Translation techniques

Examples
这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 A large family has its difficulties. 天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。 The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam.
1. Repetition(重复法)
(3)为了生动重复 为了生动重复
根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的 表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达 原文的生动性.
汉语中有大量四字词组，这是汉语的一在特点。四 字词组比较精炼，念起来顺口，有节奏感，在英译 时要注意词汇的选择，尽量保留原文生动活泼的修 辞效果。例如：
Examples
我们要分析问题，解决问题。 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。 Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和 平。 Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace. 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。 Nels had it all written out nea比如英语有数的 变化、有时态、语态、语气变化、有情态的变化 （我们常称为三态一气），而汉语这样的变化很少， 如时态，只用着、了、过就解决了。在翻译中我们 要注意这些差别， 把英语中的数和三态一气等体现 出来。为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并 使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增 译法. 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、 语气词等。 从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补 和修辞增补。
III. Introduction to the techniques of translation
Techniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as selection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and sentence structures, long sentence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc.
青青河边草, 郁郁园中柳。 Green grows the grass upon the bank, The willow shoots are long and lank.
2. Amplification(增译法 /增词法)
Amplification: It means supplying necessary
Eight Commonly-used Translation Techniques
1. repetition(重复法) 2. amplification(增译法 ) 3. omission(/省译法/减译法 ) 4. conversion(词类转移法 ) 5. inversion (词序调整法) 6. division(分译法) 7. negation(正说反译, 反说正译法) 8. the change of the voices(语态变换法)
Teaching Plan
Teaching Aims: To make students get the knowledge of translation techniques and master them in translating practicing. To make students skilled in translation. Teaching Focus: Training students’ ability in dealing with the techniques. Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work) and teacheroriented lecturing Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:
寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将 息。 (译文1） Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! （译文2） I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer. （许渊冲译）
汉语重复,英译时也重复 ,
(2)为了强调重复 为了强调重复 为了强调，汉语句子中往往重复关键性的词，以 使读者留下深刻印象，汉译英时往往可以采用同 样的重复手段。 汉语原文中有词的重复，译成英语时可以保持同 样的词的重复。
1. Repetition(重复法)
例如： 他在凄雨中荡来荡去，想了又想，盘算了盘算。 He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding. 先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。 Gentlemen many cry peace, peace---but there is no peace. 血债要用血来还。 Blood must atone for blood. 他们往往一遍又一遍反复琢磨这些密件。 They would read and re-read the secret notes.
1. Repetition(重复法)
他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又好得惊人，我们都对他 毫无办法。 With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。 I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父 母似的。 His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
I. Discussion of the Assignment
The old people of today are the laborers of yesterday. It goes without saying that they should have a share in the rewards for material and cultural advancements to which they have contributions. When respecting and providing for the elderly becomes common practice, people of all generations will have a sense of security. For everyone gets old some day, and when people feel perfectly secure of a happy and comfortable life in old age, they will devote themselves wholeheartedly to work.
1. Repetition
I. Teaching contents 1. 根据词义或修辞需要增词 2. 根据语法需要增词 3. 重复译法 1) 为了明确重复 2) 为了强调重复 3) 为了生动重复
1. Repetition(重复法)
重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力求简 练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；有时为了明确、 强调或生动， 却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以 重复。例如： (1)为了明确重复 为了明确重复
I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。 Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确 阅读使人渊博,交谈使人机灵,写作使人严谨. 读书使人知识渊博,言谈使人处世机敏,写作使人判断精准。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深 刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
Translation Techniques
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents:
1. Introduction to the functions of translation techniques 2. Introduction to the 8 commonly-used techniques 1) repetition(重复法 重复法) 重复法 2) amplification(增译法 ) 增译法 3) omission(/省译法 减译法 ) 省译法/减译法 省译法 4) conversion(词类转移法 ) 词类转移法 5) inversion (词序调整法 词序调整法) 词序调整法 6) division(分译法 分译法) 分译法 7) negation(正说反译 反说正译法 正说反译, 正说反译 反说正译法) 8) the change of the voices(语态变换法 语态变换法) 语态变换法
words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.
I. Discussion of the Assignment
Put the following paragraph into English: 今天的老人是昨天的劳动者。他们对物质文 化的发展做出了许多贡献， 理所当然应该分 享其成果。当敬老、养老蔚然成风时， 各个 年龄层的人都会有一种完全感。每个人都有 一天会变老。 如果人们确信老年时生活一定 幸福、安康， 就会全力以赴地投入工作。