被动语态完全讲解

被动语态

一、被动语态的构成形式

常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）

1. 被动语态的基本时态变化

被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：

（1） am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时

例：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

（2） has /have been done 现在完成时

例：All the preparations for the task have been completed.

（3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时

例： A new cinema is being built here．

（4） was/were done 一般过去时

例：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

（5） had been done 过去完成时

例： By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

（6） was/were being done 过去进行时

例：A meeting was being held when I was there.

（7） shall/will be done 一般将来时

例：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

（8） should/would be done 过去将来时

例：The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.

（9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）

例：The project will have been completed before July.

（10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）

例：He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式

（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

例：The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例：She lent me a bike.

被动：①I was lent a bike (by her).

② A bike was lent to me (by her).

（3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.

可改为：The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

（4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例：Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.

可改为：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

（6）主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分

例：She got fired because of her faults.

注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”

（7）双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分

例：These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.

3. 非谓语动词的被动语态

v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。

being done/having been done; to be done/to have been done

例:I don't like being laughed at in the public.

二、主动表示被动的几种情况

1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。

例：（1）This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。

（2）These books sell well.这些书好卖。

（3）The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。

（4）Meat won t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。

（5）The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。

2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动词是：look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例：（1）The apples taste good.

（2）The flower smells wonderful.

（3）The news proved/turned out true.

（4）Cotton feels soft.

注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right.

3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。

例：（1）The problem is easy to do.

（2）The question is difficult to answer.

（3）The box is heavy to carry.

（4）The project is impossible to complete in a year.

比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.

没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。

三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况：

1. I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.