chapter1 multiple choices answer
外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案
外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案外贸英语函电课后习题参考答案（For Reference Only）Chapter 1 Business Letter I. Answer the following questions.1. How many principal parts is a business letter composed of? What are they?Generally speaking, there are seven principal parts of a standard business letter. They are theletter head; the date; inside name and address; saluation; the body of a letter(message); thecomplimentary close and signature. 2. What are the three main formats of a business letter used today? Which format do you like best?There are three main formats of a business letter in use at present: the conventionalindented style; the modern block style and the modified block style.I like the modern blockstyle, since it is simple and we can save much time.3. What is P.S.?It is postscript, refers to one or more remarks the writer may add to the core or body of theletter,usually hand-written side by side with or below the signature and enclosure parts, wherethere is often a large patch of blank space. A postscript can be a sentence or a brief paragraph.II. Choose the best answer1-5 A C A B D 6-10 B D C B A 11-15 B C C D D 16-20 D A C B BIII. Write a letter with the given particulars below, using necessary capitals and punctuation( in modern block style)CZ Import & Export Corp. Ltd66 Minghuang, Wujin Discrict, Changzhou213164, P.R. ChinaJuly 3, 2007Mr. John MartinSales ManagerLake Circles Inc.56 York Road, ChicagoIllinois, USADear Sir,Yours sincerely,IV. Arrange the following both in a blocked form and indented form as they should be setout in a letter. (ommitted)Chapter 2 Establishment of Business RelationsI. Answer the following questions.1. If you want to open up a market to maintain or expand business actiities what should youdo first?If we want to open up a market to maintian or expand business activities, what we should dofirst is to conduct a market research, from which we shall know thoroughly about yourproduct(s), your present and potential market(s) .2. Before you write letters with some new established firms what had you better do?We had better try to collect as much information as possible about the new establishedfirms, especially about their credit information.3. Through what channels can one obtain the desired names and addresses of the companiesto be dealt with?We can get the desired names and addresses of the companies through the following channels:Some b2b websites, such as /doc/1a13196496.html; some governmental or oganizational websites, such as/doc/1a13196496.html; some news papers or magazines; some yellowpages; some friends or your present customers; or you can get the imformation by using some serach engines such as google oryahoo.4. How to begin with the “First Letter” or circulars to the other party?It should be consisted of the three parts: first, you should say where you have got theinformation of your potential customer; second you should provide necessary information aboutyourself; third you should express your wish of writing the letter.5. How can one create goodwill and leave a good impression on the readers?We should consider the eight “C”s in writing a business letter: clearness; conciseness; correctness; concreteness; cheerfulness; courtesy; consideration and completeness.II. multiple choices.1-5 D C A B A 6-10 C A C B CIII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 2. 3. 4.5.6. 1007. 8. 9. 10.IV Translate the following sentences into English.1. Here we introduce ourselves as an Export Company of Imitation Jewelry, with manyyears of experience in this line.2. The letter you wrote to the headquarter last week has been transferred to us, since wedeal in the products.3. We have a wide range of light industrial products available for export.4. We are very glad to receive your letter with illustrated catalogue.5. We are looking forward to your specific requirements for our products.6. We are a well-established private company, and we look forward to establish business relations with you.7. The manager briefly introduced the Johnson company, which is most probably to be our prospective customer.8. To give you a general idea about our products in the chart, here we enclose a copy of booklet and the latest price list.9. When the value of export exceeds that of the import, we call it the favorable balance of trade.10. Our products are of high quality and favorable prices.V. Translate the following letter into English.Dear Sirs,We got you are interested in the silk garments from lastweek’s China Daily. Here we introduce ourselves as the largest dealer of garments in this area. We would like to eatablish business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.Our silk garments are made of high standard silk and traditional technique. We are sending you a copy of illustrated catalogue and the latest price list for your reference. If you are interested in any item of them, please let us now. Once we receive your enquiry, we will send you the qutation and sample by aimail.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely,VI. Write an English letter in a proper form based on the following information. (Ommitted) Chapter 3 Inquiry and ReplyI. Multiple Choices.1-5 D A A D B 6-10 B B A B BIIGive the Chinese equivalents to the following terms.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. 9. 10. IIIGive the English equivalents to the following terms.1. large scale2. a wide range (variety) of3. irrevocable letter of credit4. 3% rebate5. illustrated catalogue6. the biggest dealer7. first-rate technology 8. favorable CIFHongKong 9. terms of payment10. portable electric water heaterIV. Translate the following into English.1. We are in the market for the leather shoes, please quote us the most favorable prices.2. Please quote us the lowerest price for the captioned goods. When quoting, please state the packing and the earliest time of shipment and send us the booklet of the products.3. We want to know what dicount you can offerfor an order exceeding 1000 dozen?4. We are now interested in the the table cloth and napkin. We are very appriciative if you can send us he catalouge,sample and the price list.5. The enclosed price list and illustrated catalouge will provide you with detailed information on the article you are most interested in.V. Translate the following letter into English.Dear Sirs,We are interested in your canvas bag on page 4 of your December’s catalogue, would you please send us a sample and quote us the lowerest price of CIF Honolulu?If your product proves to be satisfactory, we will order at least 2500 dozen.Please reply as soon as possible.Yours,VI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.2.3. 4. 5. CIF3%6. 7. 8. 2005714 9. 60CIFVIITranslate the following into Chinese.6151002%Chapter 4 Offer and Counter-offerI. Give the English equivalents to the following terms.1. offer2. under/on the usual terms3. accept counter offer4. favorable price(s)5. on/under offer6. terms of payment7. to promote the transaction 8. firm offer 9. non-firm offer10. strengthening marketII. Give the Chinese equivalents to the following terms.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.III. Multiple choices.1—5 A D A A C 6-10 C B B C BIV. Translate the following letter into English.1. As requested, we offer you as follows, subject to our final confirmation.2. The offer is firm, to be valid(effective) till your reply reaches us before the end ofthis month.3. To our regret, the price gap between your countered one and ours is too big.4. It’s regret that our buyer from Shanghai thought your price was much higher.5. If you cannot accept our offer, please bid us your most probable counter offer.V. Translate the following letter into English.Dear sirs,Here we confirm having received your letter of October 20th concerning the sample of “Grace” brand blouses and thank you very much. Although your blouses are of high quality, your price is on the high side.Meanwhile I want to point out that the prices of the similar blouses of European origin are about 15% lower than yours.Such being the case, we hope you can reduce your price at least by 15%, for the value of our order is about USD 40, 000.It is worthwhile for you to make some concessions.We look forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely,VI. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. 6152.3.4.5. 6. 20% 7. 3%8. 9. 10. 10%11.12. uidandakaiVIITranslate the following letter into Chinese.810FOBIBMCPU80586200800FOB20039/1085Chapter 5 Acceptance and OrderI. Answer the following questions.1. When should the buyer write an order?When both the buyer and the seller reach an agreement on the terms of sales, then the buyer can write an order.2. What should he pay attention to when the buyer writes an order?He should pay attention to the terms and conditions of the sales, especially about the figures and the date.3. What should be included in an order?It should contain the “main conditions(合同要件)or conditional clausese” of a contr act, which includes the name(s) of the commodity(commodities), the specification, the price, the quantity, the packing, the shipment, the payment and the insurance.4. Sometimes if you cannot accept an order what should you do? Why?You should write a letter to your customer to explain why you cannot accept the orderand show your regret, and hope to do business with him next time. Because you do not want to lose a potential customer.II. Translate the following terms and expressionsA. into Chinese1. 为---扫清障碍2. ⼀笔交易3. 友好合作4. 草拟合同5. 愉快的⼯作关系6. 汇票7. 草拟8. 草拟9. 第⼀笔交易 10. 达成协议B. Into English1. the first available steamership2. put forward3. contract draft4. wide acceptance5. confirm an order6. the first order7. each makes a half concession8. supply 9. customer(client) 10. reach(conclude) an agreementIII. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.1-5 A C D C A 6-10 B D A A CIV. Translate the following sentences into English.1. We confirm having supplied you ten metric tons of green soybeans at E3000 per m/t CFRRotterdam, shipment in September.2. Here we confirm your order of August 1 on 1000 dozen folding chairs.3. We confirm having sold you 1000 sets of “Fuji” brand digital camera.4. The captioned goods are out of stock, we are sorry that we cannot entertain your order.5. Once we receive your confirmation, we will send you the contract draft for your approval.6. There is a heavy demand for our toy pandas,we recommend you to place your order as earlyas possible.7. We hope the conclusion of the first deal will bring more(further) business in the future.8. We are glad that we have concluded the transaction of 10,000 “Double Happiness” brand bats.9. We hope the conclusion of the first deal will pave the way for our freidnly cooperation in thefuture.10. We are glad to inform you that our users are very satisfied with your first lot of goods.V. Translate the following letter into English.Dear Sirs,We have received your order of August 1 and thanks.We confirm having sold you 1000 snooker tables at US$400CIF Los Angles, delivery in October. Terms of payment are by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by sigh draft.We are sure that you will be satisfied with the high quality of our products.If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to let us know.Yours faithfully,VI. Write an English letter based on the following information.Dear Sirs,Thank you very much for your order of 5000 women’s bags.We assure you of our timely and qulified execution of the order. Would you please open the related L/C without fail to avoid the delay of the shipment.Besides the model of the commodities you have ordered, we are dealin a wide varieties of fashion bags, enclosed please find theillustrated catalogue. If you are interested in any of them, please do not hesitate to let us know.We look forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely,Chapter 6 ContractI. Answer the following questions in English.1. What are the basic clauses of a contract?The basic clauses of a contract include the commodity, the price,the quantity, thespecification, the shipment, the packing, the payment and the insurance.2. How can you understand the importance of a contract in international business?It is the evidence of the business. It is the evdience of executing the contract; it is alsothe evidence of disputes and complaints.3. What are the conditional clauses in a contract?The conditional clauses of a contract should include the name(s) of thecommodity(commodities), the specification, the price, the quantity, the packing, theshipment, the payment and the insurance4. Why should you pay great attention to conditional clauses?Because they are the main clauses of a contract.5. What are the different results you will have when your partner breaches different kinds of clauses of the contract?If your partner breaches the conditional clauses of a contract, you can ask him tocompensate your loss. If your partner breaches the clauses of force majeure, you can ask him todelay fulfillment of the contract, partial fulfillment or cancel the contract without anycompensation.6. What are warranty clause in a contract?7. What will you do if you want to become a successful international businessman?First youshould master at least a foreign language; second you should have a good command of international business; third you should know your products and your customers well; fourth,youshould know the genenral practice and regulations ofinternational trade.II. Translate the following terms and expressionsA. Into Chinese1. 销售合同2. 更多的订单3. ⼀式两份4. 合作5. 供某⼈存档6. 向某⼈下订单7. 上述提到的货物8. 供某⼈存档9. 规定（条款） 10. 尽可能早的B． Into English1. sales confirmation2. for one’sinformation3. place an orderwith sb4. subsequent amendment5. in triplicate6. in quaduplicate7. in quintuplicate 8. be in confimity with 9. stipulations10 for one’s referenceIII. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.1-5. C C A D C 6-10 B D A A CIV. Translate the following sentences into English.1. We have accepted your order No. 111 for 10000 sets of CD players.2. We would like to place an order with you for 1000 Christmas trees for the coming Christmas.3. Here we enclose our purchase contract No.Q12 in duplicate, please sign and return one copyfor our file.4. To avoid subsequent amendment, the stipulations of the L/C should be in exact conformity with those of the S/C.5. It is self-evident that your packing should be firm and sea-worthy.6. We hope the purchase contract No. 482 on 1000 sets of V998 Motorola mobile phones has arrived you on time.7. What we want to point out is that although the qualify of your shampoo is good, the price ison the high side.8. We are glad to send you our purchase contract No. 333 on 500 cases of men skin-carecosmetics in triplicate.9. Your yarn closh is very popular in our market because of its high quality and low price. Nowwe are placing a repeat order about 20000 pieces.10. Now we are sending you contract draft No. 666 on jeans by separate post for your reference. V. Translate the following letter into English.Dear Sirs,We are glad to confirm having concluded with you on 1000 Aucma freezers. We draw up S/C No.A-12 in duplicate. Please sign and return one copy for our file.Since the strengthing market for freezers is coming, if you want to place a repeat order, please infrom us as early as possible. We are looking forward to hearing from you soon.Yours faithfully,VI. (ommitted)VII. Fill in the contract forms in English with the following particulars.(1)Sales ContractContract No.:07-336Sellers: Jiangsu Native Produce and Animal BY-products Import and Export CorporationBuyers: London Foodstuffs Import and Export CompanyThis contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms andconditions stipulated below:Commodity: Groundnut KernelsSpecifications: FAQ2007 CropQuantity: 50 M/TUnit Price: At RMB$ 3550 per m/t CIF LondonTotal Value: RMB$177500(Say Renminbi Dollars One hundred and Seventy-seven Thousand andFive Hundred Only)Packing: In double gunny bagsInsurance: To be covered by the Sellers for 110% of the invoice value against All Risks and WarRiskTime of Shipment: During November 2007Port of Shipment: Nantong of ChinaPost of Destination: LondonShipping Mark: At the Sellers’ optionTerms of Payment: By irrevocable L/C available by draft at sight st day of May, 2007.Done and signed in Nanjing of Jiangsu on this 31(2)Sales ContractContract No.: AV006Sellers: Beijing Light Industrial Products Import and Export CorporationBuyers: General Trading Company, New YorkThis contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:Commodity: “Forever” brand BicyclesSpecifications: Model MB26Quantity: 1000 bicyclesUnit Price: At US$ 70 each CIF New YorkTotal Value: US$70000(Say U.S. Dollars Seventy Thousand Only)。
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language说课讲解
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wo lf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the i ndividual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenom enon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
MultipleChoiceQuestions.Choosethebestanswer
Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the best answer(1) Which of the following occurs with perfectly price discriminating monopolies?A) The level of output is inefficient.B) All consumer surplus goes to the monopoly.C) Deadweight loss is created.D) Firms earn zero economic profits.E) None of the above.(2) Firms in monopolistic competition make products that areA) perfect complements.B) close but not perfect complements.C) perfect substitutes.D) close but not perfect substitutes.(3) In monopolistic competition, each firm’s marginal revenue curve lies ____ its demand curve because of ____.A) below ; barriers to entryB) below; product differentiationC) above; barriers to entryD) above; product differentiation(4) In monopolistic competition, each firm has a demand curve with A) a negative slope, and there are no barriers to entry into the market.B) a slope equal to zero, and there is are no barriers to entry into the market.C) negative slope, and there are barriers to entry into the market.D) a slope equal to zero, and there are barriers to entry into the market.(5) In the short run, a monopolistically competitive firm choosesA) both its price and its quantity.B) its price but not its quantity.C) its quantity but not its price.D) neither its price nor its quantity.(6) In monopolistic competition, firms can earn an economic profit inA) the short run and in the long run.B) the short run but not in the long run.C) the long run but not in the short run.D) neither the long run nor the short run.(7) The figure above shows short-run cost curves for a perfectly competitive firm. If the price of the product is $8, in the short run the firm willA) earn a normal profit.B) earn an economic profit.C) incur an economic loss.D) None of the above answers is correct because more information is needed to determine the firm’s profit or loss.(8) In the long run, the economic profits of a firm in a perfectly competitive industryA) will be above zero.B) will be below zero.C) will equal zero.D) can be above, below, or equal to zero.(9) A perfectly competitive firm is definitely earning an economicprofit whenA) MR < MC.B) P > ATC.C) P < ATC.D) P > AVC.(10) Paul runs a shop that sells printers. Paul is a perfect competitor and can sell each printer for a price of $300. The marginal cost of selling one printer a day is $200; the marginal cost of selling a second printer is $250; and the marginal cost of selling a thirdprinter is $350. To maximize his profit, Paul should sellA) one printer a day.B) two printers a day.C) three printers a day.D) more than three printers a day.(11) Suppose firms in a perfectly competitive industry are suffering aneconomic loss. Over time,A) other firms enter the industry, so the price rises and the economic loss decreases.B) some firms leave the industry, so the price rises and the economic loss decreases.C) other firms enter the industry, so the price falls and the economic loss decreases.D) some firms leave the industry, so the price falls and the economic loss decreases.(12) The market for lawn services is perfectly competitive. Larry’s Lawn Service cannot increase its total revenue by raising its price because ____.A) Larry’s supply of lawn services is perfectly inelasticB) the demand for Larry’s services is perfectly inelasticC) Larry’s supply of lawn services is inelasticD) the demand for Larry's services is perfectly elastic(13) The apple industry is perfectly competitive and is in long-run equilibrium. Now a disease kills 50 percent of the apple orchards. In the short run, the price of a bag of apples ____ and the remainingapple growers make ____ profits. In the long run, the ____.A) increases; normal; price of apples will return to their originallevelB) remains the same; normal; orchards will be replanted and growerswill make normal profitsC) increases; normal; orchards will be replanted and economic profitwill return to zeroD) increases; positive economic; orchards will be replanted and economic profit will return to zero(14) The following are key features of a monopoly EXCEPTA) the monopoly is protected by a barrier to entry.B) no close substitutes exist for the good or service.C) the monopoly has a strong influence over the price of the good or service.D) the monopoly has diseconomies of scale.(15) An industry in which one firm can supply the entire market at a lower price than two or more firms can is called aA) legal monopoly.B) natural monopoly.C) single-price monopoly.D) price-discriminating monopoly.(16) Which of the following is true of a natural monopoly?A) Its long-run average cost curve slopes upward as it intersects the demand curve.B) Economies of scale exist to only a very low level of output.C) The firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than could two or more firms.D) The firm is not protected by any barrier to entry.(17) Monopolies can earn an economic profit in the long run because ofA) rent seeking by competitors.B) the elastic demand for the monopoly’s product.C) the cost-savings gained by the monopoly.D) barriers to enter the monopoly’s market.(18) In comparison with a perfect competition, a single-price monopolist with the same costsA) generates a smaller consumer surplus but a larger economic profit.B) generates a smaller consumer surplus and a smaller economic profit.C) generates a larger consumer surplus and a larger economic profit.D) generates a larger consumer surplus and a smaller economic profit.(19) Which of the following market structures is likely to produce the highest output for a given good?(A)monopoly(B)oligopoly(C)monopolistic competition(D)perfect competitionUse the above figure for questions 20 and 21.20) The unregulated, single-price monopoly shown in the figure above has a total economic profit ofA) $24.B) $16.C) $8.D) $4.(21) For the unregulated, single-price monopoly shown in the figure above, when its profit is maximized, output will beA) 4 units per year and the price will be $6.B) 4 units per year and the price will be $4.C) 6 units per year and the price will be $4.D) None of the above answers is correct.(22) Which area(s) in the above figure indicates consumer surplus at the price and quantity that would be attained if the industry were perfectly competitive?A) A + B + C + DB) A + B + C + D + EC) F + G + HD) A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H(23) Which area(s) in the above figure indicates consumer surplus at the price and quantity that would be set by a single-price monopoly?A) A + BB) A + B + C + D + EC) C + DD) C + D + E + F + G + H(24) In the above figure, which area is the deadweight loss from a single-price monopoly?A) EB) E + HC) E + H + KD) E + H + K + J(25) Monopolists are able to practice price discrimination becauseA) of differing willingness-to-pay among consumers.B) of differing price elasticities of supply.C) they have constant marginal cost.D) they have constant average cost.(26) In perfect competition,A) each firm can influence the price of the good.B) there are few buyers.C) there are significant restrictions on entry.D) all firms in the market sell their product at the same price.Note: the Price of the good in the perfectly competitive market is $12 per unit.Use the above figure for questions (27),(28) and (29).(27) In the above figure, the curve represented by the"2" is theA) average fixed cost.B) average variable cost.C) total cost.D) average total cost.(28) In the above figure, the firm’s total economicprofit is equal toA) $260.B) $1300C) $1560.D) MR – MC.E) none of the above(29) Firms will shut down if the market price isA) at 12B) below 12C) below 10D) below 8(30) A competitive firm is more likely to shut down during a recession, when the demand for its product declines, than during an economic expansion, because during the recession it might be unable to cover itsA) fixed costs.B) variable costs.C) external costs.D) depreciation due to machinery becoming obsolete.(31) In the above figure, if the price is P1, the firm will produceA) nothing.B) where MC equals ATC.C) where MC equals P1.D) where ATC equals P1.Use the above figure for questions (32) and (33).(32) The firm in the figure above is in monopolistic competition. It will set a price equal toA) $1.B) $2.C) $3.D) more than $3.(33) The above figure depicts a firm in monopolistic competition. At the profit maximizing level of output,A) the firm is making economic profit.B) the firm incurs an economic loss.C) the firm is making zero economic profit.D) this firm would choose to shut down in the short run.Factor of inputs (questions (34), (35), (36) and (37))(34) The marginal revenue product (MRP) of labor is the extra revenue generated byA) selling an additional unit of output.B) raising the price of the product by one dollar.C) hiring one additional unit of labor.D) price discrimination.(35) Marginal revenue product equals marginal productA) times the quantity of labor.B) divided by the quantity of labor.C) times the price if the goods are sold in perfect competition.D) divided by the good’s price.(36) In the table above, the marginal revenue product of the third unit of labor is (Hint: find MR and MPL first)A) $3.B) $4.C) $12.D) $16.(37) In the table above, if the wage rate is $8.00 per hour, theprofit-maximizing number of workers isA) 1.B) 2.C) 4.D) 5.E) none of the above(38) The best example of an oligopoly market can be described byA) wheat farming.B) the restaurant industry.C) long-distance telephone service.D) the clothing industry.(39) In an oligopoly with a collusive agreement (i.e. firms gettogether to set price and output level), the total industry profitswill be smallest whenA) all firms comply with the agreement.B) one firm cheats on the agreement and the other firms do not cheat.C) all firms cheat on the agreement.D) the firms act as a monopoly.(40) Price wars areA) most likely when there is a monopoly.B) most likely when there is oligopoly.C) most likely when there is perfect competition.D) equally likely in the cases of monopoly, oligopoly,and perfect competition.Answer Key for the last exercise questions: 1-5: b,d,b,a,a6-10: b,c,c,b,b11-15: b,d,d,d,b16-20: c,d,a,d,c21-25: a,b,a,b,a26-30: d,b,e,d,a31-35: c,c,c,c,c36-40: c,c,c,c,b。
西方文化习题汇总
Chapter One Culture in Ancient GreeceMultiple choices:1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2.In _______ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B.C.D. The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras9. ________ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization.A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture10. Greek culture can date back to____.A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age11. Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on ____.A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy12. The Trojan War broke out at the end of ____.A. the Heroic AgeB. the Golden AgeC. the Cretan CivilizationD. the Mycenaean Civilization13. The first Olympiad began in the ____ period of the Golden Age.A. archaicB. centralC. dependentD. dark14. ____was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides and in his reign the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak.A. Justinian IB. CleonC. PericlesD. Ptolemy15. ____established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning.A. PlatoB. SocratesC. AristotleD. Heraclitus16. Herodotus, father of Greek history, focused on describing the war between _____in his book, The Histories.A. Thebes and SpartaB. Persia and SyracuseC. Athens and SpartaD. Greeks and PersiansTrue of false question.(1) The play Oedipus at Colonus was written by Aristophanes. F(2) Greek philosophy started with Aristotle. F(3) The famous bronze sculpture of athletes, Discus Thrower, was created by Myron. T(4) Euclid discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. F(5) The chief Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. TShort answer questionsHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end.Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age, and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology, Greek philosophy started with Thales who believed that the material world originated in water. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, Plato established the Academy - the first Greek institution of higher learning. Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Chapter Two Culture in Ancient RomeMultiple choices:1.Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of _____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which hadlasted about 1200 years throughout.A. Roman RepublicB. ByzantiumC. Pax RomanaD. Seven Hill Ally2.____ were the twins, the founders of Rome in the history.A. Octavian and CaesarB. Caesar and RemusC. Romulus and RemusD. Romulus and Octavian3.____was the first emperor in Roman Empire from 27 BC to 14 AD.A. CaesarB. OctavianC. RemusD. Pompey4.The First Triumvirate consisted of ____.A. Julius Caesar, Mark Antony, SullaB. Pompey, Crassus, CleopatraC. Pompey, Crassus, Julius CaesarD. Octavian, Brutus, Marius5.Punic wars are a series of wars between Rome and ____.A. GreekB. SicilyC. SpainD. Carthage6.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero7.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard8.The Law of the Twelve Tables was inscribed in _____.A.450 BCB. 200 BCC. 40 BCD. 400 BC9.The Italian poet Dante regarded _____ as his teacher in The Divine Comedy.A.VirgilB. HoraceC. OvidD. Chaucer10.In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th centuryTrue of false question.(1) In ancient Rome, freed slaves could become Roman citizen without any restrictions on their legal rights. F(2) All free-born citizens could get married in Roman society. F(3) All Romans got their daily needs from war ravages and looting in other defeated countries or areas. F(4) In Roman society, women had more chances to do some social activities than those in the East. T(5) The Romans usually entertained at the risk of slaves’ lives. T(6) All Roman citizens were allowed to vote on laws or on the decision of who were to be leaders. F(7) After Civil War, Roman entered the Pax Romana, the longest period of peace in Rome. T(8) The first Trumvirate was a formal one consisting of Octavian, Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. F(9) In Rome, Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece. T(10) Before Christianity enter Rome, Ancient Romans had mostly been polytheists. TShort answer questionsPlease give a brief introduction to the development of ancient Rome. Analyze the reasons that attributed the conversion of Roman Republic to Roman Empire.Reasons:a. Roman rulership inherited largely from ancient Greece. Under the Republic, senators were elected by the people to run the government.b. Territory expanse caused rich landowners and merchants to be able to buy up most of the country land, which led to instability of Roman military.c. Fights among powerful rulers, such as the fight in the first Triumvirate, and in the second Triumvirate, gave chance to get the supreme power to only one person instead of the people.In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s best known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuseto take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.Chapter Three Jewish Culture and The Old TestamentMultiple choices:1.The Babylonian Captivity refers to the captivation and imprisonment of the Jews by Nebuchadnezzar II, in ____.A.586 BCB.450 BCC.336 BCD.586 AC2.Jerusalem was established as the capital in ___.A.585 BCB.1000 BCC.1000 ADD.585 AD3.In history, Israelite monarchy prospered with the three kings, Saul, ____.A.David and SolomonB.Moses and DavidC.Jacob and DavidD.Jacob and Solomon4.The ancestor of the Jews is ___.A.GreekB. GermanicC. HebrewD. Roman5.The whole Old Testament is written in ______ except some brief portions which are in the Aramaic languageA.classical HebrewB.classical EnglishC.classical GreekD.classical LatinFill in the blanks1.Jehovah is worshipped as the chief god of the country of Israel.2.Ezekiel helped Jewish people spread the religion of Judaism and finally confirmed it during the BabylonianCaptivity and later period.3.The core of Judaism is Mose’s Ten Commandments and Rabbis’ interpretations of the doctrines.4.The Jewish New Year is called Rosh Hashanah.True of false question.1.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. F2.The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa andApocrypha. T3.Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including theirlife in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. F4.The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. T5.Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship orlegendary. TShort answer questionsSay something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literary value.What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from the other cultures, such as Greek and Arabic cultures.The Jewish culture has done much for Christianity and Western culture, such as the Jewish contribution to the transmission of Western culture .One of the examples is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity. It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. Another example concerns Philo, the major Jewish-Hellenistic philosopher of the early period, combined both the Greek philosophical element and Jewish theology.Chapter Four Christianity and The New TestamentFill in the blanks(1) Owing to the repeated conquests of Jerusalem by various aggressors, like Alexander the Great and the Romans, the Jews suffered a great deal from the violent suppression and the final loss of their homeland.(2) Plato’s ideas provided a more intellectual and reasonable framework for the basic beliefs of pious Jewish people.(3) Baptism is to wash off one’s original sin by sprinkling water over one’s body to indicate that one’s original sin is washed off and that one is admitted into the church.(4) Anointment is a ritual where a priest put specially-made oil on the dying to show benefaction and forgiveness of the sin in that person’s lifetime.(5) Purgatory is a state or place of temporary punishment for the removal of sins not possible in any other ways.(6) The Mass is a formal rite, ceremony or service of religious worship.(7) Excommunication means a Christian is partly or completely expelled from the church, usually with the loss of his citizenship.Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?A. Honor your father and your mother.B. Do not commit suicide.C. Do not desire your neighbor’s wife.D. Do not take the name of God in vain.4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion?A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century5. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all otherreligions?A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar6. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313?A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I7. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John Baptist(施洗者约翰)D. John Wycliff8. Christianity is the system of religious belief and practice about ____ and started at the turn of ____A. Mary, 1st century ADB. Jesus Christ, 1st century ADC. Jehovah, 1st century BCD. Jesus Christ, 1st century BC9. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint(七十子译本《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)10. On February ____ , the Roman Emperor, ______ , accepted Christianity as the official religion.A. 380, Alexander the GreatB. 380, TheodosiusC. 400, OctavianD. 100, Jesus Christ11. _____, the Christian Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. In 1054. In 1054 BC C. In 1055 D. In 38012. In 451 AD, the archbishop of Roman Church, ____________, made himself Pope.A. St. PeterB. Saint Leo IC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin13. The largest and earliest of non-Roman Catholic Groups in the West is ___________.A. Lutheran ChurchB. AnglicanismC. PresbyterianD. Free Churches14. ______ is the 2nd book of The Old Testament, telling the history of Hebrews, flight out of Egypt led by Moses.A. ExodusB. GospelC. GenesisD. Job15. _______ is the cradle of many civilizations, such as Trojan, Phrygian, Achaemenid, Greek, Armenian, Roman and Byzantine.A. EgyptB. Asia MinorC. JerusalemD. Aegean SeaShort answer questionReasons for Roman acceptance of Christianity:a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.True of False(1) When Jesus Christ fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven. F(2) Christianity is a kind of culture. T(3) Before the 4th century, Christians had been persecuted in Roman Empire. T(4) Jewish culture and religion were immensely enriched by Christianity and Western culture. F(5) The Trinity is the unity of Holy Father, Holy Son and Holy Spirit in one divine being. TChapter Five The Middle Ages and Germanic CultureFill in the blanks(1) Byzantine culture achieved remarkable progress by combining the cultural essence of Greece and Rome with the Eastern culture.(2) Neo-Platonism is a philosophy linking Greek philosophy and the Eastern mysticism, which focused on the power of spirit and transcendentalism.(3) Spiritually and culturally, 14th century in Byzantium showed remarkable vitality.(4) The early medieval literature was represented by poems, particularly by hymns pressing the intense religious feelings of love of God.(5) The artistic achievements of the Medieval Ages mostly related to religion, since it was the focal point in people’s lives and the church was the principal promoter of artistic work.(6) Construction of major buildings during the Middle Ages, consisted mainly of large numbers of churches, generally in Romanesque and Gothic styles.Multiple Choice1. After the last Roman emperor was overthrown by the German mercenary troops, the European civilization moved into _____.A. the modern eraB. the Middle AgesC. the new periodD. the Renaissance2. The barbarous tribes included Celts, Germans and _______.A. FrenchB. ItaliansC. SlavsD. Tartars3. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 4764.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs5. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James6.Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French7. Which of the following is NOT true about Scholasticism.A. Scholasticism was initiated by the medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity.B. The Scholars employed Aristotle’s statement and Plato’s theory of ideas to explain God’s existence.C. The Scholars made a compromise between science and philosophy.D. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. True or false questions(1) Carolingian culture was featured with Christianity because of the latter’s strong influence on the barbarous tribes. T(2) Edda is a collection of Germanic myths which provides the prototypes for later tales of European nations. F(3) All the English names of the weekdays derive from the Northern gods. F(4) The legends in Charlemagne’s life and deeds were frequently referenced by many poets of the Renaissance and later periods. T(5) In the German and Norse mythology, the gods are not perfect. They represent different forces of the God, struggling against the primeval giants. T(6) Since the medieval culture retarded during almost 1000 years development, this period never enhanced Western human civilization in history. F(7) The division of the Frank Empire into three parts after Charlemagne’s death signified the weakening of the centralized system. T(8) The spirit of the Germans formed one part of the central features of the Christian Trinity. T(9) The hierarchical levels of the priesthood during Medieval Ages begin with the Pope as supreme leader, followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops and the parish priest.T(10) In medieval society, God permanently served as an image of severity and solemnity, without change until the renaissance. F(11) Serfs in the plantations of the Charlemagne’s Empire worked hard because they could be rewarded. F(12) The icon referred to the abstract image of Jesus Christ in the period of Byzantium. T(13) Scholasticism was created by Vatican in the Middle Ages to handle the ideas of infidelity with the help of classical philosophy. TShout answer questionsWhat is your comment on the status of medieval culture and politics in Western history?(1) social advantages for the change of productive means;(2) the weakening of the centralized system;(3) the increasing influences of the Church;(4) cultural contributions of Germans and other nationalities;a. Germanic contributions to Christianity－Power in Christian Trinity mainly came from the Goths who were brave, militant and tactically capable of warring. Charlemagne the Great tried to restore Roman culture and promote cultural development.b. The Muslims also contributed considerably to the preservation and dissemination of classical culture.(5) utilitarian tendency of the medieval culture;a. the emergence of a range of different cultures;b. the humanizing and perfecting of hierarchy;c. the humanization of Christian doctrines.Chapter Six Culture during the RenaissanceFill in the blanks(1) The Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art; while the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology.(2) With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.(3) Calvin’s theory of Predestination conformed to expectations of bourgeoisie.(4) Calvin practiced his democratic and republican system on the basis of principles in the New Testaments.(5) Francis Bacon was the founder of experimental science and materialism.(6) “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by Rene Descartes.Multiple Choice1. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance?A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio?A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo7. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford8. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael9. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.10. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的）authorities take place?A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII11. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Queen12. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man,expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning?A. Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia13. Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家)D. Shakespeare14.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance15. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet?A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne16. In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?A. BruegelB. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯C. El GrecoD. Rabelais17. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question. ”is from whose works?A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. Shakespeare18. The core idea of the Renaissance was ________.A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism19.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. commercial20. The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______.A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society21. The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life22. Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.True or false(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance. T(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile. F(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle. T(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution. T(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered the development of the former. T(6) Cultural salon was founded in order to spread the Graeco-Roman culture. F(7) The discussions in the cultural salon helped to improve cultural manners. T(8) The French Academy derives from a club of ten members discussing questions of common interest. F(9) Drama was a vigorous and popular cultural activity during the Renaissance in France. T(10) Drama in this period focused on moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement. TShort answer questions1.Try to list the elements which contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance.Hints: the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.3. Please illustrate the features of social ideology during the Renaissance and its representative figures.The social ideology was based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. The core of social ideology during the Renaissance was humanism, which reflected strongly the wishes and desires of the civilian class and essentially an expression of the bourgeois individualism and hedonism. Humanism contributed remarkably to the later social and intellectual advances in the Western world.Representative figures are Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio and Machiavelli.4. Please clarify the significance of the Religious Reformation in the Western world.The Reformation made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.a. With the far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation became a basis for the founding of Protestantism, which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.b. The Reformation was the most effective and influential in terms of the results it achieved. It not only contributed to the ecclesiastical development of Christianity, but opened the way to much of the subsequent social and intellectual progress of the West.5. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.。
MULTI CHOICE QUESTIONAIRE ANSWERS
Edge Hill and Harbin Medical University School of Nursing Enrichment ProgrammeYear 2 Block 1; March 2016 Paper 1 :ANSWERS1) Which of these is a communication skill?A) Talking at the same time as someone elseB) Putting your fingers in your earsC) Listening to what people sayD) Reading a newspaper2) Which of these is not a communication skill?A) RunningB) TextingC) Chatting to peopleD) Giving directions to someone who is lost3) Which of these is not true about non-verbal communication?A) It takes place without the use of wordsB) It is not as important as verbal communicationC) It includes posture and other body movementsD) It is exhibited by babies4) What body language shows you are listening?A) Turning away from the speakerB) Falling asleepC) Looking out of the windowD) Nodding and making eye contact5) Which of these is not part of SOLER?A) Open postureB) Laugh appropriatelyC) Eye contactD) Relax6) Which of these is not part of SURETY?A) Sit at an angleB) RelaxC) Turn slightly to the leftD) Your intuition7) What is an open question?A) Where the respondent has only a short time to replyB) Where more than a one word answer is requiredC) Where the questioner already knows the answerD) Where the answer will always be wrong8) Active listening includes which of the following?A) Focusing on the message and resisting distractionB) Typing the answers to questions as the respondent speaksC) walking whilst listening to someone speakD) Holding a conversation during an exercise class9) Which of these could be a barrier to communication?A) A noisy roomB) A quiet roomC) A warm roomD) A pleasant nurse10) Good communication with parents isA) Not very importantB) Very important in building a relationship with the child and familyC) Very important in building a relationship with the doctorD) Important in building a relationship with the teacher11) How can we check if a message has been communicated?A) Summarise what the patient saysB) Ignore what the patient saysC) Give your own opinionD) Ask another nurse12) Which is the best method of communicating with a very young child?A) Asking their opinionB) Questioning themC) PlayD) Using a quiz13) What could be a challenge when communicating with an older person?A) Hearing lossB) RunningC) Their dogD) The weather14) How should you approach an older person?A) Shouting if they can’t hearB) With dignityC) Speaking quietlyD) Disrespectfully15) What do you need to consider when speaking to a young person?A) Their clothesB) Adapting your language to suit the situationC) Their hairD) Their friends16) How could you communicate with a child?A) Use of drawing and gamesB) Use big wordsC) Stand up when you are talking to themD) By shouting at them17) What are the principles of public health?A) Treatment, Medicine, CureB) Prevention, Protection, PromotionC) Exercise, Fresh Air, Good foodD) Diagnosis, hospital, tablets18) Views of health are as a result of the individual’sA) Experiences, knowledge, valuesB) Watching TV, advertising,C) Training and workD) Friends and family19) The biomedical model of health views health asA) The need to eat better foodB) The need to drink more waterC) The absence of disease or disordersD) Living with the family20) The Behavioural model of health views health asA) Eating all your foodB) Going for long walksC) Making healthy life choicesD) Eating a poor diet21) The socio-environmental view of health isA) The product of social, economic and environmental factorsB) The product of physical factorsC) The product of genetic factorsD) The product of good education22) To help people change their health behaviour we need toA) Tell them to eat healthilyB) Tell them to take more exerciseC) Raise their awareness of health issuesD) Raise their awareness of leaflets23) Nursing theories provideA) Direction and guidance for the structure of professional Nursing practiceB) Direction and guidance for Nurses and doctorsC. Procedures for NursesD) Care for patients24) Nursing theories help to guideA) The Nurses uniformB) The Nursing ProcessC) The Nurses prayerD) The Nurses stress levels25) Nursing theories establish criteria to measureA) The doctors careB) The quality of nursing careC) The amount of food a person eatsD) If a person smokes26) The four basic concepts of nursing areA) The nurse, the doctor, the patient and the visitorB) Person, environment, health and nursingC) Tablets, dressings, beds and bed pansD) The care, the house, the city, the district27) The founder of modern nursing wasA) Princess DianaB) Princess KatherineC) Florence NightingaleD) Madonna28) How many activities of living are there in Roper’s model of nursing?A) 5B) 8C) 10D) 12。
Part 1 Multiple choices
(每小题：分)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage or dialog.In order to separate doting parents from their freshman sons, Morehouse College in Atlanta has instituted a formal "Parting Ceremony". It began on a recent evening, with speeches in the Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel (小教堂). Then the incoming freshmen marched through the ga tes of the campus—which slowly shut, literally leaving the parents outside. When University of Minnesota freshmen move in at the end of August, parental separation was a little more artful: mothers and fathers were invited to a reception elsewhere so students can meet their roommates and negotiate dorm room space—without adult interference.Grinnell College here, like others, has found it necessary to be explicit about when parents really, truly must say goodbye. After computer printers and bags had been carried to dorm rooms, everyone gathered in the gymnasium, students on one side of the bleachers (看台座位), parents on the other. The president welcoming the class of 2011 had his back to the parents—a symbolic staging meant to inspire parents to realize, "My student is feeling more comfortable sitting with 400 people they just met." Shortly after, mothers and fathers were urged to leave campus. Most deans can tell stories of parents who lingered around campus for days. At Colgate University, a mother and father once went to their daughter's classes on the first day of the semester and went to the registrar's office to change her schedule, recalled Beverly Low, the dean of first-year students. "We recognize it's a huge day for families," she said.A more common approach is for colleges to introduce frank language into drop-off schedules stating clearly the hour for last hugs. As of 5:30 p.m. on Sept. 11, for example, the parents of Princeton freshmen learn from the move-in schedule, "subsequentevents are intended for students only." The language was added inrecent years to draw a clear line. It's easy for students to point to this and say "Hey, Mom, I think you're supposed to be gone now".1.Why did Morehouse College hold a "Parting Ceremony"?A. To welcome the freshmen's parents.B. To memorize Martin Luther King.C. To help the students get familiar with the gates of campus.D. To separate the parents from their freshman childrenformally.2.At University of Minnesota, the parental separation was________________.A. more formal than Morehouse CollegeB. more skillful than Morehouse CollegeC. more frank than Grinnell CollegeD. more popular with parents than any other colleges3.Why did the president welcoming the class of 2011 have hisback to the parents?A. Because the gymnasium is too small to hold so manypeople.B. Because he wanted to urge the parents to leave.C. Because he wanted the parents to realize that their childrenfeel comfortable there.D. Because he felt great pressure from the parents.4.At Colgate University, a mother and father once________________.A. stayed with their daughter on campus for a semesterB. attended lectures on campus for several daysC. worked at the registrar's officeD. attended their daughter's classes and made decisions forher5.Which of the following is TURE according to the passage?A. Many colleges allow the last hug between parents and theirchildren for an hour.B. Many colleges state clearly the time for parents to part withtier children.C. The parents of Princeton freshmen must leave before 5:30p.m. on Sept. 11.D. In fact most students don't want their parents to leaveearly.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage or dialog.Lord Browne, the former head of BP (英国石油公司), is conducting a review of student finance with a report expected to be published in the coming weeks. The report's anticipated recommendations would result in new graduates facing an extra £5,000 burden of debt in addition to the current average of £20,000, it was claimed.Among the options being considered by the panel is a limit on the amount of funding per student supplied by the government, with universities being forced to subsidize (补助) teaching from their own funds. This measure could see the cap on tuition fees removed completely, but would be likely to result in reduced applications for the most expensive courses, particularly from poorer students.The recommendation of higher tuition fees would appear to contradict statements by Vince Cable, the Business Secretary, earlier this summer when he spoke in favor of a tax on graduates.A source with knowledge of the review reportedly claimed that the proposals will establish a competitive market between universities, with fees likely to rise to between £6,000 and £7,000. Tuition fees are currently capped at £3,290 a year, with virtually every institution charging the maximum amount.But a university source reportedly expressed concerns therecommendations would not sit well with the Liberal Democrats (自由民主党), who are opposed to fee rises, and suggested Lord Browne was "operating in a parallel universe". The Browne Review could also result in universities incurring extra costs, with student loans set to be extended to part-time students for the first time.It comes as universities are preparing themselves for massive funding cuts in the Comprehensive Spending Review, with budgets expected to be brought down by up to £5 billion. The expected increase in fees is likely to be introduced in 2013.6.Lord Browne's report ________________.A. is going to be published before his review on studentfinanceB. will recommend some measures to help BPC. is expected to increase new graduates' financial burden toD. is expected to increase new graduates' financial burden to7.The panel is considering a measure which will________________.A. force the government to subsidize the teaching in universityB. limit the amount of tuition fee of universityC. reduce the application for some courses from the poorstudentsD. increase the funding per student supplied by thegovernment8.Vince Cable, the Business Secretary, ________________.A. agrees to increase tax on graduatesB. recommends the higher tuition feesC. is in favor of Lord Browne's reportD. made contradictory statements earlier this summer9.How many tuition fees are charged now by most universities?A. £5,000.B. £3,290.C. £6,000.D. £7,000.10.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. The Liberal Democrats would not agree with therecommendations.B. Part-time students could not apply for student loans before.C. Most universities are not ready for the cuts of funds.D. The tuition fees are likely to increase in 2013.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage or dialog.The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become "better" people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don't go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that doesn't explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can't absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointedgraduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some educators have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. Perhaps college doesn't make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—maybe it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would ha ve been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is unacceptable to those who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.11.According to the author, ________________.A. people used to question the value of college educationB. people used to have full confidence in higher educationC. all high school graduates went to collegeD. very few high school graduates chose to go to college12.In the 2nd paragraph, "those who don't fit the pattern" refer to________________.A. high school graduates who aren't suitable for collegeeducationB. college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxisC. college students who aren't any better for their highereducationD. high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college13.The dropout rate of college students seems to go up because________________.A. young people are disappointed with the conventional way ofteaching at collegeB. many people are required to join the armyC. young people have little motivation in pursuing a highereducationD. young people don't like the intense competition foradmission to graduate school14.According to the passage, the problems of college educationpartly originate in the fact that ________________.A. society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trainedgraduatesB. high school graduates do not fit the pattern of collegeeducationC. too many students have to earn their own livingD. college administrators encourage students to drop out15.In this passage the author argues that ________________.A. more and more evidence shows college education may notbe the best thing for high school graduatesB. college education is not enough if one wants to besuccessfulC. college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious,and quick-learning peopleD. intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go tocollegeQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage or dialog.Anne Whitney, a sophomore at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. "I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer." Another student in biology had similar experiences. He said, "My first chemistry test was very difficult. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn't even write them down!"These two young students were experiencing something called testanxiety. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show their anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with their tensions. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.An expert at the University of California explains, "With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great."16.The phrase "blank out" in the first paragraph is probablymeans ________________ .A. to be like a blanketB. to be sure of an answerC. to be unable to think clearlyD. to show knowledge to the teacher17.What usually results in poor grades according to the passage?A. Poor sleeping habit.B. Laziness.C. Lack of sleep.D. Inability to form good study habits.other states that have on their road maps wide-open 6.beginning to think that maybe there is something yet to belearned from one-room schools, something that served theeducators have come up with progressive-sounding names like"peer-group teaching" and "multi-age grouping" forone-room schools. In a one-room school the children teach 10.time teaching someone else. A fourth grader can work at alevel in English without the stigma (羞耻，耻辱) associated with12.skipped ahead. A youngster with a learning 13.separated from the other pupils. In larger urban and 14.one classroom, it becomes clear why so many parents feel thatthat their children have to go to a one-room school. Questions 16 to 30 are based on the following passage.Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life.Its size is 16.those found in the majority of other countries 18.19.—not just for a privilegedelite. Schools are expected to 20.every child, 21.needs of society itself. This means that public schools offermore than 22.people when they come here to find high schools offering 23.programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history and languages. Students choose their curricula depending on theirinterests, future goals, and level of a bility. The 24.every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and togive each one a sense of civic and community 25.The approach 26.to many, not only because it is informal, but also because thereis not much emphasis on learning facts. 27.think for themselves and to 28.intellectual and creative abilities. Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught toreason well and to research well, they will be able to find 29.lives. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more。
ielts_listening_task_1_multiple_choice
© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 (Multiple Choice) – Teacher’s Notes DescriptionThis activity uses the skills of paraphrasing and using synonyms to help students to answer multiple-choice type questions on the listening paper.Timerequired: 60 minutes Additionalmaterialsrequired:IELTS Listening Recordings 1 and 2 available at https:///ts/exams/academicenglish/i elts Aims: to practise paraphrasing and thinking of synonymsto raise awareness of how this can help students to complete multiple-choice type questions.Procedure1. Hand out the Student’s worksheet and ask students to discover the differences. InExample 1, there is only one correct answer. In Example 2, there is more than one correct answer. Explain to students that in this case they should read the instructions carefully to check how many answers are required, as it may be more than two.Another difference is that in Example 1 the question consists of an incompletesentence, and the options (A, B and C) are three possible ways of completing thesentence. In Example 2, there is a complete question followed by a list of possible answers.2. Hand out the first page of the sample task (Questions 1-8). Tell students they aregoing to hear a conversation between two speakers. Ask them:a. Who are the speakers? (An official from Packham's Shipping Agency and acustomer, Jacob, who is probably a student.)b. What is the situation? (Jacob wants to send a container to Kenya.)3. Ask the students to look through the task and underline any words or expressionsthat could be expressed in a different way. If students have already heard therecording, ask them if they can remember any of it and how the language used on it varied from the language on the task.4. Look at one example with the class and elicit as many ways as possible of re-expressing it without changing the meaning – e.g. 'Address to be collected from'could be expressed as 'Address for collection / place to be collected from / place to be picked up from'. Tell the class they don't have to use words which are the same part of speech – e.g. 'collected' / ‘collection’.5. Ask students to work with a partner or in small groups and think of different ways ofrewriting each of the words or expressions they have underlined.© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further 6. Get some feedback from the class. Write a selection of suggestions on the board.(Don't worry too much about grammatical accuracy at this stage – the main thing is to show students that different words can be used to express the same idea.)7. Play the first recording linked to this activity once and ask students to raise their handwhen they hear an expression that’s on the board. At the end, see if students can remember any other paraphrases used.8. Hand out the tapescript for the first part of the recording (Questions 1-8) or show it onOHT. Students underline all the phrases used to replace words on the sample task.9. Tell the students they are going to hear the next part of the conversation. Explain thatin this section, they must answer multiple choice questions and that the technique they have just used of predicting paraphrasing will be useful here. Hand out multiple choice questions 9 and 10 and ask them what sort of questions they are (sentence completion, only one option is correct). Then ask them in pairs to brainstormdifferent ways of expressing the questions and answer choices – e.g. ‘Economy;Standard; Premium’ could be expressed as ‘Cheapest or Basic; Normal; Deluxe or Superior.10. Get some more feedback from the class and write some ideas on the board.11. Play the second recording linked to this activity and ask students to do the task.12. Ask students to check answers in pairs and then as a whole class. Ask students forsynonyms or paraphrasing that they heard which helped them to find the rightanswer.13. Give out the tapescript for the final section of the recording (Questions 9 and 10) orshow it on OHT. Ask students to underline all the phrases used to replace words on the Question Paper.© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 (Multiple Choice) – Answer KeysKey to Sample TaskQ1 M-K-E-R-EQ2 W-E-S-T-A-L-LQ3 BS8 9PUQ4 0.75mQ5 0.5mQ6 (some) booksQ7 (some) toysQ8 £1,700: 00Q9 C (‘I’ll go for the highest’)Q10 A (‘The port’d be fine’)© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 (Multiple Choice) – Student’sWorksheetExamples of Task Type 1Example 1Choose the correct letter, A , B or C .1 Paul and Jill decide to travel byA taxi.B bus.C train.Example 2Choose TWO letters, A-E .1 Which TWO hotel facilities are inspected?A bathroomsB bedroomsC dining-roomD kitchenE reception© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 (Multiple Choice) – Tapescript 1You will hear a telephone conversation between a customer and an agent at a company which ships large boxes overseas.AGood morning Packham’s Shipping Agents. Can I help you? BOh yes, I’m ringing to make enquiries about sending a large box, a container, back home to Kenya from the UK. AYes, of course. Would you like me to try and find some quotations for you? BYes, that’d be great. Thank you. A Well first of all, I need a few details from you.B Fine.ACan I take your name? BIt’s Jacob Mkere. ACan you spell your surname, please? BYes, it’s M-K-E-R-E. A Is that ‘M’ for mother?B Yes.A Thank you, and you say that you will be sending the box to Kenya?B That’s right.AAnd where would you like the box picked up from? BFrom college, if possible. A Yes, of course. I’ll take down the address now.B It’s Westall College.AIs that W-E-S-T-A-L-L? BYes, ... college. AWestall College. And where’s that? BIt’s Downlands Road, in Bristol. AOh yes, I know it. And the postcode? BIt’s BS8 9PU. ARight ... and I need to know the size. B Yes, I’ve measured it carefully and it’s 1.5m long ...A Right.© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further B 0.75m wide ...A OK.BAnd it’s 0.5m high or deep. AGreat. So I’ll calculate the volume in a moment and get some quotes for that. But first can you tell me, you know, very generally, what will be in the box? BYes there’s mostly clothes. AOK. [writing down] BAnd there’s some books. AOK. Good. Um ... Anything else? BYes, there’s also some toys. AOK and what is the total value, do you think, of the contents? BWell the main costs are the clothes and the books – they’ll be about £1500 but then the toys are about another two hundred – so I’d put down £1700.© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 (Multiple Choice) – Tapescript 2(A customer has been arranging with a shipping agent to send a large box overseas. This is the last part of the conversation.)A OK right. Now obviously insurance is an important thing to consider and ourcompanies are able to offer very good rates in a number of different all-inclusivepackages.B Sorry, could you explain a bit more?A Yes, sorry, um. There’s really three rates according to quality of insurance cover– there’s the highest comprehensive cover which is Premium rate, then there’sstandard rate and then there’s economy rate. That one will only cover the cost of the contents second hand.B Oh I’ve been stung before with economy insurance so I’ll go for the highest.A Mh’hm and can I just check would you want home delivery or to a local depot orwould you want to pick it up at the nearest port?B The port’d be fine – I’ve got transport that end.A Fine and will you be paying by credit card?BCan I pay by cheque?© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further IELTS Listening Task Type 1 Multiple Choice – Sample TaskQuestions 1 – 8Complete the form below.© UCLES 2009. This material may be photocopied (without alteration) and distributed for classroom use provided no charge is made. For further Questions 9 and 10Choose the correct letter, A, B or C .9. Type of insurance chosenA EconomyB StandardC Premium10. Customer wants goods delivered toA portB homeC depot。
multiple-choice review -回复
multiple-choice review -回复选择是日常生活中不可避免的一部分。
无论我们意识到与否，我们每天都在做出各种各样的选择，从早上起床选择穿什么衣服，到晚上决定吃什么晚餐。
然而，一些选择可能比其他选择更重要，因为它们可能对我们的生活有长远的影响。
在本文中，我们将以选择为主题，一步一步回答多项选择题。
1. 选择对我们的生活有多大影响？各种选择对我们的生活都有一定的影响。
一些选择可能对于某些人来说是微不足道的，但对其他人来说却可能是生活中的关键点，比如选择一个职业、选择一位伴侣或选择一个生活方式。
因此，选择的影响程度因个体而异。
2. 选择是如何影响我们的生活决策的？选择是通过我们的价值观、信仰和目标来影响我们的生活决策的。
我们的价值观和信仰会指导我们的选择，而我们的目标则会在我们面临决策时起到决定性的作用。
例如，如果一个人的目标是经济独立和稳定，那么他们可能会在选择工作时更注重薪水和职业发展机会。
3. 如何在做出选择时做出更明智的决策？要做出更明智的选择，我们可以进行以下一些步骤：- 收集信息：了解选择的领域，探索不同的选项，并获得相关的信息和数据。
- 分析和评估：对每个选项进行分析和评估，考虑其可能的结果和潜在的利弊。
- 制定优先级：根据我们的目标和价值观，确定每个选项的优缺点，并将其与世界其他事物进行比较。
- 做出决策：根据我们的分析和评估，做出明智的决策，并采取行动。
- 接受责任：承认自己的选择，并为选择的结果负责。
4. 如何处理因选择而引起的压力和焦虑？选择可能会引起压力和焦虑，因为我们知道选择的后果可能会对我们产生重大的影响。
为了应对这些情绪，我们可以尝试以下方法：- 集中注意力：将注意力集中在我们能够掌控的事情上，尽量避免过度担忧未来。
- 与他人交流：与他人分享我们的感受和顾虑，获得他们的支持和建议。
- 寻求专业帮助：如果我们感到无法处理自己的压力和焦虑，可以寻求心理咨询师或专业人士的帮助。
How to answer multiple choice questions
HOW TO ANSWER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSAnswering multiple-choice questions (MCQs) successfully requires you to develop a range of skills and exam techniques. Taking the steps set out below will help you to maximise your marks in these papersPREPARE TO PASSAs with any assessment, the golden rule for success is to prepare thoroughly. It is not unusual for ACCA examiner reports to note that some candidates were not adequately prepared for the exam. In many cases, candidates attempt to compensate for inadequate preparation by ‘question spotting’, or concentrating on a small number of ‘pet’ topics. These approaches to preparation are extremely risky and are always strongly discouraged by examiners – for good reason.As each MCQ relates to a specific issue within the syllabus, each exam will include broad coverage of the syllabus. This means that to maximise your chances of success you must have studied the whole syllabus.You may be lucky enough to find that a particular MCQ is on a topic that was part of your most recent studies, but this will not be the case with the vast majority of the questions you will face. As well as studying topics right across the syllabus, it is important to attempt past exams and exam-standard questions. Examples of MCQs are available on ACCA’s website together with specimen papers for the paper-based exams in the Foundation level and for Papers F1, F2 and F3.Of course, it is essential that you use all of the questions carefully and follow up on all of your answers. Whether a question was answered correctly or incorrectly during exam preparation, it will provide an opportunity to enhance your understanding of the topic. By reflecting on why a specific option is correct, you can improve your understanding, while reflecting on why the other options are wrong can help to overcome misunderstanding and eliminate confusion. When attempting questions as part of your preparation, it is useful to remember that the key purpose of the exercise is to enhance your understanding – not just to get the right answer.When reviewing each option, it is important to ensure that you understand exactly what the underlying point is – and to make sure that you reflect on this to enhance your learning.READ THE QUESTIONThe amount of time, effort, and discussion that is put into each question before it appears in an exam is likely to surprise most candidates. Every question is subjected to a number of rigorous reviews as it progresses fro m an idea in the writer’s mind to the exam paper. These reviews mean that you need toread the question extremely carefully, remembering that the wording has been chosen deliberately. This is intended to ensure that the question is unambiguous and does not mislead candidates.An example of the need to read the question carefully might be the way in which a question communicates cost information. It is not unusual for a question to relate to a production period of, say, three months, but for fixed costs to be stated as an annual figure. To get the correct answer, candidates must have recognised this fact. This is not an attempt to catch out candidates, but rather an attempt to ensure that candidates can apply the technique in a real-life situation, where information must be clearly understood and is frequently communicated in this way.A further aspect is to recognise that the answer will be based on the data included in the question. There are two aspects to this. First, in order to ensure that questions are not too long, the data may have been simplified. To some candidates, this may seem to be unrealistic when compared to a real-life situation. A particular example of this is the way in which the labour cost is described in many questions. More often than not, direct labour is described as a variable cost, with no reference to the cost of laying off staff. For a candidate who has experience of staff rationalisation, this assumption will be totally unrealistic. While a longer question may provide the opportunity to critically examine the underlying assumptions, this is not possible in an MCQ and the question should be answered on the basis of the data provided. Second, only the data included in a question is required to obtain the answer. That means you should not waste time wondering about additional data, or inferring additional data into the question.An example of this could be a question that tests the ability to calculate the closing balance on a ledger account. The question may give details of transactions during a period and a closing prepayment, but there may be no reference to an opening prepayment. In such cases, you can assume that this was nil. As already noted, the writer will have sought to keep the question as short as possible by omitting unnece ssary words such as ‘the opening prepayment was nil’ or ‘there was no opening prepayment’.It is imperative that the prompt (the actual question that is to be answered) is read carefully. For example, a question may give information on receivables, irrecoverable debts, and required allowances for receivables. Here, the prompt could require any of the following to be calculated:∙the movement on the allowance∙the closing receivables allowance∙the charge to the income statement, or∙the net value of receivables to be reported on the statement of financial position.Rather than actually reading and noting the prompt, some candidates assume that they know what it is. This is usually on the basis of a question they have seen previously. More often than not, this approach leads to the wrong option being selected.THINKIt is a common fallacy that MCQs are easy. This is based on the fact that one of the options is the correct answer. Therefore, the argument goes, all you have to do is make the correct selection. While it is fair to say that some questions may be easy, that is usually because you have prepared thoroughly. Hopefully, this will happen in some questions, but it is more likely that the answer will not be obvious. A question from the specimen papers for Paper F1/FAB, Accountant in Business illustrates this:SAMPLE QUESTION 1ABC Co has a system that records details of orders received and goods dispatched, invoices customers and allocates remittances to customers.What type of system is this?A Management information systemB Decision support systemC Knowledge management systemD Transaction processing systemEven a casual reading of the question will highlight that the word ‘system’ is a key word. It is used in the stem (the initial statement that describes the system), the prompt (the actual question) and in each of the choices.This means that unless care is taken to read the question and think carefully about what is being asked, it would be easy to become confused. A further problem is that all four of the systems in the choices are examples of systems that might be utilised in an organisation.To select the correct answer, the best approach is to consider what each of the four systems is intended to achieve.A management information system is intended to provide information to managers. Information is processed data, which is useful for making decisions. In this case, the stem refers to data (as it is unprocessed – information would not be an individual order, but the total value of orders for a particular product or from a specific customer). Therefore, A is not correct.A decision support system is intended to do exactly what the name suggests – provide information to assist managers to make decisions. Once again, the system relates to information. As we have already decided that the stem refers to data,B cannot be the correct answer.Choice C presents a potential problem. A knowledge management system is intended to create, capture, store and share information. The stem notes that the system ‘records details of orders’ (capture) and invoices customers (creates). This may create confusion for the ill-prepared candidate. However, awell-prepared candidate will note that, once again, the issue is that ‘information’ is relevant to a knowledge management system. On that basis, choice C is incorrect.D is the correct choice because a transaction processing system deals with data – which is processed to create information.From, this we can see that a candidate who is clear about the difference between ‘data’ and ‘information’ will be able to answer this question without undue difficulty, but very clear thinking, and application of knowledge, is needed.It is essential that, having read the question carefully, you think about your response, and that your answer is the result of a considered choice. This is because of the way in which the incorrect options have been constructed. In ACCA exams, MCQs have one correct option and three incorrect options. The incorrect options are referred to as ‘distractors’. This term is used because, in writing the question, the examiner attempts to identify the most common mistakes made by candidates and uses these as a basis for the incorrect options. This can be illustrated by a question taken from the specimen paper for Paper F2/FMA, Management Accounting.SAMPLE QUESTION 2Information relating to two processes (F and G) was as follows:ProcessNormalloss as% of inputInput(litres)Output(litres)F 8 65,000 58,900G 5 37,500 35,700For each process, was there an abnormal loss or an abnormal gain?Process F Process GA Abnormal gain Abnormal gainB Abnormal gain Abnormal lossC Abnormal loss Abnormal gainD Abnormal loss Abnormal lossSolutionEach process must be considered separately.Process FNormal loss is 8%, thus expected output is 92% of input.Input was 65,000 litres.Thus, expected output was 59,800 litres.Actual output was 58,900 litres.As actual output was less than expected, there was an abnormal loss.That means that choices A and B are incorrect. However, a common mistake by candidates is to assume that the performance in both processes is the same. Making this mistake leads to the selection of choice D.Process GNormal loss is 5%, thus expected output is 95% of input.Input was 37,500 litres.Thus, expected output was 35,625 litres.Actual output was 35,700 litres.As actual output was more than expected, there was an abnormal gain.Thus, the correct choice is C.Another common mistake in questions such as this is to mix up the values for expected output and actual output. Well laid-out workings and a logical approach can help to overcome this problem.Work out your answerAs the incorrect answers are based on common mistakes, it follows that attempting to guess the correct answer is not likely to be productive. Rather, it is essential that you use your understanding of the topic to work out your answer. This will prevent you from being distracted by incorrect options.SAMPLE QUESTION 3 (taken from the specimen paper for Paper FA2)At 30 November, Charles is owed a total of $72,660 by his customers. His receivables allowance brought forward from the previous year end is $11,700. He estimates that his receivables allowance should be equivalent to 15% of the amounts due from customers.What value should be included in the income statement for receivables expense for the year to 30 November?A $801 debitB $10,899 debitC $801 creditD $10,899 creditSolutionThe receivables allowance should be equivalent to 15% of the amounts due from customers ($72,660 x 15% = $10,899).If a candidate completes this calculation and then reviews the choices, there is a danger that, because $10,899 is included in two of the choices, one or other of those choices will be selected.This ignores the fact that the amount to be included in the income statement is the movement in the allowance – which has fallen from $11,700 to $10,899, or $801. A reduction in the allowance will be a credit in the income statement – thus, the answer is C.This illustrates that, for questions that require calculations, covering up the options while you work out your answer can be a productive strategy. Of course, with questions that do not require calculations, the possible answers need to be considered in turn. However, this still requires your answer to be worked out, not randomly selected. These questions might require a decision on which one of two or more statements are correct, or which one of a number of statements is correct. In such cases, the best approach is to consider each statement in turn, and decide whether or not it is correct. Once again, the fact that incorrect options are distractors must be borne in mind.ELIMINATE INCORRECT ANSWERSThis approach is likely to be most effective in discursive questions that require the correct combination of statements to be selected. Consider a question that offers three statements, and requires the correct combination of correct statements to be selected. The ideal way to answer this is to consider each statement in turn, and decide if it is correct or not. Often, candidates will find that they can quickly identify one incorrect statement. On that basis, it is possible to eliminate the options that include that statement.A question from the Paper F2, Management Accounting specimen paper illustrates this point.SAMPLE QUESTION 4Which TWO of the following statements relating to relevant cost concepts in decision making are correct?1.Materials can never have an opportunity cost whereas labour can2.The annual depreciation charge is not a relevant cost3.Fixed costs would have a relevant cost element if a decision causes a change in their total expenditure4.Materials already held in inventory never contribute to relevant costA 1 and 3B 1 and 4C 2 and 3D 3 and 4SolutionIn this case, a little thought will confirm that statement 1 is incorrect. Thorough preparation will mean that you know that materials can often have an opportunity cost. Once this decision has been made, choices A and B can be eliminated, leaving either C or D as the correct choice. As statement 3 is included in both of these choices, it does not need to be considered. The question now requires a decision on whether choice 2 or choice 4 is correct.Both of these relate to issues in which many candidates experience difficulty. How a particular candidate will progress from this point will depend on the knowledge they have brought into the exam, as this will be the basis of their decision regarding statements 3 and 4.Let’s consider statement 3 first. The key issue is that a cost is relevant if the decision leads to a future incremental cash flow. Statement 3 effectively says this in the phrase ‘a change in their total expenditure’.A candidate who recognises this will thus select choice C – if they are confident about their understanding of statement 3. If there is any doubt, or to provide reassurance, statement 4 can then be considered.In this case, well-prepared candidates will recognise that if materials already held in inventory can be sold, using them will have a relevant cost – the benefit foregone by using them rather than selling them. Thus, statement 4 is incorrect and choice 3 is the correct answer.OTHER POINTSThere are some other points on which you need to make decisions in order to maximise your marks. For each of these, the exam room is the wrong place to make the decision. It is essential that you have prepared thoroughly and have decided on your own approach to each of the following:∙Above all else, remember that you should not allow yourself to become so stuck on a question that you run out of time. Generally speaking, exams are drafted so that the time spent on each part of a question is in proportion to the marks allocated. With MCQs, however, it may be that some candidates will find some questions are morestraightforward than others, and can therefore be answered more quickly. For that reason, it may be better toconsider the time allocation for a group of, say, five MCQs, rather than for each question individually.∙If there is no penalty for an incorrect answer in ACCA exams, there is nothing to be gained by leaving an MCQ unanswered. If you are stuck on a question, as a last resort, it is worth selecting the option you consider most likely to be correct, and moving on. Make a note of the question, so if you have time after you have answered the rest of the questions, you can revisit it.∙If you are sitting a paper-based exam, you must remember to record your answers to MCQs on your Candidate Registration Sheet (CRS), as this is the only way you can obtain the marks you deserve for all your efforts.Workings for MCQs are not marked, nor are answers written in script booklets as opposed to on the CRS. CONCLUSIONFrom this discussion, you can see that MCQs are not an easy option. Maximising your marks when attempting MCQs requires:∙sound preparation∙studying across the syllabus∙practising as many different types of question as possible∙developing your own strategy for different types of question∙thinking clearly in the exam∙working out your answers∙structuring your approach to the paper∙answering all the questions.Taking this approach does not make answering MCQs easy, but it should mean that you obtain the marks you deserve.。
雅思阅读Multiple Choice解题技巧
雅思阅读Multiple Choice解题技巧Multiple Choice(选择题)1.题型要求这是一个传统题型，大家都很熟悉。
但就是这种大家都熟悉的题型，IELTS考试也要弄出新花样：四选一和多选多两种。
四选一，选项肯定是四个。
即要求从A、B、C、D四项中选择一个最符合题意的选项。
多选多，选项肯定是五个或五个以上，而正确答案的数目肯定在两个以上。
哪个更难呢?很多同学会好不犹豫地说是多选多。
实际上，多选多很容易，是一种简单题型。
它具有以下几个特点：(1) 正确答案的数目是已知的。
在题目的要求中会告诉你要选出几个选项。
题目要求中常WHICH FOUR，WHICH THREE 等字样。
(2) 答案在原文中是集中出现的，对应原文中的例举。
找着一个答案，其余几个就在它的前后不远处。
我们举一个中文阅读的例子来说明。
文章如下：帕金森症是一种顽症。
它是由大脑中缺乏一种叫多巴胺的化学物质引起的。
(后面删减100字)很多名人深受其苦。
比如，我们的改革的总设计师邓小平、拳王阿里、以故数学家陈景润等等。
(后面删减100字)题目是：以下哪三个人得过帕金森症?A. 邓小平B. 里根C. 拳王阿里D. 布什E.陈景润答案：ACE四选一在考试中，一般比较难。
它的特点是：四个选项，哪个都像。
好像在原文中都提到了，但又都和原文的叙述不太一样。
很容易选错。
选择题和问答题的区别在于：问答题要求你自己从原文中找答案。
而选择题给你四个选项，让你选择，在给你提示的同时，也给了你一个陷阱。
有些选择题，如果改为回答题，你可能能够做对，但给了你四个选项，反而选错了。
考试中，四选一，A类和G类一般都是每次必考，考一组，共3题左右。
多选多，不是每次必考。
2. 解题步骤(1) 找出题干中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。
将题干中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。
有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，着必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。
multiple-choicequestions
UNIT 1 The big ideas of chemistry48Electrons fill shells and subshells of lowest energy first. The order of filling is:1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4dThe ground state electron configuration of an atom refers to electrons in their lowest energy level. Any other configurations represent the atom in an excited state and in a higher energy level.Multiple choice questions1. Which of the following is incorrect?A E rnest Rutherford was famous for his ‘gold-foil’experiment.B T he catho d e-ray tube was the basis ofmuch experimental evid ence for the initialdevelopment of modern atomic theory.C P ierre and Marie Curie were the first scientiststo discover radioactivity.D T he idea of atoms was proposed as far back as400 BC by Democritus.2. Which of the following ideas of John Dalton’s atomictheory is no longer true?A A ll matter is composed of tiny ind estructibleparticles called atoms.B A toms of the same element are alike in everyway.C Atoms of different elements are different.D A toms can combine together in small numbers to form molecules. 3. J. J. Thomson’s basis for the ‘plum-pudding’ model for atomic structure was that:A h e d iscovere d electrons by investigating cathod e rays in a specially d esigned cathod e-ray tube B h e found that cathod e rays travelled toward s the positively charged anode, so the particles in the rays must be negatively charged C h e measured the amount of d eflection of cathode rays attracted by a positively charged plate D h e postulated that an atom consists of a core of positive charges surround ed by negatively charged electrons. 4. Ernest Rutherford d iscovered a nucleus in atoms. What experimental evidence did he have?A A lpha particles were bombarded at the atoms of a thin gold foil.B M ost of the alpha particles passed d irectly through the foil because gold atoms were mainly made of empty space.C A small number of alpha particles bounced back because they hit the centre of the atom which was mad e up of a core of negatively charged particles.−•D H e proposed the nuclear mod el of the atom,which suggested that the atom has a small central core of protons surrounded by electrons orbiting around it.5. Which of the following particle pairs has approximately the same mass?A a proton and an electron B a proton and a neutronC a neutron and an electronD an electron and a hydrogen atom6. Three atoms, I, II and III, each have an atomicnumber of 12. Atom I has 12 neutrons, atom II has 13 neutrons and atom III has 14 neutrons. Which of the following sentences is correct?A Atoms I, II and III are allotropes of each other.B A toms I, II and III are isotopes of the same element.C A tom I is a neutral atom while atoms II and IIIare cations of atom I.D A tom I is a neutral atom while atoms II and IIIare anions of atom I.7. A neutral atom of the isotope 613C would consist of:A 6 protons, 13 neutrons, 13 electronsB 0 protons, 13 neutrons, 13 electronsC 13 protons, 7 neutrons, 13 electronsD 6 protons, 7 neutrons, 6 electrons.8. Which of the following features is not present in amass spectrometer?A T he gas sample is bombar e by alphaparticles.B T he gas sample is ionised into positivelycharged particles.C T he positive ions are accelerated by an electric field.D A magnetic field forces the particles to separatein curved paths accord ing to their mass-to-charge ratio. 9. Which of the following statements regar ing subatomic particles is correct?A P rotons are positively charged particles andneutrons are negatively charged.B T he relative masses of an electron, a proton and a neutron are all about 1 unit.C I n a neutral atom, the number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons.D I sotopes of an element have the same number ofprotons but a different number of neutrons.10. Bohr’s theory of the atom proposed that:A e lectrons orbit the nucleus like planets move around the sunB n o more than two electrons are allowed in any energy levelC e lectrons move around the nucleus in fixedorbits, each of which has a different energy level D e nergy shells have subshells which contain regions of space called orbitals.49CHAPTER 2 The atomic theory of matter 11. The maximum number of electrons that can beplaced in the shell n = 3 is:A 18 C 2B 8 D 32.12. Which of these electron configurations representsan atom in an excited energy state?A 1s 22s 22p 43s 2B 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 4C 1s 22s 22p 6D 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 34s 213. The electron configuration of 1735C1– is:A 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 53d 1B 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 44s 2C 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6D 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 43d 14s 1.14. The electron configuration 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 6 rep-resents which of the following ions?A O 2– C Al 3+B S 2– D Na +15. The electron configuration of an atom X is1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 1. Which of the following formulae is most likely to be a compound formed with X?A X F 2B Ca X C X Cl 3D Mg X 216. The ground state electron configuration of a neutralatom with an atomic number of 19 is:A 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 63d 1B 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 7C 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 64s 1D 1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 53d 14s 1.Review questions1. (a) What did the alchemists contribute to the growth of chemistry?(b) W ould you consider the alchemists to be scientists? Justify your answer.2. Examine the points made by Dalton in his atomic theory. Consider each statement, and record:(a) whether or not each suggestion still holds (b) w hich other scientists were able to contribute to refining or changing each proposal, and in what way (c) our current understanding of each statement.3. From the results of Rutherford’s ‘gold-foil’ experiment, he suggested that the protons of the atoms in the metal must be concentrated in the centre, or nucleus, of the atom, while the electrons are outside the nucleus. If this experiment were to be repeated, what results would have been obtained if:(a) Thomson’s ‘plum-pudding’ model was correct(b) t he electrons were concentrated in the nucleusand the protons orbited the nucleus?4. Complete the following table of the structuralproperties of atoms.Element Atomic number (Z )Atomic mass(A )Number of:Protons Neutrons Electrons1nickel 5928gold 1977968osmium 761901920silver 47107silicon 1614mercury801205. O xygen consists of three isotopes: 16O, 17O and 18O. Show how many different masses an oxygen molecule, O 2, can have.6. Naturally-occurring chromium consists of thefollowing four isotopes:4.31% 50Cr (relative isotopic mass 49.946)83.76% 52Cr (relative isotopic mass 51.941)9.55% 53Cr (relative isotopic mass 52.941)2.38% 54Cr (relative isotopic mass 53.939).(a)C alculate the relative atomic mass of chromium.(b) E xplain the difference between ‘relative atomicmass’ and ‘mass number’, selecting appropriate data from the above list.7. A sample of carbon is found to contain two isotopeswith relative isotopic masses of 12.00 and 13.00. If the relative atomic mass of carbon is 12.01, calculate the relative abundances of each of the isotopes. 8. Suppose that you are a research chemist and youhave just discovered a new element. How wouldyou identify its different isotopes and determine its relative atomic mass?9. Explain the difference between:(a) a ‘shell’ and a ‘subshell’(b) an atomic ‘orbit’ and an ‘orbital’.10. What is the maximum number of electrons that may be found in:(a) a 3p subshell (b) a 2s subshell (c) a 4d subshell (d) the third shell?11. Write the electron configuration of each of the following in their ground states:(a) sodium atom (b) nitrogen atom (c) argon atom(d) iron atom (e) copper atom (f) calcium ion (g) chloride ion.。
Audit_chapter-01_TB
Chapter 1 Multiple-Choice Questions1. easy Recording, classifying, and summarizing economic events in a logical manner for the purpose of providing financial information for decision making is commonly called:c a. finance.b. auditing.c. accounting.d. economics.2. easy In the audit of historical financial statements, which of the following accounting bases is the most common?c a. Regulatory accounting principles.b. Cash basis of accounting.c. Generally accepted accounting principles.d. Liquidation basis of accounting.3. easy Any service that requires a CPA firm to issue a report about the reliability of an assertion that is made by another party is a(n):b a. accounting and bookkeeping service.b. attestation service.c. assurance service.d. tax service.4. Three common types of attestation services are:easy a. audits, reviews, and “other” attestation services.a b. audits, verifications, and “other” attestation services.c. reviews, verifications, and “other” attestation services.d. audits, reviews, and verifications.5. (SOX) easy The organization that is responsible for providing oversight for auditors of public companies is called the ________.d a. Auditing Standards Board.b. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.c. Public Oversight Board.d. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.6. (SOX) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act applies to which of the following companies?easy a. All companies.c b. Privately held companies.c. Public companies.d. All public companies and privately held companies with assets greater than $500 million.7. medium Providing quantitative information that management and others can use to make decisions is the function of:d a. management information systems.b. auditing.c. finance.d. accounting.8. An audit of historical financial statements most commonly includes the:medium a. balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows.d b. income statement, the statement of cash flows, and the statement of net working capital.c. statement of cash flows, the balance sheet, and the retained earnings statement.d. balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows.9. medium The ___________ rate may be defined as approximately the rate a bank could earn by investing in U.S. treasury notes for the same length as the length of a business loan.c a. nominalb. statedc. risk-freed. prevailing10. The use of the Certified Public Accountant title is regulated by:medium a. the federal government.b b. state law through a licensing department or agency of each state.c. the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants through the licensing departmentsof the tax and auditing committees.d. the Securities and Exchange Commission.11. An operational audit has as one of its objectives to:medium a. determine whether the financial statements fairly present the entity’s operations.c b. evaluate the feasibility of attaining the entity’s operational objectives.c. make recommendations for improving performance.d. report on the entity’s relative success in attaining profit maximization.12. An audit of historical financial statements is most often performed to determine whether the: medium a. organization is operating efficiently and effectively.d b. entity is following specific procedures or rules set down by some higher authority.c. management team is fulfilling its fiduciary responsibilities to shareholders.d. none of these choices.13. medium An examination of part of an organization’s procedures and methods for the purpose of evaluating efficiency and effectiveness is what type of audit?a a. Operational audit.b. Compliance audit.c. Financial statement audit.d. Production audit.14. medium An audit to determine whether an entity is following specific procedures or rules set down by some higher authority is classified as a(n):b a. audit of financial statements.b. compliance audit.c. operational audit.d. production audit.15. Which of the following is a type of audit evidence?medium a. Oral responses to the auditor from employees of the company under audit.d b. Written communications from company employees or outsiders.c. Observations made by an auditor.d. Evidence may take any of the above forms.16. Which of the following services provides the lowest level of assurance on a financial statement? medium a. A review.a b. An audit.c. Neither service provides assurance on financial statements.d. Each service provides the same level of assurance on financial statements.17. The three requirements for becoming a CPA include all but which of the following?medium a. Uniform CPA examination requirement.c b. Educational requirements.c. Character requirements.d. Experience requirement.18. In “auditing” financial accounting data, the primary concern is with:medium a a. determining whether recorded information properly reflects the economic events thatoccurred during the accounting period.b. determining if fraud has occurred.c. determining if taxable income has been calculated correctly.d. analyzing the financial information to be sure that it complies with governmentrequirements.19. medium Financial statement users often receive unreliable financial information from companies. Which of the following is not a common reason for this?d a. Complex business transactions.b. Large amounts of data.c. Lack of firsthand knowledge about the business.d. Each of these choices is a common reason for unreliable financial information.20. Which of the following is not a Trust Services principle as defined by the AICPA or CICA? challenging a. Online privacy.d b. Availability.c. Processing integrity.d. Operational integrity.21. Which one of the following is more difficult to evaluate objectively?challenging c a. Presentation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accountingprinciples.b. Compliance with government regulations.c. Efficiency and effectiveness of operations.d. All three of the above are equally difficult.22. (SOX) challenging The Sarbanes-Oxley Act prohibits a CPA firm that audits a public company from providing which of the following types of services to that company?c a. Reviews of quarterly financial statements.b. Preparation of corporate tax returns.c. Most consulting services.d. Tax services.23. Which of the following audits can be regarded as generally being a compliance audit? challenging a. IRS agents’ examinations of taxpayer returns.a b. GAO auditor’s evaluation of the computer operations of governmental units.c. An internal auditor’s review of a company’s payroll authorization procedures.d. A C PA firm’s audit of the local school district.24. Which of the following can be significantly affected by an audit?challenging a. Business risk.b b. Information risk.c. The risk-free interest rate.d. Inherent risk.25. The trait that distinguishes auditors from accountants is the:challenging a. auditor’s ability to interpret accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.d b. auditor’s education beyond the Bachelor’s degree.c. auditor’s ability to interpret FASB State ments.d. auditor’s accumulation and interpretation of evidence related to a company’s financialstatements.26. challenging Attestation services on information technology include WebTrust services and SysTrust services. Which of the following statements most accurately describes SysTrust services?b a. SysTrust services provide assurance on business processes, transaction integrity andinformation processes.b. SysTrust services provide assurance on system reliability in critical areas such as securityand data integrity.c. ysTrust services provide assurance on internal control over financial reporting.d. SysTrust services provide assurance as to whether accounting personnel are followingprocedures prescribed by the company controller.Essay Questions27.easyDiscuss the three primary requirements for becoming a CPA.Answer:The three primary requirements for becoming a CPA are:•Educational requirement. An undergraduate degree with a major in accounting isrequired. Most states now require 150 semester hours for licensure and some statesrequire 150 semester hours before taking the CPA exam.•Uniform CPA examination requirement. This is a four-part exam with components onauditing and attestation, financial accounting and reporting, regulation, and businessenvironment and concepts.•Experience requirement. The experience requirement varies from state to state withsome states requiring no experience, while other states require up to two years of auditexperience.28. easy Two types of attestation services provided by CPA firms are audits and reviews. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two types of attestation services. Which type provides the least assurance?Answer:Two primary types of attestation services are: audits of historical financial statements and reviews of historical financial statements. While both services involve the accumulation and evaluation of evidence regarding assertions made by management in the company’s financial statements, a review involves a less extensive examination and provides a lower level of assurance about the client’s financial statements than an audit.29. medium Discuss the differences and similarities between the roles of accountants and auditors. What additional expertise must an auditor possess beyond that of an accountant?Answer:The role of accountants is to record, classify, and summarize economic events in a logical manner for the purpose of providing financial information for decision making. To do this, accountants must have a sound understanding of the principles and rules that provide the basis for preparing the financial information. In addition, accountants are responsible for developing systems to ensure that the entity’s economic events are properly recorded on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost.The role of auditors is to determine whether the financial information prepared by accountants properly reflects the economic events that occurred. To do this, the auditor must not only understand the principles and rules that provide the basis for preparing financial information, but must also possess expertise in the accumulation and evaluation of audit evidence. It is this latter expertise that distinguishes auditors from accountants.30. medium Discuss the similarities and differences between financial statement audits, operational audits, and compliance audits. Give an example of each type.Answer:Financial statement audits, operational audits, and compliance audits are similar in that each type of audit involves accumulating and evaluating evidence about information to ascertain and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. The differences between each type of audit are the information being examined and the criteria used to evaluate the information. An example of a financial statement audit would be the annual audit of IBM Corporation, in which the external auditors examine IBM’s financial statements to determine the degree of correspondence between those financial statements and generally accepted accounting principles. An example of an operational audit would be an internal auditor’s evaluation of whether the company’s computerized payroll-processing system is operating efficiently and effectivel y. An example of a compliance audit would be an IRS auditor’s examination of an entity’s federal tax return to determine the degree of compliance with the Internal Revenue Code.31. medium Discuss the similarities and differences between the roles of independent auditors, GAO auditors, internal revenue agents, and internal auditors.Answer:The roles of all four types of auditors are similar in that they involve the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to ascertain and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. The differences in their roles center around the information audited and the criteria used to evaluate that information. Independent auditors primarily audit companies’ financial statements. GAO auditors’ primary responsibility is to perform the audit function for Congress. IRS auditors are responsible for the enforcement of federal tax laws. Internal auditors primarily perform operational and compliance audits for their employing company.32. (SOX)mediumWhat is an engagement to attest on internal control over financial reporting?Answer:Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to report management’sassessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. The Act furtherrequires auditors to attest to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.This evaluation, which is integrated with the audit of financial statements, providesforward-looking information, because effective internal controls reduce the likelihood offuture misstatements in the financial statements.33. challenging To do an audit, it is necessary for information to be in a verifiable form and some criteria by which the auditor can evaluate the information. (A) What information and criteria would an independent CPA firm use when auditing a company’s historical financial statements? (B) What information and criteria would an Internal Revenue Service auditor use when auditing that same compan y’s tax return? (C) What information and criteria would an internal auditor use when performing an operational audit to evaluate whether the company’s computerized payroll processing system is operating efficiently and effectively?Answer:(A) The information used by a CPA firm in a financial statement audit is the financialinformation in the company’s financial statements. The most commonly used criteria are accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.(B) The information used by an IRS auditor is the financial information in the company’sfederal tax return. The criteria are the internal revenue code and interpretations.(C) The information used by an internal auditor when performing an operational audit ofthe payroll system could include various items such as the number of errors made, costs incurred by the payroll department, and number of payroll records processed each month.The criteria would consist of company standards for departmental efficiency and effectiveness.34.challengingExplain what is meant by information risk, and discuss the four causes of this risk.Answer:Information risk is the possibility that information upon which a business decision is madeis inaccurate. Four causes of information risk are:•remoteness of information,•biases and motives of the provider,•voluminous data, and•complex exchange transactions.35. Attestation services fall into five categories. What are these categories?challenging Answer:The five categories of attestation services include:•audits of historical financial statements,•attestation on internal control over financial reporting,•reviews of historical financial statements,•attestation services on information technology, and•other attestation services that may be applied to a broad range of subject matter.36. challenging Discuss four factors that are likely to significantly reduce information risk in the next five to ten years.Answer:Four factors that are likely to significantly reduce information risk in the next five to ten years are:•technological advances,•more companies will go on-line, reducing the risk of investors obtaining outdated information,•new accounting and auditing standards, and•auditors will find more efficient and effective audit techniques.Other Objective Answer Format Questions37. easy a The criteria by which an auditor evaluates the information under audit may vary with the information being audited.a. Trueb. False38. easy b The criteria used by an external auditor to evaluate published financial statements are known as generally accepted auditing standards.a. Trueb. False39. (SOX) easyb The Sarbanes-Oxley Act establishes standards related to the audits of privately held companies.a. Trueb. False40. (SOX) easya The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is widely viewed as having ushered in sweeping changes to auditing and financial reporting.a. Trueb. False41. easy b Only companies that file annual statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission are required to have an annual external audit.a. Trueb. False42. easy b The financial statements most commonly audited by external auditors are the balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of changes in retained earnings.a. Trueb. False43. medium b The primary purpose of a compliance audit is to determine whether the financial statements are prepared in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles.a. Trueb. False44. medium a Results of compliance audits are typically reported to someone within the organizational unit being audited rather than to a broad spectrum of outside users.a. Trueb. False45. medium b The primary role of the United States General Accounting Office is the enforcement of the federal tax laws as defined by Congress and interpreted by the courts.a. Trueb. False46. medium b CPA firms are never allowed to provide bookkeeping services for audit clients.a. Trueb. False47. (SOX) medium a Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to have an external auditor attest to their internal control over financial reporting.a. Trueb. False48. (SOX) challenging b The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires a company’s chairman of the board of directors, CEO, and CFO to certify the company’s financial statements.a. Trueb. False49. (SOX) challenging b The criterion that is most likely to be used as a framework in evaluating a company’s internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the Enterprise Risk Management framework.a. Trueb. False50. challenging a Most public companies’ audited financial statements are available on the SEC’s EDGAR database.a. Trueb. False。
语言学练习题(附答案)-Chapter-1--Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)别离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)应酬功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wo lf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3〕productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)别离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)应酬功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the i ndividual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenom enon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
Part I Multiple Choice Questions (10 points, 1 point each)
Part I Multiple Choice Questions (10 points, 1 point each)1.D2.D3.D4.C5.C6. C7.C8.C9.B 10.DPart II. Word and Phrase T ranslation (10 points, 1 point each)11.根深蒂固的社会问题12.外资企业13.愁眉苦脸的失业者14.速冻食品15.劳资冲突16.保值储蓄17.高层官员18.步行街19.年终报告20.中立政策Part III. Short Sentence T ranslation (10 points, 2 points each)21.紧紧抓住梦想吧，如果失去梦想，生活就像断了翅膀的鸟儿再也不能飞翔。
22.与人玫瑰，收留余香。
/快乐就像香水，无法播撒给别人自己却不得到几滴。
23.这个男孩一抓到食物，就狼吞虎咽的吃了下去。
24.这个案件象滚雪球一样愈滚愈大，竟成了美国历史上最著名的案件之一。
25.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。
Part IV. Discourse T ranslation (English-Chinese) (40points, 10 points for passage one, 15 points for passage two and three)Passage One我们生活在这样一个电子商务时代，只要用鼠标轻轻一击，就能立刻实现数十亿美元的跨洲交易。
随着全球化市场的出现，以及通讯新技术的应用使距离、时间、语言和管理等方面的障碍变得越来越小，市场参与者之间的竞争之激烈达到了前所未有的程度。
你的市场和竞争对手不仅存在于你所在城市的贸易大楼里，也存在于东京、纽约、柏林，而且越来越有可能存在于其他任何一个可以连接电脑和调制解调器的地方。
这当然也是我们的愿望。
世界股市资本化的进程发展迅猛，这反映了世界经济发展的强劲态势，同时也反映了许多个人投资者参与股市的愿望。
9.MULTIPLE CHOICE解题步骤
MULTIPLE CHOIБайду номын сангаасE
四选一(一般一个题目对应一个段落) 六选三 八选三 十一选五 (对应文章中后部,不常见) 多选题特别注意文章中的并列结构, 列举结构;
NOTICE
1. 注意题干中是否有NOT, EXCEPT字样 2. 正确选项应该是原文的改写,与原文特别一 致的选项应引起怀疑. 选择题的答案常常是原文相关词句的改写
VS
简答题的答案常常是原文原词
简单题－ 简单题－可以直接找到对应答案 较难题－ 较难题－可以用排除法选择答案
MC的处理步骤
1. 找出题干中的定位词,或者选项中的定位词, 利用其定位到原文中某一个段落. 2. 再一次仔细阅读题干,弄清楚题目到底在问 什么 3. 比较四个选项，回文中找对应语句，选择 答案.
如何比较四个选项 ① TWINS ② A无 (离题的VS.切题的) B反 (相反的 VS.一致的) C满 (绝对的VS.客观的) D细 (具体的VS.概括的) E陋 (肤浅的VS.深刻的) 利用T/F/NG的所有原则 的所有原则. 利用 的所有原则 ③ 排除法 4. 要注意题目的顺序和原文顺序的一致性
大学财经英语教材答案
大学财经英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Finance1. Multiple Choice Questions:a) Ab) Cc) Dd) Be) A2. True or False:a) Trueb) Falsec) Trued) Falsee) True3. Definitions:a) Equity: Ownership interest in a company.b) Capital: Financial resources used to fund a company's operations.c) Dividend: Distribution of a portion of a company's earnings to its shareholders.d) Liquidity: Ability to convert an asset into cash quickly.e) Risk: Possibility of loss or failure.4. Fill in the blanks:a) Financial statementsb) Balance sheetc) Income statementd) Cash flow statemente) AssetsUnit 2: Financial Markets1. Short Questions:a) What are the two main types of financial markets?b) What is the difference between primary and secondary markets?c) What are the three main types of securities traded in financial markets?d) What is the role of a stock exchange?e) What determines the value of a bond?2. Essay Questions:a) Discuss the importance of financial markets in a modern economy.b) Explain the concept of price discovery in financial markets.c) Compare and contrast stocks and bonds as investment options.d) Discuss the role of financial intermediaries in financial markets.e) Analyze the impact of interest rates on financial markets.Unit 3: International Finance1. True or False:a) Falseb) Truec) Falsed) Truee) False2. Matching:a) Exchange rate riskb) Political riskc) Interest rate riskd) Country riske) Credit risk3. Short Questions:a) What is foreign exchange risk?b) What factors affect exchange rates?c) What is a floating exchange rate?d) How does political risk impact international finance?e) Explain the concept of country risk.4. Case Study:Read the case study provided and answer the questions at the end.Unit 4: Financial Analysis1. Calculation Exercises:a) Current ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilitiesb) Debt-to-Equity ratio = Total Debt / Shareholders' Equityc) Return on Investment (ROI) = (Net Profit / Total Investment) * 100d) Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit / Revenue) * 100e) Earnings Per Share (EPS) = Net Income / Total Number of Outstanding Shares2. Essay Questions:a) Discuss the importance of financial analysis for decision-making in a company.b) Explain the key ratios used to assess a company's liquidity.c) Analyze the significance of return on investment in evaluating a company's profitability.d) Compare and contrast gross profit margin and net profit margin as measures of a company's profitability.e) Discuss the limitations of financial analysis in predicting future performance.Please note that this is a fictitious example of a potential structure for a university finance textbook answer key. The format and sections may vary depending on the actual textbook and its content.。
国际市场营销英语答案
国际市场营销Chapter 1Multiple choices D D D A C C B D E D B1. What will WTO bring to Chinese firm in international marketing?China successfully participating in the WTO offers both challenges and opportunities to Chinese companies.China officially joined the WTO on 10th November 2001. WTO is one of the most influential international governmental bodies to affect marketing. WTO and the World Court are set up to help to solve international trade disputes, and they also help the member countries to gain fair treatment in international trades. Since China is a member country of the organization, China can also enjoy low trade tariffs and seek equal treatment among association members, which would, of course, give companies more chances to expand their international markets.2 The differences between domestic marketing and international marketing. International marketing is more complex than domestic marketing in a number of ways. 1. Different environments, 2. Different applications of marketing principles, concepts and techniques 3. Different relations between enterprises and government.3 what are the functions of marketing?Contact: The seeking out of prospective consumers and it may be based on a variety of determinants. Improper handling of the initial contact can keep a company out of the marketplace indefinitely. Merchandising: Merchandising is the process of bringing the right product to the right place at the right time in the right quantity at the right place. Pricing: The price of a product is often the determining factor when a purchase is made and is always a key to profit. Promotion: Promotion is used to support marketing efforts: paid advertising, personal selling, public relations, and supplemental efforts. Distribution:The process of putting the consumer and the product together. Human resources: Internal marketing that occurs within a company between employers and employees is a reflection in the ability to market externally to the public. It’s essential that sellers understand, communicat e with, and value buyers.4.There are many reasons for that, environment, Competition, legal restraints, government controls, weather, fickle consumers, and any number of otheruncontrollable elements can, and frequently do, affectChapter 3Multiple choices C A C E A B D A B BThe Global economy has experienced the following changesa) Capital movements rather than trade have become the driving force of the globaleconomy.b) Production has become "uncoupled" from employment.c) Primary products have become uncoupled from the industrial economy.d) The world economy is in control.Reasonsa) World trade is some US$ 3 trillion, whereas the London Eurodollar market - aloneis some US$ 75 billion per annum and foreign exchange transactions were US$35 billion per annum. Interest and exchange rate - gains are often more lucrative than investment in goods and services manufacturing.b) Employment is in decline while manufacturing either grows or remains static.Sectors are becoming more productive, with injections of capital equipment and new technologies.c) Commodity prices may collapse but industrial economies can be unaffected.d) World trade is recognized as vital to economies as domestic growth slows downand opportunities overseas grow. Growth achievable in international trade is often ata greater rate than domestically and the returns higher.Chapter 4 Multiple choices A D D B D A A C B C1. Important to have a regulatory framework for the following reasons.a) Framework states the political, social and legal ground rules for doing businessbetween and within countries.b) The framework gives:i) the basis for all production, exchange and distribution activitiesii) gives rise to expectations and assurances about the actions of others andiii) gives order and stability to the means of doing business.The most important rules are these:a) Defining, allocating and enforcing property rights.b) Establishing rules and conventions defining allowable and non allowable forms ofcooperation and coordination (standards, rules of conduct, fair trading etc).1 / 82. Tariff barriers/duties (terms of access)a) Tariffs - single column, two column, preferential.b) Duties - ad valorem, specific, alternative, compound, anti-dumping.c) Import charges - variable, temporary, compensatory.Non tariff barriersa) Quota and trade controls.b) Discriminatory Government and private procurement policies.c) Restrictive customs procedures.d) Selective monetary control and discriminatory exchange rate policies.e) Restrictive administrative and technical regulations.Chapter 5Multiple choices C E B D D D B E C C1. Main elements of culture -"Definition of culture" - The integrated total sum of learned behavioral traits that are manifest and shared by members of society.Elements are - language, social norms, religion, ethics, socio economics, mores, traditions, societal regulations, nationalism, aesthetics, material culture, attitudes, values, social organization. (Discuss each in turn with students).2. Main approaches to culturea) Anthropological - relevance to interpretation of ways of doing business e.g. Japan versus USA.b) Marlow’s hierarchy of needs - relevance to product type, sophistication and pricec) Self reference criterion - relevance in the standardization versus adoption concepts of marketing strategy.d) Diffusion theory - relevance to rates of adoption of innovations and of new products.e) High and low context - relevance to the degree of necessity to have explicitly verbal or written communications e.g. contracts.f) Perception - relevance to sensitivity in operation of the marketing mix variables e.g. advertisingChapter 6 Multiple choices A D A C C E C C C E1. Distinguish between primary and secondary data. When should each type beused?Answer: Primary data is data collected through observation, survey or controlled experiment for the first time during a marketing research study. Marketers rely on primary data when up-to-date, specifically targeted information is essential; when they have sufficient time to conduct the analysis; and when the good or service playsa major role in the company's total marketing strategy to warrant the expense of datacollection.Secondary data refers to previously collected data from internal and external sources.Internal data include sales records, product performance, sales force activities and marketing costs. External data are obtained from local, provincial (state) and federal governments and private sources. The reasons for using secondary data include the relative low cost, the easy availability and the limited time taken by searching for it.2. What contributions can each make to the marketing research function?Answer: A marketing information system (MIS) is a planned, computer-based system designed to provide managers with a continuous flow of information relevant to their specific decision areas. An MIS permits a continuous, systematic study of any deviation from marketing goals, and allows management to adjust actions as conditions change. A marketing decision-support system (MDSS) consists of computer software that helps users obtain and use information to make marketing decisions. An MDSS is the portion of an MIS that enables marketers to explore the state of the market and do market forecasting and simulations that illustrate what might happen if various components of the marketing strategy were changed. Data mining consists of a program that searches customer information stored in data warehouses for connections. Organizations are using data mining to enhance decisions about customer preferences, sales trends, and marketing programs.Chapter 7Multiple choices E B A D A A C C E D1. List and discuss the requirements for effective segmentation.Answer: If a market segment is large, but not homogeneous enough, it becomes difficult to develop a marketing mix that would effectively fit all customers in this segment. In this case some customers may become dissatisfied and lured away by2 / 8competitors who offer a better tailored marketing mix. If market segments are properly defined most customers should be addressed with a marketing mix that can satisfy their needs well. Very well satisfied customers are more loyal. On the other hand breaking markets down into too many segments and addressing each of them with a separate marketing mix is costly. This is why it is very important to define segments in such a way that they would be large enough to be profitable, and, on the other hand, homogeneous enough to be satisfied with the same marketing mix. Chapter 8 Multiple choices C B B D D A C E E D1. Different methods of foreign market entry.These are either "direct", "indirect" or "cooperative” based.2.The advantages and disadvantages of barter, counter-trade, and export processing zones as market entry strategies.1) Export processing zones -Advantages:· host country obtains know-how,· capital, technology, employment opportunities;· foreign exchange earnings;· "reputation", "internationalization".Disadvantages:· short term investments,· capital movements,· employment movements,· transaction costs and benefits,· not part of economy so alienisation,· labor laws may be different,· bureaucracy creation.2) Barter-Advantages:· simple to administer,· no currency,· commodity based valuation or currency based valuation.Disadvantages:· risk of non delivery,· poor quality,· technological obsolescence,· unfulfilled quantities,· risk of commodity price rise thus losing out on an increased valuation,· depressed valuation,· marketability of products.3) Counter trade -Advantages:· method of obtaining sales by seller and getting a slice of the order,· method of breaking into a "closed" market.Disadvantages:· not covered by GATT,· so dumping may occur,· variety differences,· difficult to set price and service quality,· inconsistency of delivery and specification,· difficult to revert to currency trading.Chapter 11Multiple choices A B D B C B D C C C1. What is a product? What are the features of products?A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use orconsumption and that might satisfy a want or need. It refers to both tangible and intangible products. When talking about product, one needs to consider its characteristics. They are 1) primary functional purpose, 2) secondary purpose, 3) durability and quality, 4) method of operation, and 5) maintenance.2. How to classify products traditionally and internationally?Product may be classified according to a variety of criteria. Traditionally, classification of products is based on users, hence the consumer goods and industrial goods.Consumer products include Convenience products, Shopping products, Specialty products, Unsought products, Industrial products include Materials and parts, Capital3 / 8items, Supplies and services. Another traditional method of classifying products ishow long a product may exist. Thus, there are durable, consumable, or disposable goods. In recent years, with the fast speed of globalize economy, a product with international profit potential is more likely to gain attentions than that with local potentials. Therefore, some researchers further classified products according to their marketing potentials, ie. Local products and international products3. What is a product life cycle? Give a brief description of the separate stages. Products have a limited market life. Typically there are 4 stages for the development of a new product: Introduction, growth, maturity and decline.Introduction stage is a period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. This stage starts when the new product is first launched. Introduction takes time, and sales growth is apt to be slow. Innovators will buy product in this stage. In growth stage, sales will start climbing quickly. It’s a period of rapid market acceptance, and substantial profit improvement. The innovators will continue to buy, and early adopters will start to follow their lead, especially if they hear favorable word of mouth. They will introduce new product features, and the market will expand. Maturity stage is a period of a slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. This maturity stage normally lasts longer than the previous stage, and it poses strong challenges to marketing management. Most products are in the maturity stage of the life cycle. In the decline stage, because the demands are less, technology advances, consumer tastes shift, or competition increases, sales show a downward drift and profits erode. Some firms withdraw from the market. As for those remaining companies, they may cut the promotion budget and reduce their prices further.4. Describe the process of designing and developing a new product.Product design is the process of designing a product’s style and function: creating a product that is attractive, easy, safe, and inexpensive to use and services, and simple and economical to produce and distribute.Eight major steps are necessary for the new product development process. They are idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, marketing strategy development, business analysis, product development, test marketing, commercialization.5.What are the advantages and disadvantages of branding? Why are peoplewilling to pay more for branded product than unbranded products?Some companies such as Toyota, McDonald’s, Shell Oil, and Sony have established international brand names. Branding brings both advantages and disadvantages.On a positive note, companies with well established brand can be recognized pretty soon by new markets. If the target markets have no preconceived notion about what the company represents, products of the companies can be very easily accepted by the consumers in those new markets.But famous brands of big companies sometimes are rejected for local protest. They are also blamed for some serious social and environmental problems. The fact of the international market is many companies are not equipped with highly accepted brands. These companies have even bigger problems. They have to spend extra time and money to persuade the local government, their distributors and consumers. In a foreign market, more effort would be taken to overcome problems of language and cultural differences.People are willing to buy products with well established brand because of the brand equity. Brand equity is defined as the added value a brand name gives to a product beyond the functional benefits provided. In another word, it is the value of a brand, based on the extent to which it has high brand loyalty, name awareness, perceived quality, strong brand associations, and other assets such as patents, trademarks, and channel relationships. The most valuable brands have a brand equity that is considered an important company asset. It is very important to establish the brand equity of product.Chapter 12Multiple choices C A B D A C C C D C1. What is price? Describe factors that influence price of a product.Price is the value of what a consumer exchanges in return for products. It may take the form of monetary exchange, bartered services, or other goods.Pricing is driven by three major forces. They are costs, demands and competition.Costs are very important factors that set the floor for the price that the company can charge. Whereas costs set the lower limit of prices, the market and demand set the upper limit. Competition forces companies to offer special prices to attract customers.4 / 82. What are the objectives of pricing a product?Profitability objectives involve profit levels and target-return.. V olume objectives include sales maximization and market-share goals, which are specified as a percentage of certain markets. Some prices are set to beat competition by beating the pricing leader's prices hence, the meeting competition objectives.3. What are the pricing strategies in pricing a product?Market skimming price charges the highest price possible over those buyers who most desire the product will pay. In market penetration pricing, a relatively low initial price is established for a new product. Market holding pricing is a strategy intended to hold market share. There are basically two types of cost plus pricing: the historical accounting cost method and the estimated future cost method. While costs are important they should be looked at alongside the prices of competitive products in the target markets, hence competitive pricing. Marketers of raw commodity traded on the international market subject to world prices have no alternative but to take the going price - a price governed by competition, especially on the supply side. They accept market pricing strategy. Pricing strategy also involves psychological pricing and product life cycle pricing. Psycholog ical pricing considers how consumers’ perceptions and beliefs affect their price evaluations. Product life cycle pricing strategies recognize that products and product categories generally go through a cycle, including introduction, growth, maturity and decline.4. Explain the increasing importance of value –based pricing and contrast it with cost-based pricing.Explain the increasing importance of value-based pricing and contrast it with cost-based pricing.To compete effectively, marketers may be the lowest cost producer. Sometimes the companies set their price low to gain market share and preventing competitors from entering the market. They must be willing and able to change the price frequently by responding quickly and aggressively. However, competitors can also respond quickly. Customers adopt brand switching to use the lowest priced brand. Sellers move along the demand curve by raising and lowering prices. Price sensitivity varies among market segments and across different products. Marketersneed t o know buyers’ acceptable range of prices and sensitivity towards price changes and set their price according to different segments.Cost plus pricing includes direct and indirect costs or assumptions of production volume which will be a principal factor determining costs, but it has the disadvantage of ignoring demand and competitive position in the target market which now plays a very important role.5. What are the international pricing strategies?Extension (standardized pricing) is to set the same global price no matter where the target market is. It is a very simple method but does not respond to market sensitivity. Few firms use these methods to price their products in the international trade.Adaptation (differential pricing) is to set different prices in different markets. The only control is setting transfer prices within the corporate system. It prevents problems of arbitrage when the disparities in local market prices exceed the transportation and duty costs separating markets.Invention is to a mix of extension and adaptation strategy. This takes cognizance of any unique market factors like costs, competition, income levels and local marketing strategy. In addition, it recognizes the fact that headquarters price coordination is necessary in dealing with international accounts and arbitrage and it systematically seeks to embrace national experience.6. What is transfer pricing? What are the attitudes of government to transferpricing?When a company decentralizes, organizing itself into separate profit centers, it is necessary to transfer components or finished products between units. Transfer pricing is used to motivate profit center managers, provide divisional flexibility and also further corporate profit goals. Across national boundaries the system becomes complicated by taxes, joint ventures, attitudes of governments and so on.Many governments see transfer pricing as a tax evasion policy and have, in recent years, looked more closely at company returns. Rates of duty encourage the size of the transfer price: the higher the duty rate the more desirable a lower transfer price.A low income tax creates a pressure to raise the transfer price to locate income in the5 / 8low tax setting. Harmonization of tax rates worldwide may make the intricacies of transfer pricing obsolete. Government controls, like cash deposits on importers, give an incentive to minimize the price of the imported item. Profit transfer rules may apply which restrict the amount of profit transferred out of the country. Although many multinational companies practice transfer pricing, they have various attitudes towards it. Many companies regard it as a means of encouraging and measuring corporate efficiency. Others emphasize the opportunities for financial gain or market manipulation.7. How do international trade finance? What are the most commonly used payments of international trade?Drafts covering exports, Sales against cost advances, Sales on a consignment basis, collection arrangement, Letters of credit, letter of credit is of most common use. Chapter 13 Multiple choices C C B A D C A B A D1. What is distribution? What are channels? What are the functions of channels?Distribution is the process that goods are distributed from the manufacturer to the end user. Different companies may adopt different distribution services according to their marketing objectives and strategies. Some companies have their own means of distribution, some companies deal directly with the most important customers, but many companies rely on other companies to perform distribution services for them. Channel members should have interdependency.There are eight main functions for distribution channels. Information collecting: gathering and distributing marketing research. Promotion: developing and communicating offers. Contact: communicating with prospective buyers. Matching: fitting the offer to the buyer's needs. Negotiation: reaching agreement on price and terms. Physical distribution: transporting and storing the goods. Financing: getting and using funds to cover the costs of channel work. Risk taking: assuming the risks the channel work.2. What are the different types of channels?Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels involved. Each layer of marketing intermediaries that performs some work in bringing theproduct and its ownership closer to the final buyer is a channel level. Because the producer and the final consumer both perform some work, they are part of every channel. We use the number of intermediary levels to indicate the length of a channel.Generally there are customer marketing channels and business marketing channels each has their own characters and features.3. How are channels structured?There are Vertical marketing system (VMS) which is a distribution channel structure in which producers, wholesalers, and retailers act as a unified system. One channel member owns the others, has contracts with them, or has so much power that they all cooperate. Horizontal structure which means two or more companies at one level combine their marketing efforts to open new marketing opportunities. By combination, companies enjoy greater capital, improved production abilities and extended marketing resources and accomplish more than just one single company may do. and Hybrid marketing structure which refers to the situation that single firm sets up two or more marketing channels to reach one or more customer segments.Retailers, catalogs, and sales force form a typical example for the hybrid marketing structure.4. Why are intermediaries used in marketing?The use of intermediaries results from their greater efficiency in making goods available to target markets. Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scale of operation, intermediaries usually offer the firm more than it can achieve on its own. From the economic system's point of view, the role of marketing intermediaries is to transform the assortments of products made by producers into the assortments5 wanted by consumers.5. Tell briefly the intermediaries in both domestic and international marketing.An agent or broker brings together buyers and sellers but does not take ownership of the products being traded. A wholesaler is a business that buys large quantities of an item and resells them to retailers. Wholesalers do not usually sell directly to final users of a product. A retailer is a store or other business that sells directly to the final user. Retailers are located at shopping malls, open markets, small shops, or large retail stores. Retailers attract the attention of potential customers through product6 / 8selection, convenience, product quality, sales staff assistance, and special services. Retailers are in the form of many different kinds of stores. Convenience stores usually locate near other shopping or near the homes of potential customers. Prices may be higher since smaller quantities of convenience or necessary items are carried by these stores. General merchandise retailers offer a larger variety of product types and offer more service than convenience stores. Supermarkets, department store, discount stores, warehouse club stores, and outlet stores are part of the general merchandise retailers. Specialty stores cater to one particular area such as shoes, furniture, clothing, flowers, etc. Direct sellers include mail order, telephone contacts, and door-to-door marketing. Electronic retailers are common on home-shopping TV. International trade may include intermediaries different from domestic companies. An export management company (EMC) provides complete distribution services for businesses that desire to sell in foreign markets. Export trading companies (ETC) are full-service global distribution intermediaries. An ETC buys and sells products; conducts market research; and packages, ships, and distributes goods abroad. Freight forwarders ship goods to customers in other countries. Like a travel agent for cargo, these companies get an exporter's merchandise to the required destination.A customs broker is an intermediary that specializes in moving goods through the customs process which involves inspection of imported products and payment of duties.Packaging is an important part of the marketing process, especially for international trade. When preparing for international shipping, an item should be packaged to avoid breakage, maintain the lowest possible weight and volume provide moisture-proof surroundings, and minimize theft. Shipments going by land or sea require strong containers.6. What is logistics system? How a company deals with its logistic distribution? Briefly describe it.Physical distribution refers to the physical requirements necessary to move a product from producer to end-user; it can also be called a logistics system. The major logistics functions include order processing, warehousing, inventory management, and transportation.7. What are the documents that would be prepared for internationaldistribution?Shipped items must be accompanied by shipping and billing documents, with copies going to various departments. These documents may include: 1.) A bill of lading is a contract between the exporter and the transporter. This form describes the weight, number, and value of goods along with the names and addresses of the seller and buyer. 2.) Certificate of origin documents the country in which the goods being shipped were produced. 3.) Export declaration is required by the U.S.Department of Commerce for shipments with a value of more than $500. This form lists the information on the bill of lading along with the name of the carrier and exporting vessel. And 4.) Destination control statement verifies the country to which goods are being shipped. This document notifies the carrier and all other handlers that the shipment may only go to certain destinationsChapter 14Multiple choices B C A D B A D C B D A D B1. What is promotion? What is promotion mix?Promotion is one of the major elements of the marketing mix of the business.Promotion is a form of persuasive communication, or getting others to do what marketers want them to do.The combination of different forms of promotion is called the promotional mix.2. What are the differences among informative, persuasive, and reminderadvertising? In what circumstances might a company use each?Informative advertising is the advertising used to inform consumers about a new product or feature and to build primary demand. An informative advertising is telling the market about a new product, suggesting new uses for a product, informing the market of a price change, explaining how the products works, describing available services, correcting false impressions, reducing buyers’ fears and building a company image. Persuasive advertising is to build selective demand for a particular brand (later growth and early maturity stages). It is the advertising used to build selective demand for a brand by persuading consumers that it offers the best quality for their money. Persuasive advertising is about building brand preference, encouraging switching to the bran d, changing buyers’ perception of product attributes, persuading buyers to purchase now and persuading buyers to receive a sales call.7 / 8。
供应链管理 第三版 Unit1 习题与答案
Chapter 1Understanding the Supply ChainTrue/False1. A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplyingcomponents needed for manufacturing。
Answer: FalseDifficulty： Moderate2. A supply chain consists of all parties involved， directly or indirectly, in fulfilling acustomer request。
Answer: TrueDifficulty： Moderate3. A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network orsupply web.Answer： TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated。
Answer： TrueDifficulty： Easy5. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for themanufacturing component of the supply chain。
Answer： FalseDifficulty： Moderate6. Every supply chain must include all 5 stages。
Answer: FalseDifficulty： Easy7. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successivestages.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate8. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer: FalseDifficulty： Moderate9. The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chainare divided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders.Answer： TrueDifficulty: Easy10. The push/pull view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chainare divided into a series of activities performed at the interface betweensuccessive stages。
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Yo ur Res ult s for "M ulti ple Ch oic e"Print this page The Print feature requires scripting to function. Your browser either does not support scripting or you have turned scripting off. To print this page, first highlight the text,then select Print from the File menu.Book's Title: Instructional Media and Technologies for LearningBook's Author:SmaldinoLocation on Site: Home > Technology, Media, and Learning > Self-Assessment > Multiple ChoiceDate/Time Submitted: April 12, 2007 at 12:37PM (EDT)Summary of Results10% Correct of 10 questions:1 correct: 10%9 incorrect: 90%More information about scoring.1. The teacher who takes on the role of a facilitator can help studentsYour Answer: explore the world with a few keystrokes.Correct Answer: all the aboveTeachers who take on this role become facilitators of theknowledge-access process and can help students access manyforms of information sources. (p. 5).2. The learning environment includesYour Answer: the physical facilities.Correct Answer: a, b, and cThe learning environment includes the physical facilities, thepsychological atmosphere; and the instructional technology, media,and methods. (p.6).3.Behaviorists refuse to speculate on what goes on internally whenlearning takes place andYour Answer: rely solely on observable behavior.4.Cognitivism deals with how people think, solve problems, and makedecisions. Cognitivists create a mental model. They believeinformation is stored in (the) ___________ __________, whereinformation is "rehearsed until it is ready to be stored in (the)____________ ____________.Your Answer: cerebral cortex, lymphatic system;Correct Answer: short-term memory, long-term memory;It is true that cognitivism deals with how people think, solveproblems, and make decisions. Cognitivists create a mental modelof short-term and long-term memory. New information is stored inshort-term memory, where it is "rehearsed" until ready to be storedin long-term memory. If the information is not rehearsed, it fadesfrom short-term memory. (p. 6)5.Constructivism is a movement thatYour Answer: considers the engagement of students inmeaningful experiences as the essences ofexperiential learning.Correct Answer: a and c onlyConstructivism is a movement that considers the engagement ofstudents in meaningful experiences as the essence of experientiallearning, with the shift from passive transfer of information to activeproblem solving and discovery. Constructivist emphasize thatlearners create their own interpretations of the world of information.In contrast with behaviorists, the do not believe that the role ofinstruction is to dispense facts but rather to provide students withways to assemble knowledge. (p. 6-7).6. New learning technologies includeYour Answer: the use of computers, compacts discs, anddigital videodiscs.Correct Answer: a and b onlyFor over a hundred years, teachers have used various types of audioand visual aids to help them teach. Recently teachers haveexpanded their repertoire of materials and procedures to include thenew technologies for learning including computers, compact discs,digital videodiscs, satellite communications, and the Internet. (p.20-21).7. Fair use in education suggest to teachers thatYour Answer: any type of teaching material is acceptable touse as long as you personally think it is fair.Correct Answer: there are four basic criteria for determining theprinciple of fair use that teachers should beaware of.The law sets forth these four basic criteria for determining theprinciple of fair use and teachers should be familiar with it so thatuntil the courts decide otherwise, teachers (and mediaprofessionals) can use the fair use criteria to decide when to copymaterials that would otherwise be protected. (p. 11)8. Cooperative learning with hypermedia canYour Answer: lead to stimulating interchanges amongstudents.Correct Answer: all of the aboveCooperative learning with hypermedia can lead to stimulatinginterchanges among students as they go through and discuss theirresponse to the materials. Hypermedia programs that allow users tomake additions to the information lend themselves particularly wellto this type of learning experiences and students report thatlearning activities with fellow students, as well as the teacher, helpthem to gain confidence. (p. 13).9.Student portfolios might contain which of the following items?Your Answer: media presentationsCorrect Answer: all the aboveStudent portfolios might contain : media presentations, such asslide sets or photo essays; audio recordings of debates, paneldiscussions, or oral presentations; video recordings of students'athletic, musical, or dancing skills; and/or computer multimediaprojects incorporating print, data, graphics, and moving images.(pp. 13-15).10. Electronic portfolios areYour Answer: an easier way to assess students.Correct Answer: a way to assess student learning usingtechnology.There are many advantages to electronic portfolios which are usedto assess student learning using technology. Likewise, there aremay drawbacks associate with their usage that include equipment,access, security, and time. (pp. 13-15)。