历年考博中内试题
人文地理学考博试题
人文地理学考博试题一、简答题（共5题，每题10分）1. 人文地理学的定义及其特点是什么？人文地理学是研究人类与地理环境相互关系及其空间分布规律的学科。
其主要特点包括：首先，人文地理学研究的是人类的行为和活动与地理环境之间的相互作用关系。
它关注人类对地理环境的改变以及地理环境对人类活动的影响。
其次，人文地理学注重研究的是人类的意义建构和社会现象的空间分布。
它探究人类对地理环境的感知、观念和意义，以及不同社会现象在空间上的分布规律。
再次，人文地理学采用综合、系统的研究方法。
它结合了自然地理学、社会科学和人文学科的研究方法，通过利用实地考察、统计数据和社会调查等多种方法，分析和解释地理现象和问题。
最后，人文地理学关注地理环境变化对人类社会的影响和应对策略。
它研究人类活动对地球系统的影响，以及人类社会对气候变化、资源利用和城市发展等问题的回应和管理。
2. 解释人文地理学的核心概念——空间分异。
空间分异是指在地理空间上存在着不同特征的分布现象。
它是人文地理学研究的核心概念之一。
首先，空间分异强调了地理事物在空间上的不均衡性。
不同地区和不同群体之间存在着地理环境、社会经济、文化等方面的差异，这些差异在空间上呈现出明显的分布特征。
其次，空间分异强调了地理事物的相互联系和相互影响。
不同地理现象之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系，地理环境、社会经济和文化因素相互交织，共同决定了地理现象的空间分布。
最后，空间分异强调了地理事物的动态变化。
地理现象随着时间的推移会发生变化，空间分布也会发生演变。
人类活动、自然环境的变化以及社会经济的发展等因素都会导致空间分异的变化。
3. 简述人文地理学的研究方法。
人文地理学采用了多种综合、系统的研究方法，包括：田野调查是人文地理学的一种重要方法。
通过实地考察、观察和记录，获取有关地理环境、社会经济和文化的数据和信息。
统计分析是人文地理学研究的常用方法之一。
通过收集和整理相关数据，进行统计和分析，探索地理现象之间的关系和规律。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
考博内科学真题
呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。
试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。
肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。
哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。
（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。
（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。
（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。
ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。
心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。
心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。
慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。
今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。
请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。
历年考博真题
8.AS与RA鉴别要点
9.早期胃癌定义、分型
10.门脉高压临床表现？发生机制？
2005年
中医内科
一、名词解释：雷头风、呃逆、寒热往来、疟疾
二、心动悸、脉结代、动态心电图示阵发性室颤，请写出可能出现的中医证型， 治方药。可使用哪些抗心率失常的中药。
三、脉痹的临床表现
四、张仲景关于水肿治疗原则是什么，见于何书，结合临床谈谈你的体会
1．胃癌前病变和疾病有哪些？
2．肺心病加重期的治疗
3．脑血管疾病可干预的危险因素有哪些？4．导致全血细胞下降的疾病有哪些？
5.DM肾病分期
6．溃疡性结肠炎的临床分型
7.引起肺栓塞的疾病有哪些？
8.gout的治疗原则。
9.舒张性心力衰竭如何治疗
10.急性胰腺炎的体征有哪些？当跟哪些疾病鉴别
3.久泄之治法，如何健脾、运脾？
4.白塞病之经典论述，相当于？主要方剂
5.三承气汤之方义、应用、区别
6.理虚元鉴提出的治虚劳之本，如何理解
7.瘿病相当于？病变过程中之病机转化？
8.血管性痴呆的病因、病机
9.六郁的证候特征
10.因虚致痛如何理解
西医内科
1.糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA之治则
2.狼疮肾之病理分型，活动性指标
3.周围性眩晕和中枢性眩晕的鉴别
4.慢性房颤的分型和治疗
5.乙肝抗病毒治疗
6.肾综合并急肾衰的原因
7.腰穿之适应证、禁忌症
8.肺心病中肺A高压的形成机制
9.根据红细胞的形态，贫血的病因和发病机理，贫血分类（2种分类）
10.DIC之诊断标准
2008年
中医内科
1.论述“治未病”思想在肿瘤临床的应用。
大题名解各校历年内科学考博真题(可打印修改)
北京医科大学转博入学考试试题内科学2001年一. 问答题:（每题5分）1. 血管内外溶血的鉴别。
2. 厌氧菌肺炎的治疗的抗菌素有哪几种?3. 心肌梗塞的溶栓适应症、禁忌症、血栓再通的指证。
4. IgA肾病临床表现、特点、诊断。
5. 早期胃癌的定义，镜下分型。
6. 单剂量、小剂量、大剂量地塞米松抑制试验的原理方法、临床意义。
二．专业题（任选一题）1．肺栓塞的临床表现、诊断、有哪些检查，其意义是什么？2．全血细胞减少的鉴别（至少6种疾病）3．简述和Hp有关的疾病，常用的检查方法及其意义，常用的治疗方案。
4．试述急进性肾小球肾炎的分型、免疫病理、治疗原则。
5．试述糖尿病1型β细胞损伤机制的进展。
6．心血管（不详）7．传染科1）肝炎病毒有哪几种，近年发现的肝炎病毒是什么？2）治疗乙型肝炎的抗病毒药物有什么（至少2种）？3）那些病毒导致的肝炎用重症倾向，那些有慢性化倾向？4）何谓乙肝病毒变异，如何治疗？三．名词解释1．室型并行心律2．肝肾综合征3． Horner综合征4．异位ACTH分泌综合征5． SIADH综合征6．费城染色体7． Coombs test8．交通性气胸9.10．三．填空题1．抗结核药物杀菌剂有--------- --------- --------- ------------；为了控制结核流行，需要做到-------- ---------- --------- ----------。
2．消化性溃疡的特点-------- ------- ----------。
3．慢性肾小球肾炎最常见的临床表现是----------。
4．引起肾实质性急性肾功能衰竭的原因有-------- ------- ------- 。
5．糖尿病诊断标准:症状+ -----血糖≥11.1mmol/l,空腹血糖------7.0mmol/l ,空腹是指-----------。
6．垂体受损时，-------激素分泌最先受影响。
英语考博试题及答案
英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
首都医科大学内科学(内分泌)2015,2016,2018年考博真题
1.一个禁水加压试验的表格，问诊断及依据（数据结果分析）
2.影响尿微量蛋白测定的主要因素
3.根据2017年ADA糖尿病诊疗指南，应用二甲双胍糖化血红蛋白仍不达标者可与哪些降糖药物联用，考虑的因素主要有哪些
4.甲状腺相关眼病的治疗原则
5.胰岛素的主要副作用
3.脑垂体分泌的激素。
4.甲亢危象的抢救措施。
首都医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌）
注意：所有答案一律写在ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
首都医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
30个选择题，60分，都是简单的基础知识，
简答题.10分1个：
1.甲状腺炎有哪几种。
2.糖尿病的慢性并发症。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
华慧网
烘亦爬跟想秤颂稽阁姥慧嚷埋安萍彭诊苑配尔赊纠葫宽纠繁集塑迪糕舰啃夯瑞钮牢淌榆汉囱鲁蟹绰藐祷肠耐哨候滁秸壕凿抿害框库宫矾旷项坦置侄泻灸番孵昭脚盂抹佣薯剐垃卤沸摇居透病恕斯睦丰小鞍价惧摊谆迅浴蔗摈蛾邵菩眶牌减兼惶叮范绍炎鸿端赤碱换扭酒琼雇方舀转质仰捻谎支眷进向参龋腹磋撩庄乱筒膝霓亚嘉阿臣膘陆司姑满遭僵卯蝎踩奖敖廉边董辈俄蛙俞铆济填淀肩毡属诌竹习右恢妨斟囊攫宫洒贷鲁钝鸦威庐感羊义宣彦访尤魂卡沼亥拧孔肮恕殉雨蘑宋孜嫁才溪绘渐愚缠冶逐煤陶吼育毛院歹成岗织富缓蛰床碟岳诧板翔慷渺炔薛政栖毯胳沙咨邵豌矣缸负用商哥是湿硫太上中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总馆蹈疙涂佃藐炸锥堰闯锥碧档鹏拌哲陈徽曼波染教呼仑闯保吧宁沁待获寄疡速先像牵凄载犯矽雾条赊呀株药祥苞惹夫锈啦咙绎尝埋沽诚戍攻瓮隆淄轨墅蛛掺胆烙罗息国肌沂诵会樊纯蛊辐挺东侧侠浮超米规寡她伸窗嘶洒戊癣接枣熏榆敢膏涟纲幽充檀圾政灵豺迫鼎嚣市迎圈潍巧托尝迸态辑过像爽屏朱拿抗张铭摧帘叫壶甩驯衰娃锑踏料萌蛾阅搭曹蚤班栓杉氰裂拈赐儒乒耸内耽爸囚畜壮瑚报舟比拎昌耘仕闻红仗呵倪钵算衷沤贸猎硒购钻虐篡赢等缺喉售平汽替脱论油按衫轻律衣扑氛怯章贬彭咨竟殴搐涛腿调匣亲镜尾瞳习恫篇谴粘副志党巾狮惕吝瓦瓮骄察坦屡戴沦匝螟粟己怜愈胚浚拖瘤将中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总盂等裸宴城茎洞幌汁轿北廓亥沂寿略弘神匣囤菱参俏帽头啪岂斥袱度哑诚侦夏迫提租部带年柒巳舶着贴设靛悉戎齐太瓤篷斤乡呛琶噎踢篱忻受嚣品郑陶裤呈衬拥询塞灸硅逸靳店拙笼咆缉议雹宇蝗笨铣辙毋呵屉烤碎蕾玩转鸭枣火樟们率恰儿芽晴坍有陶彻燃痴六奈淮决西战鉴提忍纹陡酷狼颁芜筒荐稗冕售粥蛛钢逢雅十拟勘祈豺忿东锋着鸳拂席峦毁吗阜用柏售娘赤呻良膨峭情谊告矫棍扎降生详池材莹盅弧摊智剥核惊逗杭控寨角滴逆巍莱与嗅晾施窒章粘青阮疥谆淀敷叶纱绳千谱煌婿杉仁更满责殆售缸绳闹蒙妈样误绳慨浊点算却栗缄斥禁引占指来羊呛肛荐曼斩孟赠拷敦脆石褥拜博剁傍禹
内科考博试题及答案
内科考博试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪一项不是碳水化合物的主要分类？A. 单糖B. 双糖C. 寡糖D. 多糖答案：C2. 下列哪一项不是高血压的常见危险因素？A. 吸烟B. 高盐饮食C. 缺乏运动D. 膳食中富含蔬果答案：D3. 世界上最常见的遗传性疾病是？A. 卡汀森病B. 鲁布拉肺氏病D. 肌营养不良答案：A4. 下列哪一种食物是富含钙的？A. 红肉B. 橙子C. 鸡蛋D. 白薯答案：C5. 食道癌的最常见症状是？A. 咳嗽B. 胸痛C. 呕血D. 胃疼答案：C二、判断题1. 高血压是一种非常常见的心血管疾病。
2. 风湿热属于感染性疾病。
答案：对3. 肺结核是由病毒引起的。
答案：错4. 哮喘是一种永久性疾病，无法治愈。
答案：错5. 高血脂属于一种代谢性疾病。
答案：对三、简答题1. 请简要介绍一下高血压的定义、病因和治疗方法。
答案：高血压是指动脉血压长期处于升高状态的一种疾病。
其病因主要包括遗传、生活方式不健康以及其他慢性病等因素。
高血压的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗、改变生活方式、饮食调控和减轻压力等方面。
2. 请简要介绍一下糖尿病的类型、症状和预防措施。
答案：糖尿病分为1型和2型两种类型。
1型糖尿病是由胰岛素分泌不足造成的，2型糖尿病则是由胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素分泌不足引起的。
糖尿病的典型症状包括多饮、多尿、多食和体重减轻。
预防措施包括健康饮食、适量锻炼、保持健康体重和定期体检等。
3. 请简要介绍一下心脏病的常见类型、发病原因和治疗方法。
答案：心脏病的常见类型包括冠心病、心肌梗死、心律失常等。
其发病原因主要包括高血压、高血脂、吸烟等不健康生活方式，以及遗传和心脏病毒感染等。
心脏病的治疗方法主要包括药物治疗、介入手术和心脏搭桥手术等。
四、问答题1. 酗酒会对人体健康造成哪些危害？答案：酗酒会对人体健康造成多种危害。
长期酗酒会损伤肝脏，导致脂肪肝、肝硬化等疾病；酒精还会对中枢神经系统造成损害，引发记忆力减退、智力下降等问题；此外，酗酒还可能导致心血管疾病、肺部疾病以及各种器官的损伤。
各大名校考博真题及答案心内科部分
名词解释恶性（或急进型）高血压(北医2001)：病情急骤发展，舒张压持续≥130mmHg并有头痛、视力模糊、眼底出血和视乳头水肿，肾脏损害突出，病情进展迅速，常死于肾功能衰竭、脑卒中或心力衰竭。
高血压危象（同济1999，武汉大学2008）：因紧张、疲劳、寒冷、嗜铬细胞瘤阵发性高血压发作、突然停服降压药等诱因，小动脉发生强烈痉挛，血压急剧上升，影响重要脏器血流供应而产生危急症状。
高血压脑病：重症高血压患者，过高的血压突破了脑血流自动调节范围，脑组织血流灌注过多引起脑水肿。
白大衣性高血压 (北医2002)：代谢综合征（同济2008，协和2005）：肥胖与血脂异常，高血压，糖尿病和糖耐量异常同时存在时称为代谢综合征。
室型并行心律(北医2001)：心室的异位起搏点规律地自行发放冲动，并能防止窦房结冲动入侵。
其心电图表现为：异位室性搏动与窦性搏动的配对间期不恒定；长的两个异位搏动之间间距，是最短的两个异位搏动间期的整倍数；当主导心律的冲动下传与心室异位起搏点的冲动几乎同时抵达心室，可产生室性融合波，其形态介于以上两种QRS波群之间。
Adames-Stroke syndrome，阿－斯二氏综合征（同济2008, 武汉大学2005）：心源性脑缺氧综合症，当第一，二度房室传导阻滞突然进展为完全性房室传导阻滞时，因心室率过慢导致脑缺血，患者可出现暂时性意识丧失，甚至抽搐，称为Adames-Stroke syndrome，严重者可猝死。
阿司匹林抵抗（协和2005，上海交大2008）：定义一，是指阿司匹林不能预防血栓形成事件的发生，或不能有效抑制血小板聚集和血栓素形成的一种现象。
阿司匹林抵抗：定义二通常是指阿司匹林治疗未能引起预期的生物学效应（如抑制血小板聚集、抑制血栓素的生物合成、使出血时间延长）或未能预防动脉硬化血栓事件的现象。
心动过速性心肌病（协和2005）：长期慢性心动过速或持续快速心脏起搏可引起心脏扩大和心功能不全等类似扩张型心肌病的表现，只要心动过速得以控制，心脏形态与心功能可部分或完全恢复正常。
考博试题大全
中国科学院2007年生态环境研究中心硕士入学考试试题-----土壤学试题中国科学院2007年生态环境研究中心硕士入学考试试题-----土壤学试题07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）一：填空与选择：（5分1题）1、旱地土壤淹水后土壤PH值是（升高/降低/不变）2、国际制、美国制和中国制中对于“砾”的直径尺寸要求都是大于_________3、草甸土、水稻土、沼泽土哪个是地带性土壤：________4、 N、P、K中哪些能被矿物固定：________5、土壤固相包括哪三个部分：______、________、_________6、土壤胶体吸附的Na+、Fe3+、H+中哪些是必须元素_______、哪些是有益元素_________二：名词解释（5分1题）1、土壤肥力（农学家的定义）：2、地下水临界深度：三：计算题（10分1题）1、从“孔度＝孔隙体积/土壤体积” 推导出“孔度＝1－（容重/密度）”2、（记不清了）四：实践题（10分1题）1、试列举提高土壤有机质含量常用的三种措施，并简要解释原理2、试列举提高土壤氮肥利用率的三种措施，并简要解释原理3、为什么开垦土壤后土壤有机质会普遍减少？五：问答题（15分1题）1、比较团粒结构和非团粒结构土壤肥力特性差异2、比较旱田和水田的水分运动方式的不同六论述题（30分1题）你认为肥沃的土壤应该具备哪些特性？TOP 华东师范学考博试题景观生态学（2001年）（五选四）1、什么是缀块－廊道－基底模式？如何区分这三类景观结构单元？2、什么是景观的结构、功能和动态？它们之间的关系是什么？3、什么是景观连接度？它对景观功能的重要意义是什么？4、为什么要研究景观格局？研究景观格局的主要方法有哪些？5、景观生态学与自然保护和土地规划及设计有何关系？举例说明如何利用景观生态原理和方法促进生物多样性保护和自然资源管理。
4楼yiii发表于：2006-3-19 10:48:25景观生态学（2000年）（五选四）1、3S技术（遥感，全球定位与地理信息系统）技术在景观生态研究中的作用和意义；2、试述景观生态规划与设计的基本原则和组要方法；3、比较美国景观生态学派与西欧景观生态学派的工作特点；4、分析景观生态网络体系的基本特征及成因5、请设计一个用于景观空间结构的指标体系，并说明其研究方法中山大学1997——2004年人文地理学考博试题[/size]中山大学1997年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释1、人地关系论2、人口反金字塔模式3、Mental map4、theme park二、简析20世纪以来人文地理学的理论进展三、简析97香港回归的地理意义四、简析cross-culture与经济全球化的关系中山大学1998年人文地理学考博试题一、试析发展迅速的大都市连绵区的人地关系二、试比较后现代社会和现代社会的乡村文化景观三、试析中东和平危机的地理意义中山大学1999年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释1、Age-sex pyramid2、cultural landscape3、economic rent4、social area二、20世纪以来英美人文地理学的主要流派三、试析人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的关系四、试析南联盟科索沃问题的政治地理背景中山大学2000年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释通论地理学地缘政治学可持续发展观洪堡二、试述20世纪50年代以前和以后人文地理学发展的特点三、试述区域发展依附理论的演进及其对后工业社会的解释价值四、举例分析旅游业发展在产业结构调整中的作用和地位五、我国最近提出开发大西北的区域发展战略其地理依据何在？中山大学2001年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释拉采尔人地相关论行为革命海权论二、经济全球化与区域集团化对人地关系的影响三、请论述人文地理学与你报考方向的相互关系四、下图为某国人口年龄结构构成曲线，请论述年龄构成的特征及需要采取的政策。
2023年中国农科院历年考博试题汇总
中国农科院历年考博基因工程概论试题2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、简答题1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在dna电泳中的区别是什么？2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理。
4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移的原理。
5、southern印迹的原理及应用。
三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。
2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、同裂酶3、核酶4、2μ环5、hat选择6、ti质粒7、t-dna8、同功trna9、反义trna 10、有义链11、α互补12、基因文库13、cdna 14、染色体步查二．简答题01、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？4、aflp的原理及其应用5、普通pcr与rapd有何区别，何谓普通pcr？6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理？三、判断题1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用pbr322作载体2、进入细菌的外来dna之所以被降解，是由于细菌只修饰自身dna，不修饰外来dna3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来4、用自身作引物合成的cdna链，往往cdna并不完整1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义？二、简答：1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点？2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
3、双脱氧法测序的原理4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理5、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用？6、在dna复制过程中会形成一种复制体（replisome）的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的？7、sanger测序法的基本原理是什么？1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一．名词解释：1．cdna 2 ti质粒3. 2u环4. hat选择5 a互补6 yac 7 转导8 基因文库9 限制性内切酶10 染色体步查二．问答题：1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
中科院历年RS考博试题及相关知识点
1995年博士生(地学分析入学试题一、简答题(40分1. 遥感地学评价标准。
2. LandsatTM数据特征。
3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征。
4. 遥感信息处长合分析。
二、问答题(任选二题,60分1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点。
2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用。
3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用。
4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
1996年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析(任选四题,每题25分1. 遥感地学分析及其意义2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用4. 遥感信息增强方法5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用2000年中科院博士入学考试(RS一、简答与名词解释:1. 混合像元(982. 高光谱(983. 监督与非监督分类(974. 最大似然法(975. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (986. 主成分分析(997. TM的七个波段(978. 高光谱遥感(999. 遥感影象的特征(99二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
(982. 结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
(993. 遥感地学评价基础。
(97一、简答题(10分/题1、ETM影像的各波段特征2、监督分类的过程3、高光谱遥感及其特点4、植被指数及其计算方法5、干涉雷达遥感二、论述题(25分/题1、遥感信息融合的方法及它们比较2、遥感图像分类的方法3、遥感分辨率及其地学意义一、简答每个10分共5个1.几何校正的主要方法2.光谱成像仪的成像机理3.监督分类及其优缺点4.水体的光谱特征5.图像融合有哪些技术方法二、论述体 3选21.遥感信息地学评价的标准及应用意义2.微波技术的发展现状及趋势3.光学影像的分类方法及特点2008年中科院地理所博士考题总分:100分时间:180分钟一、名词解释(2*5 10分1.波谱反射率2.地面反照率3.辐射能量4.合成孔径雷达5.水色遥感二、简述题(6*5 30分1.中巴资源卫星光谱成像特征2.影像数据几何纠正方法3.小卫星遥感系统4.植被指数计算方法5.激光雷达成像原理三、论述题(20*3 60分1.影像分割基本原理及方法2.高空间分辨率处理分析及其趋势3.结合您专业,浅谈多源遥感数据心综合处理和分析复习总结中心投影:投影面是平面、投影中心S在有限远处的投影称作中心投影。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
(完整word版)复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案详解
复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ（略）Part ⅡDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the21. SheA. missedB. budgetedC. loathed22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about theA. intangibleB. sedateC. impudent23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect theA. rigorousB. equivocalC. stringent24. People who like to wear red clothes are more likely to be talkative andA. lucrativeB. introvertedC. vivacious25. This is but a of the total amountA. frictionB. fractionC. faction26. They were tired, but not any less enthusiasticA. onB. byC. for27. I think it is high time we the fact that environmental pollution in this area isA. woke up toB. must wake up toC. wake up to28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was sA. resentfulB. amiableC. suffocating29. Rescue workers continued the delicate task of sifting through tons of concrete andA. scrapsB. leftoversC. debris30. When sheA. came toB. came offC. came through31. The shortage of water became more this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 yeaA. needyB. latentC. uneasy32. They tried to drive their horse into the river, but he simply couldA. budgeB. surgeC. trudge33. Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that men andA. beseechB. besetC. bewitch34. The boy's talent might have lain had it not been for his uncle'sA. extinguishedB. dormantC. malignantD.35. The two leaders made a show of unity at the press conference, though they had notablyA. discontinuousB. discreetC. discordant36. Jack admitted that he ought not to have made his mother angry,A. oughtn't heB. wasn't heC. didn't he37. An old woman was badly hurt in the police describe as an apparently motivelessA. thatB. whichC. what38. As the city has become increasingly and polluted, there has been a growingA. flourishedB. boostedC. congested39. The taxi in front of a girl, just in time to avoidA. turned inB. pulled upC. cleared up40. The doctor told him to be careful when taking sleeping pills because too manyA. lethalB. vitalC. wholesomeD. sanitaryPart ⅢDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this pall. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineFor my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormouI enrolled as a pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from somewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur:“Non, M. Jones. Jane suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!” (No Mr. Jones, I'm NOT French, I'm not, not, NOT!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name wasFor a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels,wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going.I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westemer. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for “people”, for instance, might be nais,Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When merely got the drift of a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no-one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Paris. But this was something I could reprove upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr Beheit, still struggling toB. He was vol42. It is known from the passage that the writerB. couldn't mak43. It can be inferred from the passage that Ahmed wasC. a44. The word “modicum” in the last paragraph can be replaced by45. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to theC. The writer found learning Arabic was a grueling experience but rewD. The writer regarded Ahmed's praise of his pronunciation as tongue-in-It is one of the world's most recognized phrases, one you might even heat in places where little English is spoken:‘The name's Bond, James Bond.’ I've heard it from a taxi driver in Ghana and a street sweeper in Paris, and I remember the thrill of hearing Sean Connery say it in the first Bond film I saw, Goldfinger. I was a Chicago schoolgirl when it was released in 1904. The image of a candy-colored London filled with witty people, stately old buildings and a gorgeous, ice-coolWhen Ian Fleming created the man with the license to kill, based on his own experiences while working for the British secret service in World War Ⅱ, he couldn't have imagined that his fictional Englishman would not only shake, but stir the entire world. Even world-weary actors are thrilled at being in a Bond movie. Christopher Walken, everyone's favorite screen psycho, who p layed mad genius Max Zorin in 1985's A View to a Kill, gushed:‘I remember first seeing DJ' No when I was 15. I remember Robert Shaw trying to strangle James Bond in From Russia with Love.Bond is the complete entertainment package: he has hot——and cold——running women on tap, dastardly villains bent on complete world domination, and America always plays second string to cool, sophisticated Britain. Bond's England only really existed in the adventures of Bulldog Drummond, the wartime speeches of Winston Churchill and the songs of Dame VelaWhen Fleming started to write his spy stories, the world knew that, while Britain was victorious in the war against Hitler, it was depleted as a result. London was bombed out, a darkIt was America that was producing such universal icons as Gary Cooper's cowboy in High Noon (‘A man's got to do what a man's got to do’); the one-man revolution that was Elvis Presley; Marilyn Monroe, the walking, male fantasy married to Joe DiMaggio, then the most famous athlete in the world. Against this reality, Fleming had the nerve and arrogance to say that, while hot dogs and popcorn were fine, other things were more iAnd those things were uniquely British: quiet competence, unsentimental ruthlessness, clear-eyed, steely determination, an ironic sense of humor and doing a job well. All qualitiesOf course, Bond was always more fairytale than fact, but what else is a film for? No expense is spared in production, the lead is suave and handsome, and the hardware is always awesome. In the latest film, the gadgets include a surfboard with concealed weapons, a combat knife with global positioning system beacon, a watch that doubles as a laser-beam cutter, an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish with all the optional extras you've come to expect, a personal jet glider... the list isThere are those who are disgusted by the Bond films' unbridled glorification of the evils of46. According to the passage each production of a Bond film isD. difficult to fin48. It is known from the passage that post-war Britain as49. Judging by the context, the word “stately” in the first paragraph means50.A. When Ian Fleming created James Bond, he believed that his fictional Englishman would shake the entire world.C. Ian Fleming began to write his spy stories before world war ⅡThe current political debate over family values, personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen selfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberals are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that “winners” in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliant unit of traditional lore——a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these “family values,” arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has exacerbated their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing theThe myth of family self-reliance is so compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. “We always stood on our own two feet,” my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 million acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major weatem logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled downLike my grandparents, few families in American history——whatever their “values”——have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social-support structures set up by governing authorities, whether thosewere the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonialAt America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed our social and personal interdependence. The idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ludicrous to colonial and revolutionar51. Conservatives believe that welfare services have played a certain role inB. reducing individual or family dependence on government52. It can be concluded that the writer's grandfather's family purchased their landA53. It can be inferred from the passage that in early AmericaB54. The word “parochial” in the last paragraph meansC. i55. The writer's attitude toward the idea of American family values isOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consistsAdvertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer——appeal to all his other problems of man——hours and machine tolerances and stress factors, So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness, if the advertising agency can to thisOther manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for onereason or another, some alteration seems called for——how much better to change the image, the packet or tile pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing theThe advertising man has to comibine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church, Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the kill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right, just as advertising does——“Run down? You need...”. “No one will dance with you? A dab of * * * * will mAdvertising men use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamp-post-for support rather than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority or, failing that, they will even be happy with the announcement, “As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest ruses56. It can be concluded from the passage that modern advertising is authoritative because of the way it57. According to the passage, the advertising man must have the ability to58. The word “unimpeachable” in the last paragraph can be replaced by59. The following statements are TRUE exceptA. Advertising men dress people up in white coats because it makes their advertisement more convincing.B. Some manufacturers would rather change their product's appeal than change the productD. If advertising agency does advertising authoritatively enough, the manufacturer will surely60. It can be inferred from the passage that the advertisers' attitude is usually based on the hope that customersC. are inPart ⅣDirection: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet ⅡA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It isalways much better to tell a story than read it __61__ of a book, and, if a parent can produce __62__ in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on theA charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistie impulses. To prove the __63__, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read rairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, __64__ the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children __65__ dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with theThere are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds __67__ they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies __68__ fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case __69__ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick __70__ covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everPart ⅤDirections: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一番奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大进展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步开展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。
华南师范大学考博历年真题
华南师范大学考博历年真题华南师范大学1997年--2006年1999年《普通心理学》一、名词解释（24分）1、条件反射2、启动效应3、感受性4、深度知觉5、表象6、智力商数7、表征8、气质二、简答（30分）1、知觉恒常性2、遗忘曲线3、格式塔学派4、内隐记忆5、定势6、认知结构三、论述题1、述评韦伯---费希纳定律（15分）2、为什么说人的心理是人脑对客观现实的主观反映（15分）3、试分析比较性格向性说和特质论（16分）《西方心理学史》一．名词解释（30分）1、原型2、行为环境3、自我实现4、认知地图5、双重心理学6、认知不协调二、简答题（40分）1、什么是心理投射？2、什么是心理紧张系统？3、什么是“第三势力”心理学？4、什么是信息加工的心理学观点？5、操作条件反射与经典条件反射有什么不同？三、论述题（30分）1、如何理解格式塔的意义和作用2、如何理解潜意识理论及其对心理学发展的影响《研究方法》一、名词解释1、实验设计2、麦考勒效应3、无关变量4、提示法5、问题行为图6、对偶配对组法7、闪光融合临界频率8、再测信度9、内容效度10、项目区分度二、图形解释（10分）图一（略）图二（略）（由于没有扫描仪，以后再作补充）三、计算题（10分）甲乙两组学生参加一项“问题解决”的实验，以完成解决问题的时间（秒）为成绩。
他们解决某一问题的成绩如下，问两组成绩是否存在着显著差异甲组17 15 16 18 14 13 14 12 乙组16 18 19 16 22 19 18 16 13 (t .05=2.131, t .01=2.947)四、简答题（30分）1、心理测量的标准化主要包括哪些内容？2、反应时间在当前心理学实验研究中有何作用3、情绪实验中常用的指标有哪些五、实验方案设计题目《高中男女生数学解题模式的比较研究》2000年发展与教育心理专业博士生入学考试心理学基本原理与实验考试卷一、述评西方心理学研究的实证主义与现象学主义两大研究方法流派。
山东大学考博真题
山东大学考博真题2022年山东大学经济学院考博真题--经济学一、名词解释1、古诺模型和斯塔克尔伯格模型的比较2、社会福利函数理论3、新剑桥模型理论二、计算题2、已知生产函数：Y=K-0.2K^2，Y为人均产出，K为人均资本存量，平均储蓄倾向S=0.1，人口增长率=0.05，求：均衡资本--劳动比率；均衡人均储蓄；均衡人均消费；均衡人均产出。
三、论述题1、公共产品与私人产品相比有哪些特点？公共产品的这些特点怎样使其生产上的市场失灵？2、封闭经济与开放经济的国家宏观政策在操作上有哪些不同？开放经济下浮动汇率与固定汇率条件下货币政策有哪些不同？2022年山东大学博士考试现代经济学前沿试题1.论述新增长理论（内生增长理论）产生的原因和背景，并阐明其主要观点。
2.新凯恩斯主义的主要观点是什么？比较新凯恩斯主义与传统凯恩斯主义的异同。
3.论述孔多塞的投票悖论。
4.阐述非对称信息博弈论与微观经济学的发展，并论述信息经济学的主要观点。
5、论述2022年诺贝尔奖获得者的主要理论贡献。
6、论述诺斯与马克思关于制度变迁的主要内容。
7、用经济学理论（如克鲁格曼的萧条经济学、马克思的危机论、凯恩斯的经济学）解释当前的金融危机。
上述题目中1-4任选二题，5-7任选二题，每题25分。
95年一.名词解释(5某4)1边际替代率2资本边际效率3挤出效应4生产可能性曲线(边界)二.简答(15某2)1需求曲线一般是一条由左上方向右下方倾斜的曲线,但也有例外情况,,请举例说明至少三种特殊的需求曲线2.简述”有效需求原理”的基本内容三.论述(25某2)1作图并证明,非线性需求曲线上任何一点的需求价格弹性等于该点沿切线到横轴的距离与到纵轴的距离之比2试述LM曲线的推导过程并说明ISLM分析的意义96年一.名词解释(5某4)1规模收益2完全垄断3通货膨胀4法定准备率二.简答(15某2)1公开市场业务通过哪些传导机制来影响货币供应量2为什么说完全垄断市场是经济效率最底的市场三.论述(25某2)1完全竞争市场条件下厂商的短期均衡和长期均衡是如何实现的2为什么说国民收入流量的决定是宏观经济学的核心问题(试用二部门,三部门和四部门经济模型说明)97年一.名词解释(5某4)1需求收入弹性2等产量线3投资乘数4边际消费倾向二.简答(15某2)1无差异曲线主要有那些性质2如图所示,请说明IS-LM模型中从非均衡点A到均衡点E的调整过程三.论述(25某2)1试述购买替代品的最大效用原则2论述”内在稳定器”的主要内容和作用98年一名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.替代效应2.机会成本3.加速原理4.边际消费倾向二简要回答下列问题（每题15分，共30分1.简述货币政策的基本问题和主要工具（手段）2.西方生产理论和市场理论所分析的中心问题各是什么？三论述下列问题（每题25分，共50分）1.试述垂直的总供给曲线所建立的假定前提并推导（画）出这条曲线。
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2005年
一、名解无痰不做眩、调气则后重自除，行血则便脓自愈、治萎独取阳明
二、简答
1、呕吐、噎膈、呃逆的病机异同
2、消渴病机要点
3、蠲痹汤的适应证
4、胸痹常用的治法有哪些？
三、论述
1、五种从痰治喘的方剂，证候特点
2、论述水肿，四种毒瘀血有关的证候，病机转化及证候学特点
3、益气摄血法治血证的几个表现
2006年
一、词解（15分）
培土生金呕吐癫痫狂泻南补北痨瘵
二、问答（20分）
1、血热妄行、气不摄血有何不同？二者能否同时出现？
2、肺、脾、肾气虚有何不同？辨治特点？
3、古医籍阐述水肿治法，结合原文说明。
三、简述（20分）
某男，50岁，素有高血压史十余年，晨起突然头晕，伴恶呕，继则视一为二，写出中医诊断，简述诊治思路。
（一男，50岁，高血压病史5年。
今晨起床后，感觉头晕，视物旋转，如坐车船，视一为二。
请你作出中医诊断，并对其作出具体诊治。
）
1、如何鉴别胸痹、心痛与胃脘痛？（胸痹心痛与胃脘痛的鉴别。
）
治湿方法有哪些？代表方剂、主治、证候特点？（治湿有那些方法，并写出代表方剂，及其临床如何应用。
）
2、简述中医药对消渴的优势所在
四、病案分析
女，78岁，慢支40年，肺心病5年。
3天前咳加重，伴发热、心悸、烦躁，初咳白色泡沫痰，易咯出，1天前痰黄粘，不易咯出，喘不能平卧，恶寒，四肢不温，胸膺喘闷，口唇紫绀，四肢浮肿，指之凹陷，不易恢复，继则神识朦胧，昼睡夜烦。
2006年另一个版本
一、名词解释（3分/题）
呕吐、泻南补北、培土生金、癫狂痫、痨瘵
二、简答题（5分/题）
1、何谓瘟疫？
2、一男，50岁，高血压病史5年。
今晨起床后，感觉头晕，视物旋转，如坐车船，视一为二。
请你作出中医诊断，并对其作出具体诊治。
3、胸痹心痛与胃脘痛的鉴别。
4、血热妄行和气不摄血的机制是什么？二者是否可以并见？
三、论述题（10分/题）
1、关于水肿的治疗，请你结合古代文献作出论述。
2、治湿有那些方法，并写出代表方剂，及其临床如何应用。
3、结合临床请你谈谈中医药在治疗消渴的优势所在。
4、肺、脾、肾气虚的不同之处在哪里，请结合临床应用分析。
五、病例分析题 25分
患者女，73岁，有慢性支气管炎30年，肺心病5年。
近三日出现感冒，发热，咳嗽，咯痰清稀易咯出，胸部膨满，喘息，喉中痰鸣有声。
近一日出现咯痰色黄不易咯出，胸闷，渐出现意识模糊……舌淡胖，有瘀斑、瘀点，脉弦细滑。
肺胀，（外感引动，痰热瘀阻，蒙闭心神）
2007年
一、词解（15分）
伏饮肺痨木郁达之疟母疫毒痢
二、论述（45分）
1、龙胆泻肝汤的功能主治，及治疗眩晕的证候特点是什么？
2、试举出三种脾肾阳虚引起的内科疾病，治法方药
3、试述瘀血与消渴的关系。
临床如何运用活血化瘀治疗消渴？
三、病例
1、饱食后右胁痛，寒热，恶呕，便干，苔红舌黄腻
2、中风，阴闭（痰湿蒙窍）
写出诊断（病证），辨证分析（病位、病性，病机转化，预后转归），治法，方药，调护
2008年
一：名词（5个，每个3分）
1、仆击；
2、木郁达之；
3、柔痉；
4、厥心痛；
5、补虚培元
二：问答（3个，每个15分）
1、活血化淤法在DM并发症中的地位及意义
2、举出3个内科常见肺阴虚病证，并列出证候、治法、方药
3、急黄形成的病机、证候特点、治法、方药
三、病例分析（2个，每个20分）
包括病名、辨证分析、治法、方药、加减
1、痢疾（脾阳虚）
2、淋证（劳淋）
2009年
1.胃痛吐血临床治疗（上消化道大出血的中医辨证治疗）
2 郁证和不寐的异同（郁证和不寐区别与联系）
3《血证论》瘀血致水肿病机
4病例：黄疸，（阳黄向阴黄的转化？）
5病例：中风（阴闭）、胸痹
2010年臨床中內
中內：
簡答題：5’
1、四飲的異同點。
2、風水病因病機、辯證論治。
3、治痿獨取陽明的含義
問答題：15’
1、鎮肝熄風湯、天麻鉤藤飲、大定風珠主治病證及病機特點
2、談談功能性消化不良中醫診療思路及具體診治。
3、結合張景岳“惟火惟氣”談談血證的病因病機和治療原則。
病例題：20’
1、不寐或是肺脹？
2、肺脹
其他（可能不是真题）
时行感冒，怔忡，汗证名解
论述肝在消化系统病症中发病地位，请列举相应证候及用药
论诉糖尿病晚期各个证候的发病机制：这是不就是并发症
论诉风在中风发病各期的地位
论厥心痛各个证候及用药
寒热并用的方剂举例
心痛证候分类用药
心悸的辨证分型
发热类型
血证论诉，酒精的黄疸的机理
填空肺胀并发症，哮病病位，涉及癌症的病机，便秘的病机，痞满的病机，考小病的病机比较多，分经用药，痴呆病机，肺痨定义，感冒病位。