外延题
八英下外延测试题M7
八英下外延测试题Module 7一、单项选择(每小题1分，共10分)( )1. —What do you often have for _____ breakfast?—_____ glass of milk and some bread.A. /; AB. the; AC. a; TheD. /; The( )2. —Look! How beautiful that blue coat is!—Yes. But it’s _____ expensive.A. a bit ofB. a lot ofC. a bitD. a few( )3. The winter holiday usually _____ for nearly a month and we often have a good time.A. waitsB. goesC. lastsD. keeps( )4. —I have made great _____ with my English aft er a year’s hard work.—Congratulations!A. progressB. mistakesC. applicationD. pity( )5.—What do you think of Mike?—A nice boy! _____a monitor, he not only studies hard but also likes helping his classmates.A. ForB. ToC. WithD. As( )6.I’m not sure if I can have a party next weekend, because it ________ the weather.A. stands forB. depends onC. agrees withD. lives on( )7.—Mum, look! My trousers _____ too short. Can you buy me a new _____?—OK.A. is; oneB. are; onesC. are; pairD. is; pair( )8. The boy _____ his friends was playing in the street when the earthquake happened.A. withB. andC. as wellD. as far as( )9.—Please _____ the form, and you can deposit (储存) your money in this bank.—OK. Thank you, sir.A. pay forB. check inC. pick upD. fill in( )10. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with _______.A. the otherB. anotherC. othersD. other二、完形填空（每小题1分，共10分）In learning English，one should first pay attention to listening and speaking．It is the groundwork of reading and writing．You'd better 1 your best to speak while you do much listening．Don't be 2 of making mistakes．But be careful not to let them stop you from improving your 3 ．While you are doing this，a good 4 is to write——keep a diary，write notes or letters．Then if you can，ask some others to go through 5 you have written and tell you where it is wrong．Many mistakes in your speaking will be 6 found when you write．Through correcting mistakes，you can do better in learning English．If you are slow in speaking，don't 7 about it．One of the helpful ways is reading，either aloud or to yourself．The important thing is to choose 8 to read．It mustn't be too difficult for you．When you are reading 9 this way，don't stop to 10 the new words if you can guess their meanings when they have nothing to do with the sentences．You can do that some other time．1．A．have B．send C．make D．try2．A．sure B．afraid C．proud D．tired3．A．English B．Chinese C．Japanese D．French4．A．start B．idea C．way D．manner5．A．how B．when C．why D．what6．A．happily B．easily C．really D．slowly7．A．talk B．fear C．worry D．hurry8．A．something interesting B．interesting somethingC．anything interesting D．nothing interesting9．A．by B．on C．at D．in10．A．look at B．look for C．look up D．look over三、阅读理解（每小题2分，共20分）AFrom: Joe @ To: Jane @ Subject: Help!To: Joe @( ) 1. What is Joe’s problem in the first e-mail?A.Joe made Rena unhappy and he felt very sadB.Joe’s classmate, Rena, sent Beth an e-mail and made her unhappy.C.Joe received a wrong e-mail from Rena and became angry.D.Joe’s friend, Beth, is unhappy because Joe sent her an angry e-mail.( ) 2. After Rena’s feeling g ot hurt, what did Joe do?A.He sent an e-mail and said sorry to her.B.He asked Beth what he should do.C.He sent an e-mail to Aunt Jane for helpD.He said sorry to Rena face to face.( ) 3. What does the underlined sentence mean in the second e-mail?A. Becaus e you don’t know who will get your e-mail at last.B. Because you can never know where your e-mail was written.C. Because you don’t know who the e-mail is forD. Because you never know where the message is from.( ) 4. What advice did Jane give Joe?A. Joe, Beth and Rena should have a talk together.B. Joe should wait for some time before saying sorry to Rena.C. Joe should ask Beth to explain it to Rena.D. Joe should say sorry to Rena, and then send her some flowers.( ) 5.From the e-mails we know that ____________.A Joe, Rena and Beth study at different schoolsB. Beth didn’t forward the message to Rena.C. Joe has sent beautiful flowers to Rena.D. Rena is still angry with Joe.BIf you go to Hong Kong by air, you will arrive at Hong Kong International Airport. This airport was built out into the sea because there was not enough land. It is in the part of Hong Kong called Kowloon. Kowloon is one of the two big cities in Hong Kong.The other city is Hong Kong itself. It is on an island. You can get there by ship or through a tunnel (隧道) under the sea. Much of Hong Kong is farmland and mountains.The population of Hong Kong is over six million. Chinese and English are spoken by many people. Clothes, computers, radios and TVs are made in Hong Kong. You can buy all kinds ofthings, such as watches and computers there.People from all over the world travel to Hong Kong every year. You can watch dog-racing or motor-racing. Some places are quiet and beautiful. When you are tired and hot, there are small cool gardens to rest in. There are also a lot of hotels to live in. Hong Kong is also a good place for wonderful Chinese food. You can enjoy many kinds of food, for example, fish, vegetables and the famous Beijing Duck. There is certainly a lot to see and to do in Hong Kong.（）6.The airport was built out in the sea because _____.A. it's near the seaB. there wasn’t enough landC. planes can arrive safelyD. it would be good（）7. Kowloon is _____.A. the name of a farmB. a big city under the seaC. a big city in Hong KongD. the name of a country（）8. A lot of people in Hong Kong speak _____.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. neither Chinese nor EnglishD. Chinese and English（）9.There are _____ travelers in Hong Kong every year.A. manyB. muchC. someD. several（）10.The main idea of the fourth paragraph (段落) is that _____.A. dog-racing is interestingB. Chinese food is famousC. Hong Kong is a good place for travelingD. Beijing Duck is famous四、拼写和语音考查（共5分）（一）根据下面的音标写出单词。
八英下外延期中测试题
八英下外延测试题期中模拟测试一、单项选择（10分）( )1. ----- Dinner is ready. Help yourself!----- Wow! It ________ delicious. You are good at cooking.A.looksB. soundsC. smellsD. tastes( )2. He ______ to Australia on business before.A. has beenB. has goneC. wentD. will go( )3. Sorry, my father isn’t at home. He _______ to Nanjing.A. has beenB. has goneC. wentD. will go( )4. ---There is fruit juice in the fridge, mum.---Don’t w orry. You can enjoy yourself a cup of tea instead.A. fewB. a littleC. a bit of D, little( )5. ______ weather we have today.A. What niceB. What a sunnyC. How beautifulD. How a fine( )6. ----- Have you ______ been to Europe?----- No, I’ve ______ been there.A. never, justB. ever, neverC. just, neverD. never, ever( )7. This kind of MP5 is my favourite, but I can’t ________ itA. spentB. buyC. payD. afford( )8. He ______ Luzhou for three months.A. has leftB. has come toC. has gone toD. has been away from( )9.----- _______ can you finish this English examination?----- In about one and a half hours.A. How farB. How oftenC. How soonD. How long( )10. ----- Would you mind if I open the window?----- ________. I got a cold.A. You’d better notB. Never mindC. Of course notD. All right.二、完形填空（10分）Most of us have learned English for several years, so we can read English books and magazines without the teacher’s help. We feel good when we finish 1 an English story or a whole book 2 ourselves. But 3 can we be a better reader?It is important 4 some suitable (适宜的) books. Then what books are suitable？Well, I think we should first choose books that are not too difficul t or too 5 .Then when we are reading, we should 6 let new words take too much of our attention (注意力).Just do as we often do in our own language. While we are reading, try to7 the meanings of the new words, and try to decide which of the key words we could guess and which we have to 8 in dictionaries.If we follow these 9 ,we will be successful in 10 English books and magazines.( ) 1. A. seeing B. reading C. watching D. looking( ) 2. A. for B. by C. with D. to( ) 3. A. how B. when C. what D. why( ) 4. A. choose B. chooses C. to choose D. chose( ) 5. A. tired B. interesting C. easy D. hot( ) 6. A. always B. usually C. often D. never( ) 7. A. guess B. match C. number D. count( ) 8. A. look for B. look at C. look after D. look up( ) 9. A. websites B. books C. advice D. meaning( ) 10. A. reading B. read C. to read D. reads三、阅读理解(20分)AIt’s hard to make friends if you stay at home alone all the time. Go out of the house and do things with others. It’s easier to make friends when you have the following interests: Show people what you are good at. Talk about the things you like and you do best. People will be interested in you if there is something interesting.Look at people in the eye (正视) when talking with them. That way they’ll find it easier to talk to you, or people may think you’re not interested in them and t hen stop being interested in you.Be a good listener. Let people talk about themselves before you talk about yourself. Ask lots of questions. Show your interest in their answers.Make friends with whom you really like not just with those who are easy to meet. Be friendly to others. That way, you’ll have a bigger group of people to choose and more chances to ( ) 1.If you _________, you can have more friends.A. go out and stay with othersB. stay at homeC. play computer gamesD. are good at talking( ) 2. If you look right and left when people are talking to you, they may think you are __________.A. looking for somethingB. hurrying to goC. happy to see themD. not interested in them( ) 3. Cindy always talks about herself first when she talks to others. What should she do to get rid of(去掉) the bad habit?A. Show people what she likes.B. Look at people in the eye.C. Be a good listener.D. Make friends with whom she likes.( ) 4. You should _________ if you want to have more chances to make friends.A. be coolB. be carefulC. be more friendlyD. Behard-working( ) 5. What’s the main idea of this passage?A. It’s hard to make friends.B. How to make friends.C. Don’t talk about yourself.D. Be friendly to others.BWhen Celia was cleaning her bookcase, a book fell off from the top. Then Celia remembered that she borrowed the book from Linda two months ago.Celia felt really bad. Last month, her friend Linda moved away to Italy. What should she do now? Celia thought hard. Could she keep the book and never say anything because they would probably never see each other again? Or could she find a way to give the book back to Linda? “It’s Linda’s book. I must return it to her,” Celia thought. So she wrote Linda a letter and sentTwo weeks later, Celia got a letter from Italy .( )6. Celia when she found Linda’s book.A. was readingB. was sweeping the floorC. was writing a letterD. was cleaning the bookcase( )7. Celia felt bad because .A. the book was lostB. she could never see Linda againC. she forgot to return the book to LindaD. her friend Linda moved away to Italy ( ) 8. Linda didn’t talk to Celia.A. after she moved to ItalyB. after Celia returned the bookC. before she moved to ItalyD. after Celia borrowed a book from her( ) 9. How long did Celia keep the book?A. Around a month.B. Around two months.C. Around three months.D. Around two weeks.( )10. Which of the following is TRUE?A. Celia didn’t want to see Linda again.B. Finally, Celia decided not to return the book to Linda.C. Linda sent Celia a letter with some books about Italy.D. Linda was angry with Celia because she didn’t return the book.四、拼写和语音考查（5分）（一）根据下面的音标写出单词。
机械振动中一道典型习题的拓展和外延
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教育发展的内涵拓展与外延延伸问题研究
教育发展的内涵拓展与外延延伸问题研究教育是社会进步和个人成长的重要组成部分。
随着社会的不断发展，教育也在不断演变和拓展。
本文将探讨教育发展的内涵拓展与外延延伸问题，并研究其相关议题。
一、教育发展的内涵拓展教育发展的内涵拓展是指教育领域在传统基础上不断增加新的要素和新的理念。
这种拓展涉及到教育目标、内容、方法和评价等方面的变化。
首先，教育的目标逐渐从纯粹的知识传授转变为全面培养学生的综合素质。
传统教育注重学生的学科知识，而现代教育不仅要求学生掌握知识，还要求培养学生的创造力、创新能力、沟通能力和合作精神等能力。
其次，教育的内容也在拓展，不再局限于纯粹的学科知识。
现代教育关注学生的全面发展，注重培养学生的社会责任感、环境意识和健康素养等。
此外，多样化的学科选择、跨学科的教学和课程的个性化设置也是教育内容拓展的表现。
此外，教育方法也在多样化和创新方面发展。
传统的讲授式教学逐渐被互动式教学、实践教学和问题导向教学所替代。
这些新方法旨在激发学生的学习兴趣、培养其解决问题的能力和团队合作精神。
最后，教育评价也在不断改进与发展。
以往，教育评价主要关注学生的成绩，而现代教育评价则更加注重学生的综合素质和能力。
除了传统的考试和测验，教育评价还包括项目制评估、学习档案和综合素质评价等。
二、教育发展的外延延伸问题除了内涵拓展，教育发展还带来了外延延伸问题，即教育的影响范围和涉及领域的扩大。
教育不再局限于学校教育，还涉及到社会教育、家庭教育和职业教育等方面。
首先，社会教育在教育发展中的作用日益凸显。
社会教育是指通过一系列的社会活动和组织来提供教育机会和资源。
社会教育不仅有助于提高社会公众的素质，还可以满足不同人群的教育需求。
其次，家庭教育也在教育外延的发展中扮演着重要的角色。
家庭教育是指父母或其他家庭成员对孩子进行的教育。
家庭教育不仅是教育的起点，也是教育的重要组成部分。
通过家庭教育，孩子可以在日常生活中接受道德、价值观等方面的教育。
外延八下试题
拼写和语音考查（15分）1./ /2./ /3./ /4./ /5./ /6./ /7./ /8./ / 9./ / 10./ /( )1.( )2.( )3.( )4.( )5.词汇考查：（10分）1. While my sister_______(watch) TV, It rained heavily.2. Mark told the _______ (fun) story of all, but the old man still didn’t laugh.3. Dr. Bethune was a great _______(Canada)4. They are studying a new_____(treat) for SARS.5. The doctor will have an _______(operate) on this injured man.6. Liu Xiang is one of China’s famous _______(hero)7. I waited until he ______(come) back.8. We ______ (go) back to school as soon as May is over.9..Please read instructions before we ______（take）some medicine.10. Spring Festival is usually at the end of January or the ________(begin)of February.翻译考查：(15)1.她几乎听不到街上车辆的声音,是吗？She can _______ ______ _______ _______ in the streets，_____ ______?2.她问我怎么了？She asked me ______ _______ _______ ________.3. 长江是世界上第三长的河流。
内涵外延题
例2．根据男婴出生率，甲和乙展开了辩论。 甲：人口统计发现一条规律：在新生婴儿中，男婴的 出生率总是摆动于22/43这个数值，而不是1/2。 乙：不对，许多资料都表明，多数国家和地区，例如 前苏联、日本、美国、德国，以及我国的台湾省都是 女人比男人多。可见，认为男婴出生率总在22/43上下 波动是不成立的。 试分析甲乙的对话，指出下列选项哪一个能说明甲或 乙的逻辑错误？ A．甲所说的统计规律不存在 B．甲的统计调查不符合科学。 C．乙的资料不可信。 D．乙混淆了概念。
在过去的三年里，十三岁到十六岁的少年中驾驶或 乘坐大马力摩托车时因事故受伤或死亡的人数持续 增加。这些大马力摩托车对十六岁以下的少年来说 实在太难对付了，即使他们这个年龄中那些训练有 素的骑手都缺乏灵活控制它们的能力。 上述这段话看起来最像是要通过一个法律来禁止： A十六岁以下的少年驾驶大马力摩托车。 B十三到十六岁之间的少年驾驶大马力摩托车。 C十三岁以下的少年驾驶大马力摩托车。 D十六岁以下的少年拥有大马力摩托车。 E十六岁以下的少年乘坐大马力摩托车。
“所有爱斯基摩土著人都是穿黑衣服的；所有北 婆罗洲土著人都是穿白衣服的；没有穿白衣服 又穿黑衣服的人；H是穿白衣服的。”基于以 上事实，下列哪个命题必真（ ）。 ①H是北婆罗洲土著人 ②H不是爱斯基摩土著人 ③H是爱斯基摩土著人 ④H既不是爱斯基摩土著人，也不是北婆罗洲 土著人
学年末，某中学初一年级进行了学年评定，有 些学生干部当上了区三好学生，有些学生入了 团。在推选共青团员的活动中，所有校三好学 生都递交了入团申请，所有区三好学生都没有 写入团申请。如果以上断定为真，以下哪项也 必定为真？ A 所有学生干部都是三好学生。 B 有些学生干部递交了入团申请。 C 所有团员都是校三好学生。 D 有些学生不是校三好学生。
八英下外延测试题M6
八英下外延测试题Module 6一、单项选择（每小题1分，共10分）( ) 1. –Do you like reading this magazine?–No, I don’t. There’s _______ in it.A. something interestingB. everything interestingC. anything interestingD. nothing interesting( ) 2. The teacher made us _______ the key words.A. to rememberB. rememberingC. rememberD. remembered( ) 3. How long did you _______ your hobby?A. spentB. spendC. spend on C. take( ) 4. It’s bad _______ computer games too much.A. playsB. to playC. playD. playing( ) 5. Tony’s hobby is _______ cars. He has so many cars in his _______.A. collecting, collectingB. collection, collectingC. collecting, collectionD. collection, collecting( ) 6. Kate hasn’t stayed at home for a long time. Her room is very dirty. She has to _______.A. tidied it upB. tidies it upC. tidy it upD. tidying it up( ) 7. Some students like collecting stamps, _______like collecting postcards.A. otherB. the otherC. the othersD. others( ) 8. The play is so that we are all in it.A. interesting; interestingB. interesting; interestedC. interested; interested.D. interested; interesting( )9. I like film stars _______Liu Yifei ,Zhang Ziyi and Fan Bingbing.A. for exampleB. suchC. likesD. such as( )10.The desk _______ much space. I can’t put the bike in it.A. take awayB. takes outC. takes upD. takes down二、完形填空（每小题1分，共10分）During the day we work and play, and at night we sleep. Our bodies rest while we are __1__. In the morning we are ready____2___ again. Our bodies grow ____3____ while we are asleep. Children who are tired usually ___4___ sleep. We can get better at our lessons ___5___ we have had plenty of rest. Boys and girls who are eight or nine years old need ten hours of sleep every night. Our bodies need plenty of ____6___ when we sleep. If we do not get enough fresh air, we ____7___ tired when we wake up. While in bed we must not cover our ____8___. Our lungs(肺) need to get enough fresh air. If we ___9___ our windows at night, we can have plenty of fresh air. Cool air is better than warm air. Boys and girls who want to be __10__ must get plenty of sleep.( )1. A .asleep B. sleep C. rest D. play( )2. A. to work and play B. working and to playC. to work and playingD. working and playing( )3. A. much B. more C. most D. slow( )4. A. can B. may C. need D. must( )5. A. while B. before C. as D. after( )6. A. air B. sun C. water D. food( )7. A. felt B. will feel C. are feeling D. has felt( )8. A. foot B. arm C. head D. body( )9. A. open B. close C. draw D. use( )10. A. happy B. health C. helpful D. healthy三、阅读理解（每小题2分，共20分）AOnce upon a time, there lived a rich man. He had a servant (仆人). He and the servant loved wine and good food very much. Each time the rich man left his home, the servant would drink the wine and eat up all the nice food in the house. The rich man knew what his servant did, but he had never caught his servant doing that.One morning, when he left home, he said to the servant, “Here are two bottles of poison (毒药) and some nice food in the house. You must take of them.” With th ese words, he went out.But the servant knew that the rich man had said was not true. After the rich man was away from his home, he enjoyed a nice meal. Because he drank too much, he was drunk and fell to the ground. When the rich man came back, he coul dn’t find his food and his wine. He became very angry. He woke the servant up. But the servant told his story very well. He said a cat had eaten up everything. He was afraid to be punished（惩罚）, so he drank the poison to kill himself.( )1.In the story, _______ liked wine and good food very much.A. the rich manB. the servantC. both A and BD. neither A and B( )2.The rich man knew that ____ drank the wine and ate up all the nice food after he left his home each time.A. the catB. himselfC. nobodyD. the servant( )3.The rich told the servant that there was poison in the two bottles, because ________.A. there was in fact poison in the bottlesB. he did not want the servant to drink his wineC. he wanted to kill the catD. he wanted to kill the servant( )4.In fact, _______ ate all the nice food and drank the wine at last.A. the servantB. catC. the rich manD. nobody( )5.From the story, we know that the servant is very _______.A. lazyB. badC. cleverD. kindBEveryone likes living in a clean and comfortable environment. If the environment(环境) are bad, it will affect（影响）our body, and make us not feel well. Sometimes we may be terribly ill. At that time we don’t want to work, and we have to stay in bed and rest at home. So the environment is very important to us.It’s germs that makes us ill. There are germs everywhere, They are very small and you can’t find them with your own eyes, but you can see them with a microscope（显微镜）. They are very small and there may be hundreds of them on a very small thing, Germs can always be found in dirty water. When we look at dirty water under the microscope, we shall see them in it. Germs can also be found in air and dust（灰尘）. If you cut your finger, some of the dust from the floor may go into it, and you will have much pain in it. Sometimes the germs will go into all of your body, and you will have pain everywhere.To keep us healthy, we should try to our best to make our environment cleaner and tidier. This needs us to act together.6.The writer tell us that________.A. we like working when we are illB. germs can’t live in the water.C. we can’t feel ill if the environment is bad.D. we feel well when the environment is good.7.Germs are________.A. very small things that you can’t see with your eyes.B. the things that don’t effect people.C. the things that you can find with your eyes.D. the things that are very big.8. Where can germs be found? They can be found_________.A. on the small thingB. in air and dustC. only in dirty waterD. everywhere9.How will you feel if germs go into the finger that is cut?A. I will feel nothing.B. I won’t mind.C. I will feel tense.D. I will feel painful.10. From the passage we know that________.A. environment doesn’t affect our lifeB. we don’t need to improve our environmentC. germs may make us illD. if the environment is better, germs will be more.四、拼写和语音考查（共5分）（一）根据下面的音标写出单词。
八英下外延测试题M8
八英下外延测试题Module 8一、单项选择（每小题1分，共10分）( )1. Listen! Can you hear her______ a song in the classroom.A. singingB. singC. to singD. sings( )2.Welcome ____ Zhucheng, it’s famous______ Konglong Park.A. for, toB. at, asC. of, asD. to, for( )3. He said that light ______ much faster than sound.A. travelledB. travelsC. will travelD. is travelling( )4. Let your sister sleep. Don’t ________,Tom.A. wake up himB. wake him upC. wake her upD. wake up him( )5. Although he works ______ at French for 3 years, he can ______ speak it well.A. hard, hardB. hard, hardlyC. hardly, hardlyD. hardly, hard( )6. The boy promised _____ late for school again.A. to not beB. not beingC. not to beD. being not( )7. -- ______ is it?--It is about 300 square kilometers.A. How longB. How farC. How soonD. How large( )8. Tony said he _____ to Daming on he phone at that time.A. talkedB. was talkingC. is talkingD. talks( )9.—What’s in the zoo?---- There ______ an elephant, two tigers and many other animals.A. hasB. haveC. isD. are( )10.-- I’m going to the Great wall tomorrow- ________.A. Thanks a lotB. It’s my pleasureC. It’s hard to sayD. Have a good trip二、完形填空（每小题1分，共10分）Nowadays, more and more people like to travel in their holidays. The other day I read a report about the _1___ people spend their holidays. It is reported that in recent years several new holiday habits have developed.__2___them,the most interesting one is the growth of holiday camps.From the report we can see that in 1990, forty percent (百分比)of people stayed at 3 for their holidays. However, now the percentage has fallen to nine percent. More people go out for fun. People enjoy the fresh air, clean water and green hills when they go camping in places far _4_ the city. In 1990, thirty-eight percent for people _5__going to the seaside 6 in 2002 only twenty –seven percent preferred to go there. What great changes!7 have those changes taken place? I think there are several reasons. First, it’sbecause people can 8 to travel . Second, people prefer to live a high quality and colorful life. Third, their 9 to relaxation have changed. Fewer and fewer people want to save10 money by living a simple life.( )1 .A. cities B. time C. ways D. meaning( )2 .A. With B. Around C. Between D. Among( )3 .A. home B. places of interest C. villages D. seaside( )4 .A. of B. to C. in D. from( )5. A. hoped B. disliked C. stopped D. enjoyed( )6 .A. when B. while C. where D. as( )7. A. What B. How C. Why D. When( )8. A. spend B. save C. afford D. cost( )9. A. rules B. attitudes C. games D. partners( )10 .A. lots of B. little C. few D. no三、阅读理解（每小题2分，共20分）ADear Flora,We are in Australia for our summer holidays. We’re having a great time here. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. There is so much to see that it is impossible for me to tell you everything. Sydney is a beautiful city. There are many big trees and beautiful flowers around the houses and they look really beautiful. There are also some special animals in Australia, such as kangaroos and koalas. They are really lovely.During the past three days, Marie, May and I have visited many places of interest around Sydney. I’d like to spend more time here. But we will fly to another city, Cairns, to see coral beds(珊瑚礁)tomorrow. It is said that words cannot describe the beauty of the colorful coral. Many famous cartoon films were made there. Now we are busy packing our bags so that we will not lose time when we leave. We can enjoy ourselves in Cairns this time. I’m l ooking forward to going there!Best wishes!Heather ( )1. There are _____ countries bigger than Australia in the world.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six( )2. How long has Heather stayed in Sydney?A. For two daysB. For three daysC. For four daysD. For five days( )3. They will ______ to another city.A. drive a carB. walkC. take a busD. take a plane( )4. Why is Heather packing her bag?A.Because she’ll leave for Cairns tomorrow.B. Because she’ll go toSydney tomorrow.C.Because she’ll go back to her hometown tomorrow.D. Because she’ll leaveCairns for Sydney tomorrow.( )5. The best title for this passage is _______.A.Our visit to AustraliaB. Sydney , a beautiful cityC. See coral beds in CairnsD. Looking forward to visiting SydneyBOf course you don’t want to be sick in your vacation. So what can you do while tr aveling? There are three things you should remember: relax, sleep and eat well.A vacation is a time for relaxing, but very often it is not. Think about what you do when you are a tourist. There are so many places to visit: shops, parks, churches and temples(寺庙). You may spend most of the days walking around these places. This can be very tiring. Do not ask your body to do too much. A tired body means a weak body. A weak body gets sick easily. So sit down for a few hours in a nice place. In good weather, look for a quiet park bench.Sleep is also important. If you want to stay healthy, you need to get enough sleep. Your hotel room may be noisy, or the bed may be too hard. Or you may want to stay out late at night. Then you should plan to sleep for an hour during the day. The extra hour can make a big difference.Finally, if you want to stay healthy, you must eat well. That means eating the right kinds of food. Your body meeds fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, milk and cheese.So, remember this, if you want to enjoy your vacation, take good care of yourself. Give your body some rest. Get enough sleep and eat healthy food.( ) 1. You should _________ while traveling.A. eat wellB. walk all the timeC. do shoppingD. ask your body to do a lot ( ) 2. Traveling is usually _____________.A. easyB. noisyC. tiringD. dangerous( ) 3. You must __________ to enjoy your traveling.A. visit parksB. stay healthyC. go to churches and templesD. sit down for a few hours( ) 4. The underlined word ―extra‖ means __________ here.A. one moreB. more than oneC. usualD. different( ) 5. The text tells us _______ in traveling.A. how to restB. what places to visitC. how to relax and sleepD. how to take good care of ourselves四、单词和语音考查（共5分）（一）根据下面的音标写出单词。
八英下外延测试题Module 4
八英下外延测试题Module 4一、单项选择（每小题1分，共10分）( )1. We should not eat __________ junk food. .A. too manyB. too muchC. many tooD. much too( )2. _______________ is a good form of exercise for young and old .A. The walkB. WalkingC. To walkD. walk( )3. I can’t help mum ________ the cooking . I have lots of homework to go .A. makeB. doingC. withD. making( )4. Miss Lin ___________ a lot of work for the poor area since 2010 .A. doesB. doingC. has doneD. will do( )5. ------- __________________ ?-------- I have a headache .A. Hoe can I help youB. Where are you ,JudyC. Who are youD. What are you doing , Judy( )6. ------- How long have you lived in Beijing .-------- ___________ 2009 .A. SineB. ForC. AtD. In( )7. Don’t do any other things while you are doing your homework . So please _______ your MP5.A. turn upB. turn downC. turn onD. turn off( )8. I always tell my students ______________ on the road because it’s really dangerous .A. not to playB. to play notC. not playingD. not play( )9.----- Did you borrow the comic book from the library .----- Yes . I ____________ it for three days .I’ll return it this afternoon.A. borrowedB. keptC. have borrowedD. have kept( )10. My old neighbor Charles felt _____________ after his children moved out .A. lonelyB. safelyC. angrilyD. happily二、完形填空（每小题1分，共10分）A health diet（饮食）along with exercise will help you look better, feel better and live longer. But l am ____1____to say that many children don’t have a healthy lifestyle. They eat much junk food____2____French fries and fried chicken. Eating too much junk food and dessert is___3__.If you want to___4__a long and healthy life, you have to___5___your living habits. It is important to get a yearly physical examination, too. You don’t hope to___6___any bad news, but the doctor will tell you___7___healthy you are. It’s also a good idea for you to___8____a look on healthy eating. Drinking milk or juice from fruits and vegetables can help to ___9___your health, too. I am___10__good health now. People tell me that l do not look my age. Healthy eating has helped me and it will also help you !（) 1. A. happy B. sad C. excited D. angry( ) 2. A. with B. as C. like D. about( ) 3. A. cheap B. different C. delicious D. unhealthy( ) 4. A. live B. try C. show D. play( ) 5. A. look for B. look after C. thing of D. agree with( ) 6. A. hear B. look at C. see D. feel( ) 7. A. what B. how C. when D. where( ) 8. A. write B. sell C. read D. take( ) 9. A. mind B. visit C. describe D. improve( )10. A. in B. with C. off D. out of三、阅读理解（每小题2分，共20分）AThe human body is a living machine, and, like all machines, it needs "fuel" to supply it with energy. This is provided by the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy?The energy value of food is usually measured in calories (卡). A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1℃. The number of calories people need perAlso, the number of calories you use at any one moment normally depends on the activity you are in. For example, you need more calories for standing than for sitting, more for running than for walking, and so on. The energy in food is in the form of three kinds of chemical materials-carbohydrate (碳水化合物), protein (蛋白质) and fat. Carbohydrate provides 3.8 Cal /gm of the energy, protein 4.0 Cal/gm, and fat 8.8 Cal/gm. Each food contains different amounts of these materials, as the round pictures show.(P= protein C= carbohydrate F=fat)How many calories are needed to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35℃to 90℃?__________55. B. 175. C. 325. D. 275.2. Which of the following contains the most amount of calories?______A. Milk.B. Rice.C. Peanuts.D. Milk or peanuts.3. Who needs the most amount of calories each day?_______A. A woman.B. An office worker.C. A farmer.D. A boy aged 16.4. Which of following is True?________A. You need more calories for swimming than for mountain climbing.B. A child aged 8 needs the same amount of calories every day as a man over 70 does.C. A woman feeding baby needs over 4 times the amount of calories that a baby does.D. Everyone needs the same amount of calories per day.5. This passage mainly tells us ______.A. all the energy is in foodB. the human body needs energyC. the number of calories depends on your activityD. we must only eat peanuts to get caloriesBSurtsey was born in 1963.Scientists saw the birth of this island. It began at 7.30 a.m. on 14th November. A fishing boat was near Iceland. The boat moved under the captain's（船长）feet. He noticed a strange smell. He saw some black smoke. A volcano（火山）was breaking out. Red-hot rocks, fire and smoke were rushing up from the bottom（底部）of the sea. The island grew quickly.It was 10 meters high the next day and 60 meters high on 18th November. Scientists flew there to watch. It was exciting. Smoke and fire were still rushing up. Pieces of red-hot rock were flying into the air and falling into the sea. The sea was boiling and there was a strange light in the sky. Surtsey grew and grew. Then it stopped in June 1967.It was 175 meters high and 2 kilometers long. And life was already coming to Surtsey. Plants grew. Birds came. Some scientists built a house. They want to learn about this young island. A new island is like a new world.16. Surtsey is ______.A. an island not far from IcelandB. a new volcanoC. a fishing boatD. a place in Iceland17. Scientists flew there ______.A. to watch the birth of the islandB. to save the fishing boatC. to learn about the islandD. to build a house18. When did scientist fly there to watch?A. Before the volcano broke out.B. As soon as the volcano broke out.C. About four days after the volcano broke out.D. After the volcano stopped rushing up.19. Put the following sentences in correct order.a. The captain found the boat was moving.b. A new island appeared in the sea.c. Fire, smoke and rocks were seen rushing up.d. A fishing boat was near Iceland.e. The island grew quickly.A. d-a-c-b-eB. a-b-c-d-e C .a-b-e-c-d D. b-e-d-a-c20. The best title of this article is ________.A. A new islandB. The birth of an islandC. A new worldD. Scientists discovered Surtsey四、单词和语音考查（共5 分）（一）根据下面的音标写出单词。
硅工艺第7章 外延习题参考答案
3、简述层错法测量外延厚度的原理，及测量时的注意事项。 、简述层错法测量外延厚度的原理，及测量时的注意事项。 原理： 原理： 层错是外延层的一种体内缺陷， 层错是外延层的一种体内缺陷，由于层错一般是由外延层与 衬底界面开始，一直延伸到表面，那么， 衬底界面开始，一直延伸到表面，那么，缺陷图形的边长与 外延层厚度之间就存在一定的比例关系。因此， 外延层厚度之间就存在一定的比例关系。因此，可以通过测 量缺陷图形的边长，换算出外延层的厚度， 量缺陷图形的边长，换算出外延层的厚度，达到测量外延层 厚度的目的。 厚度的目的。 通过显微镜测量出三角形的边长l， 通过显微镜测量出三角形的边长 ，就可以换算出层错四面 体的高度，即外延层的厚度T。 体的高度，即外延层的厚度 。 l
2、什么是自掺杂效应？什么是扩散效应？这两个效应使得 、什么是自掺杂效应？什么是扩散效应？ 衬底/外延界面杂质分布有怎样的变化 外延界面杂质分布有怎样的变化？ 衬底 外延界面杂质分布有怎样的变化？ 自掺杂效应：在外延生长过程中， 自掺杂效应：在外延生长过程中，衬底和外延层中的杂质因 热蒸发、或者因化学反应的副产物对衬底或外延层的腐蚀 副产物对衬底或外延层的腐蚀， 热蒸发、或者因化学反应的副产物对衬底或外延层的腐蚀， 都会使衬底和（ 外延层中的杂质进入到边界层中， 都会使衬底和（或）外延层中的杂质进入到边界层中，改变 了边界层中的掺杂成份和浓度 掺杂成份和浓度， 了边界层中的掺杂成份和浓度，从而导致了外延层中杂质的 实际分布偏离理想情况。 实际分布偏离理想情况。 扩散效应：衬底中的杂质与外延层中的杂质， 扩散效应：衬底中的杂质与外延层中的杂质，在外延生长时 相互扩散， 相互扩散，引起衬底与外延层界面附近的杂质浓度缓慢变化 的现象。 的现象。 界面杂质分布的变化有：界面附近杂质浓度缓变；对于p-n 界面杂质分布的变化有：界面附近杂质浓度缓变；对于 结则引起结位置的移动。 结则引起结位置的移动。
八英下外延期末测试题
八英下外延测试题期末模拟试题一、单项选择（10分）( )1. We are not sure ______ he will come here tomorrow or not.A. thatB. /C. ifD. whether( )2.Could you tell me________?A. when did Tom come backB. when does Tom come backC. when Tom will come backD. when Tom comes back( )3.The teacher told us that light______ much faster than sound.A. travelsB. traveledC. would travelD. had traveled( )4. Father told me that he forgot ____ off the TV. He let me _____ home and ______.A. turning, return, to turn off itB. to turn, return back, turn it offC. turn, to return, turn off themD. to turn, return, turn it off( )5.What makes him _______ sailing.A. likesB. likeC. to likeD. liking( )6.Do you know if ________ back next week? If he ________ back, please let me know. A. he comes, will come B. will he come, comesC. he will come, comesD. will he come, will come( )7.There ______ in the newspaper.A. are anything newB. is new anythingC. is something newD. are new something( )st night, I didn’t feel ______, so I couldn’t sleep _____.A. good, goodB. good, wellC. well, goodD. well, well( )9._______ does the plane________?A. What time, take outB. While, take offC. When, take awayD. When, take off( )10.She has ______ grandmother.A. a 80-year-oldB. a 80 years oldC. an 80-years-oldD. an 80-year-old二、完形填空（10分）Tom is the son o f a farm owner. One New Year’s Day, when he was 15, his father __1___ him to work on the farm for one year when he was free. Tom was__2___ with his father’s idea. “That isn’t my job. I have__3___ schoolwork to do.” Hearing this, his father said, “I promise(许诺) to give you the best present if you __4___ finish one year’s work.” Tom thought for a while and __5___.Starting one Saturday, the boy got up early and worked __6___ until evening, just like any other farmer. Time passed quickly. Tom’s crops grew well.__7___ the last day of the year, the father called his son to him. “I’m happy to see that you have worked very hard the whole year,” said the father. “Now, tell me __8___ you want.”The boy smiled and showed his father a big piece of bread made from his wheat(小麦). “I’ve already got the__9__ present. No pains, no gains. I think this is what you wanted __10___ to know.” His father quite pleased to hear that.( )1. A. asked B. let C. made D. stopped( )2. A. happy B. unhappy C. excited D. worried( )3.A. much too B. so little C. too much D. a lot( )4. A. shall B. must C. need D. can( )5. A. said B. answered C. agreed D. began( )6. A. hard B. hardly C. need D. can( )7. A. At B. On C. In D. By( )8. A. where B. which C. how D. what( )9. A. least B. worst C. best D. fewest( )10. A. mine B. I C. my D. me三、阅读理解（20分）AIn the UK, most children have their lunches at school, but in some schools, parents can choose what their children eat. The children can have a school dinner—a hot, cooked meal; or they can take a packed (包装的)lunch with them, which usually includes cold food like sandwiches.Often parents know what their children want. Cathy, a mother of three children, told us, “My children have packed lunches because they say they hate school dinners. So I make three packed lunches every morning.”However, another mother, Susan, made a different choice. She said, “My daughters have always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them.”But how healthy are school dinners? Kaz, a father, thought poorly of them. He said, “Fizzy (起泡的) drinks were offered and I think there were lots of chips.”Jamie Oliver spent a year working in a school kitchen. He was worried about the unhealthy food which included burgers, pizzas and chips. So he tried to cook healthy food such as good stews and curries for the children instead.So Jamie improved the school dinners, and trained the dinner ladies to cook healthy food in that school. Then he advised the government to improve school food across the country. And it seems that the changes have begun.Anna, a pupil, told us, “We used to have a fast food window where you got chips and coke, but they stopped that this year. There's salad restaurant, which is good, so it's healthier than it was.”( )1. How many meals do most children in the UK have at school?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.( )2. ________would like the children to have the school meals.A. CathyB. SusanC. KazD. Jamie( )3. Jamie thought________ were healthy food.A. stews and curriesB. burgers and pizzasC. chips and fizzy drinksD. sandwiches and coke( )4. The last two paragraphs (段落) show that ________.A. there's a salad restaurant in every schoolB. salad is the only healthy food for studentsC. schools have begun to cook healthier foodD. the government doesn't care about school dinners( )5. What is the best title for this text?A. Healthy Food.B. Unhealthy Food.C. Packed Lunches.D. School Dinners.BIn the old days, people got the news from the radio. In China, almost every family had a big radio in 1970s. They usually put the big radio on the table. It was hard for people to carry it. People could get some interesting stories and cross talk(相声) from radio. People enjoyed the stories told by famous speechmakers very much, such as Shan Tianfang, Yuan Kuocheng and Liu Lanfang. The famous stories were Romance of Sui-Tang, Romance of Three Kingdoms and Legend of Yue Fei. People could also know the weather report from radio. Radio was very important in people’s life.Now great changes have taken place. People not only carry pocket radios, but also have MP3 and MP4. They can get news from TV, mobile phone and the Internet. They can also communicate with friends by email. What a wonderful life we have now.( )6.What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The changes of China.B. The changes of the media. (传媒).C. The history of China.D. The important of radios.( )7.What was radio like in the past?A. Big.B. Small.C. Medium.D. Easy to carry.( )8.Which radio programme was very popular in the old days?A. Peking Opera.B. Pop songs.C. Story-telling and cross talk.D. Weather report. ( )9.How many famous speechmakers can you see in this passage?A. One.B. Three.C. Five.D. Six.( )10.What do people have now?A. Pocket radios.B. Mp3 and MP4 .C. Tv sets and mobile phones.D. All of the above.四、拼写和语音考查（一）根据音标写出单词（3分）1./ 'dɒlə /2./ rɪ' z ʌ lt/3./ sək'ses /4./ ' sɜ:tn /5./ 'kreɪzɪ/6./'peɪʃnt /（二）选出划线部分在该词中的发音。
追溯本源 拓展外延
追溯本源 拓展外延——以2019年全国理科Ⅱ卷第21题为例课本是教与学的主要材料，也是命题素材的重要源泉。
纵观历年的高考试题、竞赛试题、模拟试题，源于课本的试题比比皆是。
本文以2019年全国理科Ⅱ卷第21题为例，谈谈本试题的课本渊源，总结试题涉及的相关结论，并对其进行推广。
一、试题呈现试题 已知点(2,0)A -、(2,0)B ，动点(,)M x y 满足直线AM 与BM 的斜率之积为12-。
记点M 的轨迹为曲线C 。
（1）求C 的方程，并说明C 是什么曲线。
（2）过坐标原点的直线交C 于P 、Q 两点，点P 在第一象限，PE x ⊥轴，垂足为E ，连结QE 并延长交C 于点G 。
（ⅰ）证明：PQG ∆是直角三角形； （ⅱ）求PQG ∆面积的最大值。
试题以直线斜率为背景考查椭圆的“第三定义”、直线与椭圆的位置关系、直线与直线的位置关系以及直线围成三角形面积的最值，考查数学抽象、逻辑推理和数学运算等核心素养。
试题综合性强，思维能力要求高，要求学生要有较强的运算能力、推理能力和探索能力。
二、课本渊源2007年人教版《数学（选修2-1）》A 版第41页有如下例题：设点(5,0)A -、(5,0)B ，直线AM 、BM 相交于点M ，且它们的斜率之积是49-，求点M 的轨迹方程。
如果将斜率之积49-改为49，便得到课本第55页例2；将斜率之积改为字母m ，便得到课本第80页复习参考题A 组第10题。
由此可见，上述考题的问题（1）源于课本原题改编，且保留了课本原题本质不变。
因此，该问题解答的思路、方法和过程也都相同。
上述三道课本题的一般情形可归结为下面的结论（可理解为有心圆锥曲线的第三定义）。
结论 1 与两个定点(,0)A a -、(,0)B a 连线的斜率之积为定值(0)m m ≠的动点P 的轨迹为有心圆锥曲线（除A 、B 两点外），其方程为22221()x y x a a ma -=≠±。
逻辑学欧拉图试题及答案
四、请用欧拉图表示句子中画横线概念外延之间的关系：1. “国家队里,有的跳远运动员又兼短跑运动员;”2．已知a与b交叉,b与c交叉,a与c全异．请用欧拉图表示a、b．c、这三个概念之间的关系．3．请用欧拉图表示句子中画横线概念外延之间的关系;“地球是行星,水星也是行星．”4．设S与P交叉,M真包含于S,用欧拉图表示S、M和P之间的三种外延关系;5.A.足球爱好者B.排球爱好者C.蓝球爱好者D.青年足球爱好者•6.动物园、动物、人、机器人8.人民、人民法院、司法机关表解题：10分1．请列出相容选言判断、充分条件假言判断、必要条件假言判断的真值表;2．运用真值表判定A、B、C三个判断之间是否是等值关系A：并非只有小李去,小王才去;B：并非小李去或小王不去;C．小李不去但小王去“小李去”为p,“小王去’为q;p←则：A：qp∨B ：qp∧C：q结论．A、B、c三个判断之间是等值关系;3．用真值表判定A和B两个判断之间是否具有等值关系;A．并非如果背熟了逻辑规则,就能解决逻辑问题;B．背熟了逻辑规则,但不能解决逻辑问题;A的逻辑形式为：B的逻辑形式为：代入真值表判定二者是否具有等值关系：以上真值表的情况表明;A 的逻辑形式 ：p →qB 的逻辑形式为：p ∧q代入真值表判定二者是否具有等值关系：以上真值表的情况表明 两判断是等值判断 ; 4．运用真值表判定A 、B 三个判断之间是否是等值关系 A ：并非只有小王读一中,小张才读二中; B ．小王不读一中但小张读二中;设：“小王读一中”为p,“小张读二中’为q ：则：A ：q p ← B ：q p ∧个判断之间是 等值 ;5.列出联言判断、相容选言判断和必要条件假言判断的真值表;5．运用真值表判定A、B三个判断之间是否是等值关系A：如果犯罪,那么违法;B．并非犯罪但不违法;两判断是等值的;图示题每小题8分,共16分1．请用欧拉图表示下列概念外延之间的关系;A．强制措施B．逮捕C．取保候审AB C2．设S真包含于P,M与P交叉,M真包含S,用欧拉图表示S、M和P之间的三种外延关系;M S P六、用欧拉图图示下列概念外延之间的关系每小题3分,共9分 1、A 、中国人 B 、政治家C 、周恩来2、A 、推理 B 、充分条件假言判断 C 、必要条件假言直言推理3、A 、法律 B 、律师 C 、人民检察院2、3九、请用真值表的方法判定下列两个判断是否等值 5分 A 、 并非该被告既守法,又遵守本单位的规章制度; B 、该被告既不守法,又不遵本单位的规章制度; A 判断的逻辑形式：并非p 并且qB 判断的逻辑形式：：非p 并且非q真值表方法判定题共6分用真值表方法判定A 与B 两判断是否等值;A ． 并非只有他是仓库保管员,才有仓库大门的钥匙;B ． 他是仓库保管员但没有仓库大门的钥匙;答：以P 代"他是仓库保管员"；以q 代"他有仓库大门的钥匙", 则：A 的逻辑形式为：并非只有P,才qB的逻辑形式为：P并且非q代入真值表检验：P q 非q 并非只有P,才q P并且非q真真假假真假真假假真假真假真假真真假假真假真假假真值表情况表明,A、B两判断不是等值判断;四、表解题运用真值表判定A判断和B判断是否具有等值关系;A：甲有罪或者乙有罪; B：如果甲有罪则乙有罪; 设“甲有罪”为p；设“乙有罪”为q；A判断的逻辑形式为： p 或者q ; B判断的逻辑形式为：如果p那么q ; 代入真值表判定A判断和B判断是否具有等值关系：以上真值表的情况表明A和B两个判断不等值;四、图示8分1、请用欧拉图表示下列概念外延之间的关系A、法院；B、法官；C、律师；D、中共党员;2、已知“所有A是B,有B不A,有B不是C,有C不是B,而所有A都不是C”,请用欧拉图表示出A、B、C三个概念间的关系;五、简答42分1、运用性质判断对当关系或判断变形直接推理,从“有的被告是罪犯”能否推出以下结论为什么1有的罪犯是被告；2并非所有被告不是罪犯；3有的非被告不是罪犯;例1可以推出：用换位法：SIP→PIS；cABD例2可以推出：用性质判断对当关系：SIP→并非SEP例3不能推出：因为此判断用符号来看是：非SOP,而SIP是不能用判断变形直接推理推出非SOP来的; 表解题运用真值表判定A判断和B判断是否具有等值关系;A：甲有罪或者乙有罪;B：如果甲有罪则乙有罪;设“甲有罪”为p；设“乙有罪”为q；A判断的逻辑形式为： p 或者qB判断的逻辑形式为：如果p那么 q表解10分1、运用真值表判定A和B两个判断之间是否具有等值关系;A、并非只有贪污,才犯罪;B、没贪污,却犯了罪;如果设“贪污”为P；设“犯罪”为q,则A的逻辑形式为：并非P←q；B的逻辑形式为：P∧q;以上真值表的情况表明：等值;2、请列出联言判断、不相容选言判断和充分必要条件假言的判断的真值表;表解题10分1、运用真值表判定A和B两个判断之间具有等值关系;A、并非小张和小李都考上了大学；B、或者小张没考上大学,或者小李没考上大学;如果设“小张考上大学”为P ； 设“小李没考上大学”为q,则A 的逻辑形式为：并非p ∧q ； B 的逻辑形式为：非P ∨非q ;以上真值表情况表明：等值;2、请列出联言判断、不相容选言判断和充分条件假言判断的真值表;图示8分1、请用欧拉图表示下列概念外延间的关系：A 、农村；B 、农民；C 、共产党员；D 、劳动模范;2、已知“A 与B 全异,D 与AB 交叉,C 真包含于B,且与D 全异”,请用欧拉图表示出A 、B 、C 、D 四个概念间的关系;。
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1、倒母线结束后，用母联停一组母线前，为何要分开pt二次空开？防止pt二次向停电的母线上反充电，继续问：为什么会造成反充电？2、停用运行中的220kV重合闸为什么要投入沟通三跳压板？防止退出重合闸出口合闸压板后，线路单相故障，保护跳单相后，出线非全相运行。
3、220kV倒母线前，二次操作有哪些？顺序是怎样的？1）将母差方式改为单母方式2）将母联开关改为非自动3）将pt二次并列4、如何投停母线差动“分列压板”，其作用是什么？投停母线差动“分列压板”随母联开关状态而变化，母联退出后投入，运行前退出。
其作用双母线分列运行时，母差保护不计母联CT二次电流。
5、母线差动保护中的“短充电和长充电”有何区别？1）母联“短充电和长充电”保护正常均停用2）短充电保护由值班员自行调度，长充电保护由调度下令3）短充电保护适用于母线由检修转为运行的操作，长充电保护适用于外线路对母线冲击送电4）短充电保护无时限；长充电保护有延时5）母线投入时，使用母线保护的充电保护，母线保护投信号，启用长充电保护。
6、BP-2母线保护的“充电保护”启动的条件是什么？对母线保护有何影响？充电保护启动的条件：1）母联开关在分闸位置2）被充母线检验无电压3）母联开关电流从零到有充电保护对母线充电期间，母线保护退出运行7、防止或限制主变合闸时产生操作过电压的措施有哪些？1）合闸前合上主变中性点接地刀闸2）主变三侧装设避雷器3）应用快速断路器并加装并联电阻4）主变中性点加放电间隙8、什么情况下是BP-2B母差保护“强制互联”？1）强制互联压板投入2）保护控制字中“强制母线互联”软压板设为“投”3）任一开关（母联开关除外）的1G、2G刀闸同时合上4）母联开关CT回路断线9、倒母线时“母联开关”为什么要改非自动？防止在倒母线过程中，母联开关跳闸，造成带负荷拉合刀闸10、倒母线时，为什么要进行PT二次并列？防止在倒母线过程中，刀闸辅助接点不被电弧烧坏11、对接地线和装设接地线有何要求？对接地线要求：用透明护套保护多股软裸铜线，其截面不小于25平方毫米，其截面满足短路容量的要求。
装设接电线：1）必须二人以上进行2）对储能元件设备如：电抗器、电容器、电缆、同杆架设运行的线路一条线路检修等设备先放电3）先接接地端后接导体端4）装设接地线先接近身体端，后接远身体端5）验明三相无电后立即悬挂接地线6）接地线应挂在设备的预留端口上7）做好自身防护，带好绝缘手套保持与设备的带电距离12、断路器检修（有保护工作）为什么停用失灵保护？投停有何规定？防止保护工作中，失灵保护误出口跳相邻回路投停规定：1）失灵保护由运行人员自行调度投停2）正常运行时出线开关的失灵保护均投入3）正常运行时主变失灵保护应停用4）母差保护停用时，开关失灵保护应停用（只停用母差屏压板包括出口和启动压板）5）当出线开关检修或保护停用校验等其他工作须将保护停用的，本线路的失灵保护应随之停用13、电动刀闸操作失灵的原因有哪些？1）操作保险接触不良或保险熔断、空气开关跳开2）分合闸交流接触器线圈烧坏或其接点接触不良3）操作回路断线、接点接触不良或三相交流空气开关跳开4）刀闸机械联动回路有问题，卡住5）刀闸电动机损坏或缺相6）就地/远方转换开关操作方式不对7）电动机热耦继电器动作14、旁路代主变切换差动电流端子步骤和方法？1）拉开旁路开关2）投入旁路开关屏主变差动CT端子于相应主变3）脱离主变差动保护出口压板4）投入主变屏差动CT端子于旁路5）合旁路开关6）拉开主变开关7）脱离主变开关CT端子并短接（套管CT不需切换，开关CT应全部切换）15、刀闸可以进行哪些操作？1）无接地故障时拉合电压互感器2）无雷电活动时拉合避雷器3）拉合220kV以下母线充电电流4）拉合一个半开关母线环流5）无接地故障时拉合变压器中性点接地刀闸6）拉合励磁电流小于等于2A的空载变压器、电抗器，电容电流小于等于5A的空载线路7）拉合旁路电流16、为什么自耦变压器中性点必须接地？防止高压侧电网发生单相接地故障时，中压侧出现过电压17、检修断路器为什么要把二次回路断开？1）如果不停二次回路会危及人身安全并可能造成直流接地、短路、保护误动2）如果不停二次回路开关误合会造成检修人员的伤害3）若一次设备摇绝缘会串入二次设备造成损坏18、为何停投变压器前要合上主变中性点接地刀闸？防止断路器三相不同步合闸引起操作过电压，危及变压器线圈绝缘。
19、PT二次既有手动并列，又有自动并列，单停PT时如何操作？1）、检查双母线经母联开关并列运行2）、合上PT二次并列BK开关3）、拉开待停PT二次空气开关4）、拉开待停PT高压侧刀闸20、为什么母线元件操作后要检查BP-2B微机母差保护显示屏设备运行方式与一次设备实际运行方式要相符？BP-2B微机母差保护小差电流、出口跳闸逻辑、失灵保护启动母差逻辑均是根据母线元件母线刀闸位置判定。
当母线刀闸位置一、二次不对应时，影响母差保护正确选择出线拒动或误动。
同时影响断路器正确动作或失灵保护的正确启动。
21、为什么母线检修后对母线充电时必须启用母联开关短充电保护对空母线充电？母联开关断开时，辅助接点自动将母联开关电流不计入母差回路，当母联开关合上时，辅助接点有可能滞后打开，而导致母差保护误动，短充电保护可短时闭锁母差保护。
22、倒母线操作时注意事项有哪些？倒母线操作前母差保护方式有选择方式调整为非选择方式，母联开关改为非自动，并将母线压变二次进行并列。
倒排结束后，母线压变二次解列，母联开关改为自动，母差保护CT二次能够（自动或手动）切换时，母差保护人为选择方式操作外延题1、901A保护故障报告符号代表意思？D++高频主保护动组（突变量方向元件）O++高频主保护动组（零序方向元件）Z++高频主保护动组（距离元件）Dz++突变量距离元件动作LO2零序II段LO3III段CF1合闸于故障加速HB1后备元件动作Z1距离I段II段III段PO非全相运行再故障加速距离II段CF2合闸于故障加速HB2后备元件动作2、开入异常信号在哪些情况下发生？（1）母线刀闸辅助接点与二次系统不对应（2）失灵接点误启动3、互联信号在哪些情况下发出？（1）母线经刀闸互联（2）母联流变断线（3）投入互联压板（4）保护控制字中强制互联设为“投”4、TV断线信号在哪些情况下发出？（1）电压相序错（2）压变二次断线或检修（3）母线停用（4）保护元件电压回路异常5、TA断线信号在哪些情况下发出？（1）流变变比错误（2）流变极性错误（3）接入母差的流变断线6、复合电压元件的动作条件是什么？相间电压低于整定值或零序电压大于整定值或负序电压大于整定值7、分列运行压板何时退出，为什么？母联开关断开后投分列运行压板，合母联开关前退分列运行压板，投分列运行压板时，可以让母联电流使保护能正确动作。
8、母联开关在合位和分位死区保护动作有何不同？合位发生死区故障，两条母线上开关全部跳开，分位发生死区故障，只跳开母联流变侧的那段母线。
9、母联开关是分相断路器，其位置接点如何接入母差保护？常开接点并联接入，常闭接点串联接入10、母联开关充电保护动作条件？充电保护压板投入其中一条母线已失压，母联开关已断开母联电流从无到有充电保护动作不经复合电压闭锁，由控制字决定11、电流回路断线判别方法及后果？a、b、c任一相大差电流连续9秒大于流变整定值，电流回路继线发TA断线信号，闭锁母差保护，电流回路正常后，0.9秒母差保护自动恢复正常。
12、母联电流回路断线判别依据及后果？大差电流不越限，两小差电流都越限，两小差电流之和为零，母联电流回路断线后，母线强制互联，发互联信号，不闭锁母差，母联电流正常后，要手动复归，才能恢复正常。
13、复合电压闭锁为什么在有电情况下操作？复合电压闭锁一般与过电流保护配合使用，如果在无电时投入，将使复合电压闭锁过电流保护失去复合电压这一元件，可能使保护误动。
14、主变保护启动失灵为什么要解除失灵保护复合电压闭锁？高阻抗的主变低压侧发生故障时，高压侧复合电压元件不一定能动作，所以此时高侧开关拒动时，需解除失灵保护出口回路的复合电压闭锁。
15、瓦斯保护为什么不启动失灵保护？主变瓦斯保护动作，主变开关可能跳开后，瓦斯保护接点不一定及时返回。
16、11QK1、11QK2切换有哪些内容？停信切换包括本保护停信，其他保护停信，开关位置停信，发信切换，收发信号切换，收发信机动作和异常信号切换，收发信机电源切换。
17、为什么旁路代线时需停一套高频保护?旁路开关只配一套主保护，所以旁路开关的收发信机只能切换到一套收发信机上，而上述信息不能切换到另一套收发信机上，如果这套高频保护不停用，区外故障对侧可能保护误动。
18、画出三相不一致保护简图并说明动作过程？重合闸未启动时，CQJ常闭接点闭合，开关出现三相不一致，并且另序电流元件动作SJ线圈得电，终止接点启动CKJ经SJ常开接点，CKJ 常开接点、压板跳开关。
19、画出并分析母线PT二次并列回路当母联开关三相合闸，两侧刀闸也合闸，运行人员将压变二次并列屏上BK切至并列位置后，1、3接点通，QJ继电器励磁，其常开接点将两段压变二次小母线并列，在下列情况下需将压变二次回路并列：1、一段母线压变停用，但该母线出线不停；2、热倒母线过程中压变二次不平衡，产生环流，如用YQJ接点并解列可能是YQJ接点容量不足而烧坏，需将二次先并列。
20、开入变位信号在哪些情况下发生？各单位、母线刀闸辅助接点变位母联和分段开关接点变位失灵启动的接点变位21、沟通三跳压板的作用？单项故障时，保护能三相跳闸如本屏上重合闸投入，则将重合闸放电22、220线路保护经TJQ跳闸有什么区别？经TJQ跳闸时，如重合闸投入，则不闭锁重合闸，经TJR跳闸时，TJR 同时给出一对接点，对重合闸放电，经TJR跳闸不会重合，一些后备保护如距离2段，三相不一致保护，母差保护等均经TIR跳闸。
23、220线路保护总启动元件动作有什么作用？使装置进入故障计算程序，一般情况是开放出口继电器正电源，个别保护开放继电器负电源。
24、系统发生振荡时，线路发生区内对称或不对称故障距离保护时如何开放的？振荡又发生区内不对称故障I0+I2＞ＭI1保护检测另序电流绝对值之和大于正序电流的绝对值乘以一个系数振荡又发生区内对称故障U03=ucosσ U03振荡中心电压 u正序电压σ功率因数角-0.03Un＜u03＜0.25uN25、线路保护交流电压回路断线的一般判据是什么？1三相电压相量和大于某一数值2三相电压相量和小于这一数值，但正序电压小于某数值，保护用母3线压变二次电压时，发生上述任一情况，即发生交流电压回路断线信号4三相电压相量大于某一数值5正序电压小于某一数值，且TWJ不动作6正序电压小于某一数值且任一相电流有源元件动作7保护用线路压变二次电压时，发生3、4、5任一条时，发TV断线信号，当TV断线时，退出纵联保护，距离元件，负序方向元件，带方向的另序保护，自动投入TV断线过流保护和TV断线另序保护。