling Representation,Tree traversals,Applications of trees,Definitions and properties of binary trees,Traversal of trees.The seven week: (4 class hours)Recursive functions of trees,Threaded binary trees,Binary search trees.The eight week: (4 class hours)AVL trees,Splay trees,B-trees,Application of binary trees.The nine week: (4 class hours)Definintions and terminology of graph,Representation of Graphs,AOV network,Topological sort,Shortest path algorithms.The ten week (4 class hours)AOE network,Critical Path,Network flow problems,Minimum spanning tree,Applications of Depth-First Search,Biconnectivity,Breadth-first search,Euler Circuits,Problem solving in AI.The eleven week(4 class hours)Searching of sequential tables and algorithms analysis,searching of tree-table and algorithms analysis,searching of hash-table and algorithms analysis.The twelve week(4 class hours)Insertion sort,A Slower bound for simple sorting algorithms,Shellsort,Heapsort,Mergesort, Quicksort,Sorting large structures,Bucket sort and radix sort.Assignments to be given in1.Homework, by assigning corresponding homework to the learning content of each chapter.2.Pre-class test to evaluate students' mastery of the previous class.Evaluate students' hands-on operation mastery by assigning exercise questions on the computer3.Test for different knowledge modules.prehensive homework at the end of the semester to test students' cognition of the course.The specific content of the assessment includes the following points:(i) Essential basic knowledge in programmingUnderstand the composition of computer system, number system and its conversion,concept of algorithm and description method of algorithm(ii) C language basisMaster constants, operators, variables and input, output of C or C++ language. (iii) algorithm design techniquesGreedy algorithms,divide and conquer,dynamic programming,backtracking algorithms.。

Data Structure (资料结构)

C. –C. Yao
Selection Sort (Cont.)
• Theorem 1.1: sort(a, n) correctly sorts a set of n ≥ 1 integers; the result remains in a[0] … a[n-1] such that a[0] ≤ a[1] ≤ … ≤ a[n–1].
Data Structure (資料結構）
Assistant Prof. Chih-Chia Yao（姚志佳）
E-mail: ccyao@.tw
C. –C. Yao
Text & Reference books
教科書(Textbook)：
1. 2. Ellis Horowitz, Sartaj Sahni, and Dinesh P. Mehta, “Fundamentals of Data Structures in C++”, 2nd Ed., Silicon Press, 2007. (開發圖書代理) 中文版—基礎資料結構-使用C++, 第二版, 戴顯權譯, 開發圖書
C. –C. Yao
Grading
1. 作業: 20%
2. 3次期中考(Midterm Exams): 90%
3. 課程參與(Participation): 10%
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
C. –C. Yao
Chap 1
Basic Concepts (基本概念)
C. –C. Yao
Algorithm
• Definition: An algorithm is a finite set of instructions that, if followed, accomplishes a particular task. In addition, all algorithms must satisfy the following criteria:

计算机编程算法常用英语术语

计算机编程算法常用英语术语
导语：算法是指解题方案的准确而完整的描述，是一系列解决问题的清晰指令，算法代表着用系统的方法描述解决问题的策略机制。

下面是YJBYS小编收集整理的有关计算机算法的英语词汇，欢迎参考!
Median and Selection 中位数
Generating Permutations 排列生成
Generating Subsets 子集生成
Generating Partitions 划分生成
Generating Graphs 图的生成
Data Structures 基本数据结构
Dictionaries 字典
Priority Queues 堆
Graph Data Structures 图
Set Data Structures 集合
Kd-Trees 线段树
Numerical Problems 数值问题
Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组
Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩
Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法
Determinants and Permanents 行列式
Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题
Linear Programming 线性规划
Random Number Generation 随机数生成
Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定
Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算。

课程名称：数据结构与算法 (英文翻译)Data Structure and

在世界上我们只活一次，所以应该爱惜光阴。必须过真实的生活，过有价值的生活。——巴甫洛夫
课程名称：数据结构与算法（英文翻译）Data Structure and algorithm
本课程是让学生深刻领会数据结构与算法在计算机科学中的重要作用。通过本课程的学习使学生掌握非数值问题的计算机解题的主要思想和方法，具有针对实际问题建立合适的数据模型，选择合适的算法并在计算机上实现的能力。初步培养学生在实较好的算法。要求每个同学通过实验使学生学会如何把书上学到的知识用于解决实际问题，培养编程工作所需要的动手能力.
本课程属于中级编程范围，一般是计算机专业的专业必修课。主要介绍线性表，栈，队列，树，图等存储结构和查找，排序等方法。
一个熟练的高级软件开发应用技术人员一般要有三个阶段的训练:
1.结构语言的训练(例:C++语言基础)
2.数据结构知识的训练
3.大型应用程序的训练
教材：数据结构与算法，窦延平等编，2005年, 上海交通大学出版社
在世界上我们只活一次，所以应该爱惜光阴。必须过真实的生活，过有价值的生活。——巴甫洛夫

常用英汉互译技巧

计算机专业英语
4-4
Chapter 4 Data Structure
常用英汉互译技巧
三、转换法例1. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词) 例2. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) 例3. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！ We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)
计算机专业英语
4-8
Chapter 4 Data Structure
常用英汉互译技巧
七、包孕法
这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
计算机专业英语
4-1
Chapter 4 Data Structure
常用英汉互译技巧
一、增译法例1. Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）例2. 这是这两代计算机之间的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the computers of the two generations.（增译介词）例3. Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions and in many cases there is no generally accepted “correct” pronunciation. 每个数学家对数学公式常常有各自的读法，在许多情况下，并不存在一个普遍接受的所谓“正确”读法。(增加隐含意义的词) 例4. 只有在可能发生混淆、或要强调其观点时，数学家才使用较长的读法 It is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasis the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms. (增加主语)

Data and Structure(数据结构)

Data and Structure1、Data Types and Data Structures.1，数据类型和数据结构。

∙What is a data type?什么是数据类型？[修改]∙The essence of a type is that it attempts to identify qualities common to a group of individuals or objects that distinguish it as an identifiable class or kind.一个类型的精髓在于它试图找出共同的特质的个人或者物体识别为可识别的类别或种类的IT小组。

[修改]∙If we provide a set of possible data values and a set of operations that act on the values,we can think of the combination as a data type.如果我们提供一个可能的数据值和一组操作集的价值观行事，我们可以认为，作为一种数据类型的组合。

∙ A data structure is a data type whose values are composed of component elements that are related by some structure.一个数据结构是一种数据类型，其是由某种结构的组成元素组成的相关值。

[修改]∙Since a data structure is a data type,it has a set of operations on its values.由于数据结构是一种数据类型，它有其价值的操作。

[修改]∙In addition,there may be operations that act on its component elements.此外，可能有操作上的组成元素的行为。

数据结构-第四章矩阵的压缩存储.

3
二维数组同样满足数组的定义。一个二维数组可以被看成是特殊的一维数组，其中，每个元素又是一个一维数组。多维数组可以按同样的方法类推。
) )
Amn
( a11 a12 (a 21 a 22 ... ( ... (a m1 a m 2
( ) (
... ... a1n ) ... ... a 2 n ) ... ... ... ) ... ... a mn )
特殊矩阵：值相同的元素或零元素在矩阵中
分布有一定规律。稀疏矩阵：零元素较多，分布无规律。
11
4.2.1
对称矩阵
Aij Aji
在一个n阶方阵A中，若元素满足下述性质：
则称A为对称矩阵。对称矩阵中的元素关于主对角线对称，故只需要存储矩阵的上三角或下三角矩阵，这样可以节约大约一半的空间。
0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 0
col
1 2 1
2 2
3
4 1
5 0
6 1 8
7 0 9
num[col]
cpot[col]
2
5
3
7
8
扫描矩阵三元组表，根据某项的列号，确定它转置后的行号，查 cpot表，按查到的位置直接将该项存入转置三元组表中。
7
二维数组与高维数组
1）存储方式
计算机的存储结构是一维的，因而多维数组必须按某种次序排成一个线性序列加以存储。
a[1][1] a[2][1] A a[3][1] a[m][1]

a[1][2] a[2][2] a[3][2]
a[1][3] a[2][3] a[3][3]

数据结构标准化的硬件方法

数据结构标准化的硬件方法英文回答：Data Structure Standardization.Data structure standardization is a process of organizing and structuring data in a consistent andefficient manner. It ensures that data is stored and retrieved in a way that is optimized for performance and accessibility. There are several benefits to standardizing data structures, including:Improved data quality: Standardization can help to improve data quality by ensuring that data is consistent and accurate. This can lead to improved decision-making and better business outcomes.Increased efficiency: Standardized data structures can help to improve efficiency by making it easier to access and retrieve data. This can lead to reduced developmenttime and faster response times.Enhanced security: Standardized data structures can help to enhance security by making it easier to protect data from unauthorized access. This can help to reduce the risk of data breaches and other security incidents.Improved compatibility: Standardized data structures can help to improve compatibility between different systems and applications. This can make it easier to share data and collaborate with other organizations.There are a number of different ways to standardize data structures. One common approach is to use a data dictionary. A data dictionary is a central repository of information about the structure and content of data. It can be used to define the data elements that are used in an organization, as well as the relationships between those elements.Another approach to data structure standardization is to use a data model. A data model is a logicalrepresentation of the data that is stored in a database. It can be used to define the entities that are represented in the database, as well as the relationships between those entities.Data structure standardization can be implemented using a variety of hardware methods. One common approach is to use a database management system (DBMS). A DBMS is a software program that is used to create and manage databases. DBMSs can enforce data structure standards by ensuring that data is stored and retrieved in a consistent manner.Another hardware method for implementing data structure standardization is to use a data warehouse. A data warehouse is a central repository of data that is used for decision-making. Data warehouses can be used to store data from a variety of different sources, and they can be used to enforce data structure standards by ensuring that datais stored and retrieved in a consistent manner.Data structure standardization is an important aspectof data management. By standardizing data structures, organizations can improve data quality, increase efficiency, enhance security, and improve compatibility.中文回答：数据结构标准化。

structure中文说明

1、待分析数据文件的编辑
可新建文本文件并命名为project_data，以文本编辑的方式编辑数列：
第一列：样品代码，每一样品占两行，每一行为其一个基因型，如样品1的基因型为AA，样品2的基因型为AT，样品3的基因型为TT，则编辑为：
1 1
1 1
2 1
2 2
柱形图绘制软件Distruct使用指南
当Structure软件运行完毕获得结果后，往往需要以CLUMPP或distruct软件绘制柱形图。distruct用法如下：
1、从/distruct.html下载并解压缩Distruct 1.1压缩包，可以看到含7个以casia为名的文件及5个名字字首为distruct的文件，还有一个drawparams的文件和一个颜色文件夹；
4、STEP 2-->填入待分析样品数量，如220-->Ploidy of data即选择单倍体或二倍体，选2-->Number of loci，选位点个数-->MiMissing data value，一般选-9；
5、STEP 3-->依次选择row of marker names, row of recessive alleles, map distance between loci, phase information等，没有就不选；最下面，如果没有data file stores data for individuals in a single line就不选；
54 Hazara
629 Uygur
699 Yakut
56 Kalash"
替换为现内容
"1 CEU
2 CHB
3 YRI"

软件工程基础作业及答案

《软件工程基础》作业第一章概述1．什么是软件危机，它有哪些典型表现？答: 软件危机是指在计算机软件的开发和维护过程中所遇到的一系列严重问题。

概括地说，软件危机包含下述两方面的问题：如何开发软件，以满足对软件日益增长的需求；如何维护数量不断膨胀的已有软件。

软件危机典型表现：对软件开发成本和进度的估计常常很不准确。

用户对“已完成的”软件系统不满意的现象经常发生。

软件产品的质量往往靠不住。

软件常常是不可维护的。

软件通常没有适当的文档资料。

软件成本在计算机系统总成本中所占的比例逐年上升。

软件开发生产率提高的速度，远远跟不上计算机应用迅速普及深入的趋势。

产生软件危机的原因：一方面与软件本身的特点有关，另一方面也和软件开发与维护的方法不正确有关。

软件不同于硬件，它是计算机系统中的逻辑部件而不是物理部件。

管理和控制软件开发过程相当困难。

软件是规模庞大，而且程序复杂性将随着程序规模的增加而呈指数上升。

目前相当多的软件专业人员对软件开发和维护还有不省糊涂观念，在实践过程中或多或少地采用了错误的方法和技术，这是使软件问题发展成软件危机的主要原因。

2．简述产生软件危机的原因和解决的思路。

答:软件危机产生的原因一方面与软件本身的特点有关，另一方面，是与已有软件开发、维护的方法不正确有密切关系。

解决软件危机，既要有技术措施(方法和工具)，又要有必要的组织管理措施。

即采用工程化的原则和方法组织软件开发是摆脱软件危机的一个主要出路。

3．什么是软件工程？它有哪些本质特性？答: 软件工程是指导计算机软件开发和维护的一门工程学科。

采用工程的概念、原理、技术和方法来开发与维护软件，把经过时间考验而证明正确的管理技术和当前能够得到的最好的技术方法结合起来，以经济地开发出高质量的软件并有效地维护它。

软件工程本质特性：1、软件工程关注于大型程序的构造；2、软件工程的中心课题是控制复杂性；3、软件经常变化；4、开发软件的效率非常重要；5、和谐地合作是开发软件的关键；6、软件必须有效地支持它的用户；7、在软件工程领域中是由具有一种文化背景的人替具有另一种文化背景的人创造产品。

c++中structure用法

c++中structure用法1.结构体是C++中一种用来封装一组不同类型的数据的数据结构。

Structures in C++ are used to encapsulate a group of different types of data.2.结构体可以包含不同的数据类型，例如整数、浮点数和字符型数据。

Structures can contain different data types, such as integers, floating point numbers, and character data.3.结构体可以通过使用关键字struct来定义。

Structures can be defined using the keyword struct.4.结构体中的数据成员可以用不同的访问修饰符进行访问控制。

Data members in a structure can be access controlled using different access modifiers.5.结构体可以包含成员函数，在C++中被称为方法。

Structures can contain member functions, which are called methods in C++.6.结构体中的成员变量可以使用点操作符来访问。

Member variables in a structure can be accessed using the dot operator.7.结构体可以作为参数传递给函数，也可以作为函数的返回值。

Structures can be passed as parameters to functions and also can be returned by functions.8.结构体可以用来表示复杂的数据结构，例如链表和树。

Structures can be used to represent complex data structures, such as linked lists and trees.9.结构体可以包含其他结构体作为其成员。

structure 4.0版本用法

文章标题：深度探讨structure 4.0版本的用法1. 概述在当今信息爆炸的时代，如何合理地组织和管理信息变得尤为重要。

对于许多人来说，structure 4.0版本成为了他们管理信息的得力工具。

那么，structure 4.0版本到底是什么？它又如何正确地使用呢？接下来，我将从多个角度对这一主题展开深入探讨。

2. 什么是structure 4.0版本structure 4.0版本是一种信息管理工具，它通过引入更智能的算法、更人性化的界面和更丰富的功能，帮助用户更高效地管理、组织和利用信息。

它不仅可以帮助用户整理文档，还可以对内容进行自动分类、搜索和推荐，从而极大地提升了用户的工作效率。

3. structure4.0版本的基本用法在使用structure 4.0版本时，首先需要将需要管理的文件导入到系统中。

利用structure 4.0版本提供的自动分类功能，将文件按照不同的主题、标签或时间进行整理。

而后，可以通过结合structure 4.0版本的全文搜索和智能推荐功能，快速定位所需信息，提高工作效率。

4. 如何正确地使用structure 4.0版本在使用structure 4.0版本时，需要注意以下几点：要合理地命名文件，避免出现重复或模糊的文件名；要充分利用structure 4.0版本的标签和分类功能，将文件进行归类；要经常清理和整理文件，保持系统的清爽和高效。

5. structure 4.0版本的优势与之前的版本相比，structure 4.0版本在智能化和个性化方面有了明显的提升。

它能够更智能地识别用户的需求，根据用户的操作习惯和喜好，进行智能推荐，极大地提高了用户的工作效率和信息利用率。

6. 结语通过对structure 4.0版本的深度探讨，我们不仅对它的基本用法有了更深入的理解，还了解了它的优势和如何正确地使用。

我相信，在不久的将来，structure 4.0版本将会成为越来越多人信息管理的得力助手，帮助他们更高效地利用信息，提升工作效率。