英语会话含义分析

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英语商业广告语言的会话含义研究

［关键词］英语商业广告语言违反“ 合作原则” 会话含义
１引言．
通常，语言所表达的意义有两种：一种是说话人说出的词语和句子所表达的字面意义，另一种是说话人通过话语含蓄地表示的意义。字面意义就是话语的语义内容，含蓄意义往往是说话人的“ 用意” 所在，在交流中，用意” “ 基于 “ 字义” 但比“ 义” ，字更丰富，这种会话的“ 意” 用被称为“ 会话含义” “ 义” ，含是间接语言的一种重要表现形式。日常生活语在言交流中，会话含义” “ 是一个非常普遍的现象，我们常说的“ 话中有话” ， “ 弦外有音 ” 实际就是“ 会话含义” 。广告是一种特殊的交际行为，广告商运用广告语言向公众传播信息的过程，便是两者之间交流的过程。只是这种交流持续时间比较长最终以公众购买其产品或服务来说明交流的成功，注定了广告语言要有这也自身鲜明的特点——经济性和艺术性。广告语言的经济性体现在两个方面：１由于时间篇幅等条件的限制，（）广告语必须尽量简洁精炼，使受众容易记住；２广告的目的是为了帮助广告商提高其产品或品牌在受（）众中的影响力和接受度（了公益性广告）除，提高商品的销售量，因此广告语言背后体现着商业利益。广告语言的艺术性体现在广告语言的形式和内容两个方面：１在语言的形式上，（）广告语往往采取排比、对偶、押韵等形式，使广告语读上去朗朗上口，产生美感；）（在内容方面，２广告语还常常能体现出幽默美、人性美、诗性美、意境美。广告语言由广告主体传递给公众的单向语言，是交流是被间接地反馈给广告主体的，以广告制作人应该尽可能使广告语言更清楚，所更有力。一般情况下，众不会自己花很多时间来寻找广告，以广告语言本公所身要具有吸引力，在公众看到广告的第一眼就抓住他们的注意力，进而促进成功的交易。在现实生活中，了吸引公众的注意力，为大部分的广告制作人则会采取故意违反合作原则的方法来求得意想不到的效果。２格莱斯的合作原则及其在英语广告语中的运用．２１格莱斯的合作原则．要想使语言交流能够成功、效地进行，有那么此次交流的参与者至少有一个共同的交际目标（这个目标一般在谈话开始时就确定了）为，了达到该目标，交际方必须存在某种默契。美国学者格莱斯认为，在真实的语言交际巾，为了使会话顺利进行，无论处于何种文化背景，交际的双方都必须遵守一条原则，合作原则” 合作原则包含以下四条准即“ 。则：）（数量准则，１即说话人的话语要包括足够的信息，但是也不要包括交际所不需要的信息。（质量准则，２）即说话人不要说自是虚假的话；知不要讲缺乏足够证据的话。３关联准则，（）即说话人的言语要与谈话内容相关。（）４方式准则，即话语要简洁明了、直截了当，而不是晦涩难懂，或冗长累赘。这四条准则中，数量准则” “ 规定了我们说话时应提供的信息量，不应多说，也不应少说；质量准则 ” 定了说话的真实性， “ 规要求人们说真话，不说假话，不说没根据的话；关联准则” “ 规定了话语内容要切题，不跑题；方式准则 ” 求说话人使用简洁明了的话语，含糊其词， “ 要不不罗嗦。也就是说，前三条准则关系着交流各方说话的内容，回答 “ 说什么” 的问题；而第四条准则关系着人们交流的方式，回答 “ 怎么说 ” 的问题。如果人们交流时都能遵循这些准则，就能够以最直接、最有效的方式进行交际。２２格莱斯的合作原则在英语广告语中的运用．合作原则及其准则对人们交际会话的指导是潜意识的。在实际生活中，人们谁也不会像遵守法律或交通规则那样去严格遵守以上准则。然而，会话含义恰恰是从这里产生的：一方面，听话人感到说话者没有遵守某一准则，另一方面，听话者没有理由认为说话者故意违反该准则，最起码听话人认为说话人是在遵守总的合作原则，自己尽力合作与的。为了解决这一对矛盾，听话者就只好（也必须）据各项条件去揣摸根ｆ分析、推测，最后得）者的会话含义。说话广告语违反合作原则的情况十分普遍，因为由此产生的特殊效果对广告语被受众接受甚至喜爱有着积极作用。因此，前对广告语运用合作原则的研究大多集中在广告目语对合作原则的违反情况方面。在现实生活中，为了吸引公众的注意力，大部分的广告制作人则会采取故意违反合作原则的方法来求得会话含义，达到意想不到的效果。广告话语作为一种特殊的对话形式，其语言作为传递信息的重要媒介，发挥着重要的作用。以下将逐项分析广告语言中违反合作原则产生会话含义的情况。

议英语听力理解中的会话含义

Ｂ的话表面上没有回答Ａ的问题，以看似违背了数量和所关联准则。由此可以认为Ｂ的话违反了合作原则。人们可以由
此认为Ｂ的话语是一种不合作的回应，不把Ａ的话题继续下去，而是撂一边去，开始了另外一个话题。然而这种貌似违反合作原则的回答，更深一层却是遵循了合作原则，在因为我们可以猜Ｂｌｉ１所在的地方和他的车ａｙｌｏＷ停泊的位置ｅｌｗＹ之间有必然的联系，因此知道Ｂ的意思是Ｂｌｉ１在Ｓｅ的家里。ｕ在这种情况下，照合作原则的假象可以得到推论，ｒｃ依Ｇｉｅ把这种推理称为会话含义（ｏｖｒａｉｎｌｍｌｃｔｒ）ｃｎｅｓｔｏａｉｐｉａｕｅ。Ｇｉｅ还认为特殊会话含义是违反合作原则下四个准则之中ｒｃ
（理学院外国语学院大云南大理６１０）７００
摘要：英语口语交际和听力训练中，常发现说话人违反会话原则，语用学研究看，些违反行为大多数是说话人故意进行经从这的．基于礼貌考虑，或者反语，或者强调，者表达的生动性，话人违反了合作原则或者礼貌原则中的若干次准则，而产生了会或说从话含义，而会话含义正是听力理解中常常需要把握的重点．关键词：会话含义听力理解语用学
中图分类号：Ｇ４６２
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：６２１７２０）－０３Ｏ１７－５８（０８７０５一２

合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则

合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则摘要：“合作原则”（cooperative principle）是美国哲学家Grice 提出的一套假想的原则，合作原则这条根本原则可以具体体现为四条准则，即数量准则，质量准则，关联准则和方式准则。

但是在实际的日常生活中人们并不总是遵循这四条准则，其实也就是因为对合作原则下的这四条准则的违反才产生了“会话含义”(conversational implicature)。

但是Grice 并没有解释人们为什么要违反“合作原则” （cooperative principle）。

在此之后，Leech 又提出了“礼貌原则”(politeness principle)，作为对合作原则的补充。

Leech 认为在日常会话中，人们往往因为遵守礼貌原则而违反了合作原则。

但是实际上，人们并不总是因为礼貌才违反合作原则的。

关键词：合作原则；会话含义；礼貌原则一．合作原则和它的四个准则合作原则（cooperative principle）是Grice1967年在哈佛大学的一次演讲中提出的，他认为，合作原则是一切成功的语言交际活动的基础，所以我们可以这样认为，所有参加交谈的人在他们进行交谈活动时采取的是合作的态度。

首先让我们来搞清楚什么是合作原则。

它是一套设想的准则，如果在交谈过程中交谈双方都希望更好的理解对方的话语意思，就得遵循合作原则，Grice把它具体化为四条准则。

质量准则（quality maxim）——也就是说要尽量说真话（1）不要说自己认为是不真实的话；（2）不要说缺乏足够证据的话例1：A：你认为他适合做这个工作吗？B：当然了，完全适合。

数量准则（quantity maxim）A：使自己所说的话达到现时的交际目的所要求的详尽程度；B：不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。

也就是说，数量准则规定，我们向对方传递的信息只能是对方想得到的，不能多也不能少，不要说对方不想听到的。

例2：A：这学期你修了几门课程？B：五门。

大学英语听力中的会话含义分析

斯把这种在言语交际中使用的隐含意义称作 “ 会话含义 ” （ＣｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎａｌＩｍｐ１ｉｃａｔｕｒｅ）。并把合作原则具体化为以下四个准则：１．数量准则：所说的话应包含当前交谈目的所需要的信息；所说的话不应包含多于需要的信息。２．质量准则：不要说自知是虚假的话；不要说缺乏足够证据的话。３．关联准则：所说的话与话题要相关联。４．方式准则：清楚明白地表达出要说的话。尤其是要
Ａ：Ｉｈｏｐｅｙｏｕａｒｅｎｏｔｔｏｐｕｔｏｕｔｗｉｔｈｍｅｆｏｒｔｈｅ
ｄｅｌａｙ，ＩｈａｄｔｏｓｔｏｐｆｏｒｔｈｅＦｒｅｄ ’Ｓｈｏｍｅｔｏｐｉｃｋｕｐ
在这个对话里，Ａ请求Ｂ帮助他制订体能训练计划，Ｂ回答表明他很愿意帮忙。此信息足以令Ａ得到满意的答复，但随后Ｂ又提醒Ａ说一定不要过量运动，并提到上次自己由于在三天内完成了两周的举重练习，结果受伤了的经历。Ｂ的回答提供了多余的信息，显然违反了数量原则。由此可以推导出Ｂ认为过量的体能训练对身体有害，建议Ａ仔细考虑之后再做决定的隐含信息。２．质量准则的违反与 “ 会话含义 ” 故意违反质量准则包括提供相反或虚假的信息。例：
Ａ：Ｃａｎｙｏｕｈｅｌｐｍｅｗｏｒｋｏｕｔ
ｐｒｏｇｒａｍＪｏｈｎ？

(英语毕业论文)从言语行为理论和会话含义理论分析《唐顿庄园》中会话开始的不同方式

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英语语言学概论会话含义.合作原则.翁京京

Four Principles
1.数量原则（maxim of quantity） 2.质量原则（maxim of quality） 3.相关准则（maxim of relation） 4.方式原则（maxim of manner)
A.数量准则（maxim of Quantity） 1) Make your contribution as informative as required. 2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required say what you believe to be false. 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
C.关系准则（maxim of Relevance) Be relevant
2)提供的信息太多 A: When did you come back last night B: Around midnight, we finished the meeting.
B. Violation of quality
1)故意不说真实的话 A：How are you? B: I am dead.
Conversational Implicature
• 话语的隐含意义，即“会话含义” • “会话含义”是语用学的核心内容。格莱斯的会
话含义理论，“本质是关于人们如何运用语言的理论”。
generalized conversational implicature
• 不需要特殊语境就能推导出来的含义
Thank you!
Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

从语言函式的角度解读英语中的会话含义

科技信息1.引言会话含义一直是语用学以及跨文化交际研究中的热点问题，学者们纷纷提出不同的理论来阐释其产生的过程以及原因，其中最具代表性的是格赖斯提出的“合作原则”以及在此基础上列文森提出的会话含义三原则，然而，这些理论的解释力有限，局限于笼统的语言描述，虽然局部涉及到逻辑形式推导，但总体而言对会话含义解读过程缺乏系统而具体的逻辑性指导。

认知语言学的基本观点之一便是，语义和语法密不可分，语法是概念内容的结构化，语义在很大程度上决定语法（石毓智，2004）。

因此，语言形式结构是语义实现的途径，对形式结构的分析也是分析语义的重要手段。

本文通过语言结构形式化分析，探究了会话含义产生的主要方式，并具有针对性地讨论其解读策略。

2.会话含义的产生方式2.1语言函式的定义函式是数学中的一个重要概念，主要的作用为表现相应的函数关系，为我们研究映射关系提供了极有价值的工具，其传统定义不再赘述。

由于语言中可能出现双关、一词多义等现象，因此，在本文分析中采用的新概念“语言函式”对传统定义有所修改，定义如下：语言函式f(x)表示这样一种映射，其中每个输入值(x)对应一个或多个输出值(y)。

包含某个函式所有输入值的集合被称作这个函数的定义域(D)，而包含所有输出值的集合(R)被称为值域。

语言函式描写的这种映射关系，在语言中普遍存在，反映了语言表达式中代入的对象及最终生成的语义概念之间的对应关系。

2.2语言函式在自然语言中的表现将函式概念应用于语言分析中的想法早在弗雷格那里已经开始。

弗雷格提出以函式理论研究语言和命题，以“首都”这个概念为例，首都总是某一国家的首都，因此可以写成“()的首都”，括号里代入不同的国家，首都的指称也不同，例如“中国的首都”指称北京，“英国的首都”指称伦敦。

同函式概念对照，可以看出，“()的首都”是一个函式，“中国”、“英国”等为输入值，“北京”、“伦敦”则为这一函式特定的值(陈嘉映，2003)。

通过函式的角度进行语言分析的方法克服了传统逻辑将语言分为主词、谓词的死板结构分析法，既反映了语言中有些概念是恒定的这一事实，又利用这一事实得出有些语言表达式（函式）无论自变元如何变化，函式的意义恒定，并有效模拟了自然语言中概念嵌套的现象，这有助于更有效地进行语言分析中的概念逻辑推演。

浅谈会话含义理论与中学英语教学

ｉ．ｔ
、
会话含义理论的意义
会话含义指的是在交际中说话者因违反“ 合作原则 ” 的各项准则而产生的话语意义。通俗地说，会话含义即说话者的“ 言外之意” 。美国语言哲学家格莱斯（ＰＧｉｅ对会话含义进行Ｈ＿．ｒ）ｃ了最早的系统研究，于１６年在哈佛大学讲座时提出了“ 他９７合作原则” “ 和会话含义理论 ”他的学说引起了语言学界的重视，，很多学者在著作中采用了他的理论，格莱斯的合作原则和会将话含义学说看成是语用学的重要组成部分。会话含义理论不是从语言系统内部（即语音、语法、语义等角度）发去研究语言形式本身所表达的意义，是根据语境出而来分析语言，解释语言的言下之意、弦外之音。例如：Ｊｈ，ｏＡ：ｏｎｄ
一
３系准则（１ｘｉＲｌａｃ）这一准则要求使说话．关１ｅｈｍａｍｏｅｖｎｅ。ｆｅ者的话与对方的话有关联性ｍｋｏｒｏｔｂｔｎｌｖｎ）不ａｅｕｎｒｕｏｓｅａｔｙｃｉｉｒｅ，要答非所问。４方式准则（ｈｘＭａｎｒ。这一准则要求说话要明白．Ｔｅｉｏｎｅ）ｍａｍｆ易懂ｂｒｐｃｏｓ简短扼要ｂｅｒｔ条理清楚ｂｄｒ）ｅｅｓｉｕ）ｐｕ、ｉ）ｂｅ、ｅｒｅｌ，ｏｙ要避免说晦涩难懂（ｏｓｕｔ、ａｉｏｅｆ￣模棱两可（ｏｉｉ）ｖｄｂｉａｉａｇｔ的话。ｖｄｍｂｕｙ显然，在实际的言语交际中，人们并不是严格遵守这些准则的。如果说话者一方有意地违反合作原则的某一准则（实际是利用了这个准则）而对方对此有所意识，，并且相信说话者是遵守合作原则的，就能够根据具体的语境推导出话语的言外之意。下面我们就违反合作原则中各项准则所产生的言外之意的情况，通过实例来进行一些介绍：１．对质的准则的违反例女：：ａｗｌｙｕｄｕａ ’ ｏｅｈｂｅＢＩｌａ Ⅱ Ａｗｈｔｉｏｉｙｎｖｅａｌ？：＇ｅｔｌｏｆｏｃｔｍｔｔｌ

浅谈CET 4听力中的会话含义与大学英语听力教学

二、合作原则和会话含义理论
教育部于１９年９月的《９９大学英语大纲（修订版）中对非英语专业大学生的听力能力要求是这》样规定的：学生“ 能听懂英语讲课，并能听懂题材熟
悉、句子结构比较简单、基本上没有生词、语速每分钟１０～１０个词的简短会话、话报道和讲座，３５谈掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度” 。与之前的大纲相比，新大纲对听力能力的要求增高了， “ 从基本听懂” 掌握其中心大到“
浅谈ＣＴ４听力中的会话含义与大学英语听力教学Ｅ
朱芬
（阳理工学院外语系，南洛阳４１２）洛河７０３
摘要：会话含义理论是语用学的理论支柱之一，它研究语言在特定语境下的言外之意，弦外之音，帮助说话者表达隐含意
试中所占分值也较大。但是，者在听力教学中常笔
发现这样一些情况：学生很注重听懂单词，却很少注重理解能力的培养，以致即使他们听懂了对话或材料中的每一个单词，最终还是无法正确地选择答案。因此，英语听力考试对于大多数学生来说一直是个难点。本文运用格赖斯的会话含义理论对全国大学英语四级考试听力理解部分的相关对话进行分析，探讨会话含义理论对提高学生听力理解能力的指导作用，从而提高外语学习者的听力水平。
一
，Leabharlann 在英语习得中占有很重要的地位，各种英语测在
我们不难发现，人们在谈话时并非时时开门见山，实话实说，而常常是答非所问，言此及彼。如果我们掌握一定的会话含义方面的知识，就能从看似错误的会话中准确推导出说话者话语中的真实意义，对这于学生提高英语听力水平是非常重要的。三、学英语四级听力测试与会话含义理论大１高校大学英语教学大纲对听力的要求．

英语语调与会话含义

一
义才算是完全的意义。４如同中国的普通话有四声一样，［１
英语的语调细分也可分为七类：高降调（ｉ－ａｉｇｈｇｆｌｎｈｌｔｎ）ｕｅ，低降调（ｏ —ａｉｇｔｎ）１ｗｆｌｎｅ，升降调（ｓｇｆｌｎｌｕｉｎｒｉ —ａｉｇｌｔｎ）ｕｅ，平调（ｅｅｔｎ）高升调（ｉｈｒｉｇｔｎ）１ｌｕｅ，ｖｈｇ — ｓｕｅ，ｉｎ
教育广角
Hale Waihona Puke 英语语调与会话含义
刘冰
（州医学院外语教研室，江苏徐州２１０）徐２００
摘要：英语学习对于中国的大学生而言无疑是重中之重．而现今的英语教学的交际性转向又将英语的听说提升到一个新的高度。本文结合语音和语用两个方面，从英语的语调入手，剖析话语的会话
取合作的态度。回合作原则包括四条准则，具体为① 数
有的话语都要经过一番曲折才能理解其含义．这里只是从语用学的角度强调了人们在进行语言交际时，有时就会出现超出字面含义之外的言外之意。那么如何理解说话人的真正意图和态度呢，从语言交际的角度来看，音调、音长和音高这些层面对于我们理解说话人话语中所
含义，来理解讲话人的真实意图，以助于英语学习者培养英语的实际应用和交际能力。

(完整版)商务英语对话中的会话含义研究毕业设计

学科分类号：050201湖南人文科技学院本科生毕业论文题目（中文）：商务英语对话中的会话含义研究（英文）： A Study of ConversationalImplicature in Business EnglishConversations学生姓名：武玉洁学号系部：外语系专业年级：英语专业2010级指导教师（姓名）：朱芙蓉（职称）：副教授湖南人文科技学院教务处制A Study of Conversational Implicature in Business EnglishConversationsBy Wu YujieMay 15, 2014内容摘要商务英语作为专门用途英语的一个分支,用词简短易懂,句式严密规范,语篇实用性强,是在特殊语境下使用的一种语言。

包括商务英语谈判、商务英语信函，商务英语礼仪及其他众多方面。

会话是商务运作中建立关系或达成一致的最常见的方式。

通过会话商务合作双方可以相互理解对方并取得有利信息。

在言语交际中，人们通常会共同努力达成某种共同的目标或者努力让会话向期望的方向发展。

会话双方都相信彼此说话时是相互配合的。

然而人们并非总是合作的，有时候会故意违反会话指导原则,即合作原则。

在语用学的合作原则的视角下对会话进行研究和分析不仅可以使人们意识到言语交际的内在规律，提高人们的口头交际能力，还能从日常会话中常见的、从未被注意的现象中发现人们理解和把握世界的方法，揭示语言的本质。

关键词：商务英语对话；会话含义；合作原则AbstractBusiness English, as a branch of English for special purpose (ESP) is brief and concise in word use ,vigor and normative in sentence pattern, high functional in context. Business English contains Business English negotiation, English business correspondence, Business English etiquette and so on. Business English Conversation is a common way in business trade for setting up relationship or making a deal. According to the conversation, both parties involved have a better understanding of each other and get mutual benefit .In social communication, both sides usually attempt to work to achieve their shared goal and try hard to let the conversation go on as they expect. But sometimes, people won’t cooperate with each other for some reasons, they will violate the guiding principle of conversation---cooperative principle.The study and analysis of conversation under the perspective cooperative principle of pragmatics not only helps us realize the speech communication rules and improve our oral communication ability, but also reveals the way we understand and master the world from the familiar yet unnoticed daily conversational phenomena, and uncovers the essence of language as well.Key Words：Business English conversation; conversational implicature；Cooperative PrincipleContentsIntroduction (1)1.Theoretical Framework (2)1.1 A Brief Introduction to Conversational Implicature (2)1.2 A Brief Introduction to Grice’s Cooperative Principle (3)2.Features of Business English Conversations (6)2.1 Adaptation (7)2.2 Accuracy (8)2.3 Timeliness (8)2.4 Face-to-face conversations (9)3.Conversational Implicature in Business English conversations (9)3.1 Factors Affecting Conversational Implicature (10)3.1 .1 Factor of the Context (10)3.1.2 Factor of Politeness (12)3.2 Conversational Implicature by Violating Cooperative Principles (12)3.2.1 Violating the Quantity Maxim (13)3.2.2 Violating the Quality Maxim (16)3.2.3 Violating the Relation Maxim (19)3.2.4 Violating the Manner Maxim (20)Conclusion (22)Notes (25)References (2)IntroductionPragmatics is a special branch of linguistics because its interpretation depends more on who the speaker of the sentence is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used . In short, pragmatics depends more on the context.The theory of conversational implicature is one of most famous theory of Pragmatics. Grice. H. P, one of the world most distinguished scholars in Pragmatics, brings forward the conversational implicature theory with cooperative principle and its four conversational maxims in “Logic and Conversation”, and tries hard to “explain how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning”[1]and indicates that people frequently generate conversational implicature by violating cooperative principle. So, conversational implicature is indirectly associated with linguistics content of utterances. It’s necessary for a English business trader to learn the implied meaning from whatis delivered by speaker.Conversation is a most useful way for participants to deliver and obtain information. In communication, participants usually try hard to achieve the same goal or make the conversation develop to the direction as they expected. Business English conversation is a carrier of international business trade .A successful business English conversation is the result of effective team work. In order to make the communication fulfill, the participants should have one common goal, or at least one common direction accepted by all the participants. Usually these goals or directions are definitely set at the starting of the whole conversation[2]. For instance, two parties prepare to make an agreement of the meeting time, solve a specific problem, and then people make efforts in cooperation to realize the goals and directions.Pragmatics as a relatively new area in linguistics has already obtained great attention among linguists all over the world but there only few search in business area. By analyzingbusiness conversations in a pragmatic approach, I hope, I can make certain contribution to correctly understand the conversational implicatures in business English conversations and help people in business English conversations and shed light on the application of pragmatics.1.Theoretical FrameworkGrice’s conversational implicature theory and cooperative principle with its four maxims is employed as the theoretical framework to study the conversational implicature in business English conversations.1.1 A Brief Introduction to Conversational ImplicatureThe theory of conversational implicature was proposed by Oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice. Grice began to formulate his ideas of this theory in the 1950s, but it was known through the William James’lectures which he delivered at Harvard in 1967. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of “Logic and Conversation”.A speaker conversationally implicates that Q by saying that P if and only if he or she is conforming to the CP in saying that P , and the explanation of his or her conformity to the CP is that he or she thinks that q, and he or she thinks that the hearer will recognize that it his or her thinking that q explains his or her conformity to the CP [3] .It has long been recognized that the one-to-one relationship between its linguistic form and what a speaker truly means does not exist so that a distinction between the literal meaning of what a person says and its implied meaning is often created in daily communication. The following is an example of the conversational implicature meant by Grice:Lily: Do you have any money on you?Here, the speaker’s implied meaning is to wish the listener understand that she wants to borrow some money from the listener.So from the above example we know that the conversational implicature is a message not found in the surface meaning of the sentence, but implied in a deep level.Conversational implicature is indirectly associated with the linguistic content of utterances. So it is essential for us to learn the implied meaning from what is conveyed in some context. 1.2 A Brief Introduction to Grice’s Cooperative PrincipleIn conversational exchange people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation to develop in the direction of their expectation. H. P. Grice has found some rules that apply and work in human conversation and established his theory of Conversational Implicature. Grice proposed that all speakers, regardless of their cultural background, adhere to a basic principle governing conversation which he termed the cooperative principle. That is, we assume that in a conversation the participants will cooperate with each other when making their contributions. Grice once defines the cooperative principal as following: “you’re your contribution such as is required, at the stage which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged[4].”People act in conversation in accordance with a generalprinciple that they are mutually engaged in an activity that is of benefit to all, especially helpful for mutual understanding.Cooperative principle is the core of Grice’s conversational implicature. In further explaining the cooperative principle，Grice subdivides this general principle into four more detailed maxims. They are: quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim. And the content of each maxim is as follows:The first basic maxim is the maxim of Quantity: concerned with the quantity of information to be provided and has two sub-maxims:Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange).Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The second basic maxim is the maxim of Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true and more specific: Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The third basic maxim is the maxim of Relation:”be relevant”. This maxim can be interpreted as making sure what you say is relevant to the conversation at hand. The point of this maxim is that it is not sufficient for a statement to be true for it to constitute an acceptable conversational contribution.The fourth basic maxim is the maxim of Manner : be perspicuous.Avoid using obscurity and hard-to-understand words to expression;Avoid using ambiguous to expression;The sentence use to express oneself must be brief and avoid unnecessary prolixity;That the sentence use to express oneself must be orderly.In short, these maxims specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, cooperative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.It should be noted that the above maxims are not rules. They are much more flexible, more like guidelines. Infringing arule of grammar leads to an ill-formed utterance; however, the maxims can be creatively infringed and are to be followed by and large, to the best of one’s ability. Grice is at pains to emphasize that the maxims are not culture-bound conventions like table manners: they are rationally based, and would hence be expected to be observable in any human society. One way in which cultures can differ is in the relative importance allotted to the maxims. For instance, a strict adherence to the maxim of quality may lead to no information at all being given. In some cultures, this may come across as rudeness, and to avoid this result, it may be preferable to provide fictitious information in order to make up a seemly response.In Grice’s opinion, implicatures cannot be inferred in a semantic way. They are based on both the content of the utterance and some specific assumptions about the cooperative nature of ordinary talk exchanges. These inferences or conversational implicatures exist in at least two distinct ways: one is the speaker’s following the maxims adhering to the cooperative principle; another is the speaker’s violating themaxims deliberately. If the participants both have the expectation to achieve a successful conversation, they must cooperate with each other, and speak sincerely, sufficiently, relevantly and clearly. To put it another way, they must observe the cooperative principle and the maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner. If someone who participate the conversation flouts the cooperative principle and any of the maxims, he must have intended to do so. And the receiver can infer the speaker’s intended meaning in particular contexts. 2.Features of Business English ConversationsBusiness English conversations have some features. They are adaptation, accuracy, timeliness and communicative function. As the business communicators in a conversation, he or she uses tool conversation carefully and with consideration of their customers and their intended conversational goals. Effective business communicators will find that their efforts pay off in better relationships and business success.2.1 AdaptationBecause of the cultural differences, the communicator inbusiness English conversations must have a good knowledge of the others’ working background and supply proper information.Business English conversations are different from normal conversation because of their adaptation and specification. “The more specific conversations are, the more they meet the needs of the audience” [5].Therefore, before coming to business English conversations, communicator should be clear about the background knowledge of the group people they would talk with, and the content they would convey to their audience.Even in small organizations, it is wrong to assume that everybody will have the same needs, interests and desires when it comes to business conversations. Business conversations are adapted to meet the needs of specific listeners or audiences. Employees working in an administrative setting, for instance, will have different needs and different access to information than employees working in a manufacturing environment. That’s why the communicator in business English conversations must have a good knowledge of the others’ working background and supply proper information.2.2 AccuracyDue to the special prosperities of business conversation, participants are reaching a common goal by mutual efforts. So, the delivered information needs to be clear and concise enough.When information is inaccurate, it will its credibility and cause many troubles. The people who send the information also lose its’credibility. So the sender must be sure about the information sent is accurate in business English conversations. The accuracy includes the context conveyed and expressions that include grammar, spelling and punctuation.2.3 TimelinessAll the employees need to know what is going on in their organizations and in the external environment that impacts them which is good for their future plan especially in business English conversations. The content one conveyed in business English conversations should be in time with the new changes or development in or outside his company or organization, for building a timely and harmonious business relationship. “Today’s technology-driven environment makes it morechallenging than ever before for businesses to communicate with employees in a timely manner, but it is critical for effective business conversation” [5].In addition, it cannot be assumed that a message has gotten across if it is sent just one time. Business conversations occur frequently to ensure that they have been received by all employees. Employees leave, new employees join the company and employees transfer from one role to another, requiring new and updated information in time.2.4 Face-to-face conversations“Face-to-face conversations are still the most effective and should be used whenever possible and practical”[6]. It means that via Face-to-face communication, the speakers talk in person with the listeners and they will fulfill maximize the communicative function. Of course, in very large organizations this can be challenging, but alternatives can be videoconferencing or the use of webinars. In face-to-face business conversations, employees can get the opportunity to share their feedback, opinions and thoughts with managers andemployers. Effective business conversations offer the opportunity for two-way communication to benefit employees and employers.Face-to-Face business English conversations give the conversation listeners a chance to make a two-way interaction. As the speakers, they can understand more about the requirements of the listeners and listeners also can express their suggestions.3.Conversational Implicature in Business EnglishconversationsOn account of reducing misunderstanding in Business trade, hearer must completely understand the speaker’s meaning. So, Business English conversations will be analyzed under the guidance of Grice’s conversational implicature theory.Before that, affecting factors of conversational implicature must be talk as firstly.3.1 Factors Affecting Conversational ImplicatureFactors of context and politeness play an important role in under standing implicatures in business English conversationsand they will be introduced separately.3.1 .1 Factor of the ContextSince the 1970s, linguists at home and abroad have been increasingly aware that context plays a significant and irreplaceable role in deducing conversational implicature. Context is both the basis of correct communication and the foundation of understanding conversational implicature, which helps the participants in a conversation eliminate the vagueness of utterance, deduce the real meaning of the utterance and make up the omitted information. Context, in particular, is helpful when one party wants to grasp the implied meaning of the other who violates the conversational maxims. Grice has realized that the context of the utterance and the background knowledge are important. The following are examples:It is on a Monday morning. Emma comes to Bob’s company and meets Bob. They already collaborated for several times before.Emma: What about payment?Bob: L/C.In this conversation, it seems that Bob doesn’t give the proper answer to Emma, because L/C still can be divided into different types, such as revocable L/C, irrevocable L/C, confirmed L/C, unconfirmed L/C, sight L/C and usance L/C and so on. Some detailed information about the L/C should be told. But when we look at the notes of the conversation, it’s easy to find out Emma and Bob are familiar with each other. Therefore, Bob’s answer is easy for Emma to accept and imply meaning is the method of payment as usual.If the two parties in business are not familiar with each other then one better reply should be:Emma: What about payment?Bob: I suggest the most suitable arrangement should be by an L/C, valid for 10 days, that is until 15 May.Context is a vital ingredient when analyzing the conversational implicature. On one hand, to judge whether an implicature is made or not, or what it implicates, one needs to review what has been said and preview what will be said later to figure out what is going on around. On the other hand, toimplicate something, one may try to invoke the cooperative principle by a word, phrase or statement that may be superfluous, false, irrelevant or fuzzy.3.1.2 Factor of PolitenessIn 1980s, English famous linguist Leech gave a further promotion in Grice’s the cooperative principle and proposed the theory of politeness principle. Politeness principle is a supplement to Grice’s cooperative principle. Leech pointed out that politeness principle is used for people who violate the cooperative principle for polite reason.The theory of politeness principle includes the following five maxims: Generosity Maxim; Modesty Maxim; Agreement Maxim; Sympathy Maxim. These five maxims all provide much convenience for others even though one may suffer losses.For instance, Mary and Lily are bosom friends, and one day Mary speaks to Lily very politely like: “Excuse me, would you mind me closing the window?”Then an idea may take its shape that there might be something unhappy taking place between Mary and Lily and they are still angry with each other.3.2 Conversational Implicature by Violating Cooperative PrinciplesIn the actual verbal business conversational activities, strict observance of the cooperative principle may lead to business termination in some cases or may cause embarrassment on both sides. Thus, appropriate and subtle deviation from the cooperative principle can avoid embarrassment and misunderstanding of each other, help people to better achieve the conversing purpose and successfully complete their verbal conversations.Conversational implicature are all expressed by violations of cooperative principle. They are grouped into four categories in accordance with the four conversational maxims.3.2.1 Violating the Quantity MaximAccording to the opinion of Grice, people should know that it is polite to have a good cooperation with each other in a conversation so that they can make their conversation go successfully. However, in real negotiation, the participants violate cooperative principle by offering purposefully ordeliberately. It is true that people violate the quantity more or less information than is required, which leads the hearer to conjecture the reasons. With the information that has been known and some background knowledge in conversations, the hearer may know the real meaning conveyed by the speaker.The first sub-maxim of the quantity maxim is to make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). In other words, a speaker might tend to offer less information than is required for certain reasons. In a conversation, if a speaker avoids providing sufficient information intentionally, he probably tries to conceal something or disclose more than the literal meaning. Some cases concerned with this point will be studied as follows:It is on a Monday morning, Tina comes to Lee’s company and meets Lee. They talk for more than one hour and then it’s time to talk about the payment.Tina: What about payment?Lee: Er, L/C.In this conversation, it seems that Lee doesn’t give theproper answer. Lee say:“er...”from his word, some conversational implicature you can be seen; he actually means that “You don’t know we need you to pay by L/C surprise me”! But he doesn’t say it directly, in fact, Lee then may know that Tina is a newer of the other party. According to the context, Lee’s answer is understandable, because they are acquainted cooperative partners so that they do not have to mention the payment. The problem is that Tina is new in his company. If the two parties in business are not familiar with each other then one better reply should be:Tina: What about payment?Lee: I suggest the most suitable arrangement should be by an L/C, valid for 30 days, that is until 30 October.From this conversation, it is also can be seen that the new employee Tina is not well-prepared for his conversation and have a ill understanding of his business partner’s company (the first principle in effective method for business English conversations). That’s one important reason for his asking question “What about payment”.In comparison with the violation of the first sub-maxim of the quantity maxim by offering less information, the case offering more information also exists. The extra information, at times, can be perceived as “supportive move”.As usual, Norwich cannot give his trust on one Trust Company hotheadedly and hurriedly. He has to know the credit situation of the other side.Norwich: What about the credit standing?Lance: For our credit standing, Please refer to the Bank of China. Guangzhou Branch. Our enterprise credit is also known to all.In this conversation, Norwich wants to know the corporate credit situation of Lance. Obviously, Lance’s answer: “For our credit standing, please… Branch” is enough. However, later on, he adds some extra words “Our enterprise credit is also known to all”. Lance provides the extra information to Norwich. It is clear that Lance violates the quantity maxim. “Do not make your contribution more informative than is required”[7]. From this sentence, it is easy to deduce the implied meaning: Ourcorporate credit is very good, not only the bank can prove that our company enjoys a high reputation; we also win the business credit in many cooperative companies and partners.Lance must be a qualified trust representative of his company. He knows what the customer needs, what the customer should be told (complete understanding the listeners or askers). That’s why he succeeds in this conversation.Thus, in business negotiations, sometimes one party intends to provide some extra information to the other party, which can make the other party understand their situation in a mufti-faceted, mufti-angled way. Negotiating in this way can not only increase the trust on each other, but also express their sincerity in cooperation.3.2.2 Violating the Quality MaximThe quality maxim requires the speaker to make a true contribution. If a speaker says something that he believes to be untrue or something for which he has no sufficient evidence, then he may implicate something, and consequently conversational implicature appears. In business Englishconversation, participants always use rhetoric to violating the Quality Maxim.Firstly, Irony is used to violate the quality of the quality maxim. G. Leech, in his A Survey of the Interpersonal Rhetoric, pays much attention on irony. In 1983, Leech proposes: The Irony Principle (IP) takes its place alongside Cooperative Principle and the Politeness Principle in the interpersonal rhetoric. Nevertheless, the Irony Principle is parasitical on the other two and is a second-order principle which enables a speaker to be impolite while seeming to be polite; it does so by superficially breaking the Cooperative Principle, but ultimately upholding it. By using irony, we are ironic at someone’s expense, scoring off others by politeness that is obviously insincere, as a substitute for impoliteness. The insincerity may be more or less obvious; it may take the form of a breach of the Quantity Maxim or more often of a breach of the Quality Maxim [8].Miss Chen: Look, everyone is beautifully dressed tonight!Miss Pan: Yes, different from working days.Miss Chen: And Y ang is more beautiful today!Miss Pan: Yes! More beautiful than before! She is really dressed to the teeth!Here, Miss Pan violates the quality maxim by saying “She is really dressed to the teeth”! She truly means: Miss Yang is dressed so showy or gorgeous that even her teeth in mouth will be dressed. And in this context, Miss Pan’s words implicate her internal feelings like envy or sarcasm. The conversational implicature cannot be correctly deduced without a right understanding of the conversational environment or context. If Miss Chen finds Miss Pan’s jealousy about Miss Yang, she would get the implied meaning, something ironic; otherwise she would lose this point. Context is also a factor to affect conversational implicatures.Secondly, hyperbole is used to violate the sub-maxim of the quality maxim. Leech describes hyperbole as “a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than is warranted by the state of affairs described”[8].Mr. Sun: One customer phones us that the consignment we sent were 2 days later than the date signed on the contract andsomething worse, while unloading, that the quality of the goods is not Class A，that is, our workers have made some mistakes.Mr. Kann Doble: What! They drive me up a wall.Mr. Kann Doble must be very disappointed about his employees or maybe he really cannot understand why this kind of mistakes occurs again and again. Therefore, he uses “drive me up a wall” to express his helplessness. At this time, Mr. Sun may clearly know the difficulty of his company and work harder to gain some help of the other party such as coordinating with the customer, promising that the same mistake will not be made in future, calling for all the employees to do their endeavor to regain credit. Effective business conversations need the speaker to understand the listeners completely and also be well-prepared to act as good listeners.Considering this situation, Mr. Kann Doble is more likely to try dealing with this matter instead of being up a wall.Thirdly, Metaphor can also produce conversational implicature by violating the Quality Maxim. The following are the examples:Mr. Wang: It’s not our price which as you said is low, but it’s your price which is too high. We’re climbing the hill, you know. We’re doing that in a very difficult way and we have made it. But you are just standing there high up on the top and not willing to descend.Mr. Scott: We’ve tried to get closer to you several times and we’re halfway down the hill waiting for you already.Obviously, the two sides during this session have adopted the metaphor of the Rhetoric. The speaker’s words of the session violate the quality criteria. Because the use and understanding of metaphor involves factors such as context and background knowledge that both parties had been consulted on the price, the unreasonable price. At the same time, the use of metaphor is based on the similarities between the two types of things, so we can derive the literal meaning of words the meaning of the session, that is, cooperation in order to deal, Mr. Wang is very difficult to raise price and hopes that Mr. Scott cuts price, while Mr. Scott is also justified on try that Mr. Wang can accept the current price. Thus, the use of rhetorical language can be more。

大学英语四级听力会话含义分析

的教学环节，过去的单纯注重传播语言知识发展到了加际目的。一般说来，类语言交际主要是听和说，与交际从人参强语言能力与交际能力并重的新阶段。可是，然教师采虽的双方或者多方轮流不断地说话，话人通过说话含蓄或说取了各种教学手段，择了多种听力教材，入了不少精选投直接地表达自己的交际目的。英国皙学家奥斯丁（．．ＪＬ力，学生基础薄弱、高缓慢、练困难重重却仍是令教师Ａｕｔ，９１９０针对逻辑学家关于陈述旬具有真假值提训ｓｉ１１ —１６）ｎ十分头痛的问题。从历届四、级统考反馈的信息来看，六的论断，出了言语行为的理论。奥斯丁的言语行为理论提听不懂、解能力差是普遍存在的问题。据国家四、级理六从施为旬开始，到后来发展成为 “ 有所为（言语行为）言即 ” 考试中心２００１年的统计，国所有参考院校平均得分是全的一般理论。他认为语言不仅仅用于叙述或描写事务，而９９２，种院校学生平均得分为：国重点院校．／０各全且有时人们在说出话语的同时做出了三种不同行为（Ｏｔ】．７２，国非重点院校９５／０重庆考区所属院校为１９／０全．４２，ｐｒｒｃｓ：事行为，ｅｆｍａｔ）叙ｏ即为了叙述某事而说出的话语，９１／０四川省院校９５／０．３２，．８２。如何有效地提高学生听力或称 “ 之发” 行事行为，言；即在说出话语时不仅叙述某事，理解能力以适应统考及毕业后进行对外交际交流的需要，而且做出某件事，称 “ 言外之力 ” 成事行为，出话语或示；说是一个值得高校外语教师进一步探讨的问题。后，听话人身上产生了某种效果，称 “ 言后之果 ” 在或收。众所周知，懂英语是一个复杂的认知心里过程，听涉上面三种言语行为中，斯丁注意的焦点是第二种，奥及到诸多技巧与能力。听者要动用大量的已有知识，极积即示言外之力的行事行为。他的言语行为理论也因此发主动地对接受到的目标语言进行分析、断、解和筛选，判理各从而在原有知识的基础上获得新的信息。由于听与读的展成为关于示言外之力的各种类型的理论，种施为句和叙述句也都不过是其中特殊次类而已。“ｔｔｅｔｔｃＩａｔｍｐｓｏａ－输入方式、息记忆和地址各不相同，所接触到的是一信听

英语语用学中的会话含义

英语语用学中的会话含义
在英语语用学中，会话含义是指在日常对话中，人们如何通过语境和语言的含义来理解和表达意义。

会话含义是一种复杂的语言现象，它涉及到语言、语境和推理等多个方面。

在会话中，人们使用语言来表达自己的意思，而这些语言的含义并不是简单地指代字面意思。

相反，它们是通过语境和上下文来推断的。

例如，当一个人说“我恨你”时，这句话的字面意思是“我讨厌你”，但在某些语境下，它可能意味着“我非常喜欢你”，或者“我感到很失望”。

会话含义的另一个重要方面是合作原则。

这个原则认为，人们在会话中会遵循一系列准则，以确保对话的流畅性和有效性。

这些准则包括：
1.质量准则：不说假话或没有证据的话。

2.数量准则：提供足够的信息，但不超出所需的信息。

3.关系准则：回答相关问题或提供相关信息。

4.方式准则：清晰、简洁地表达想法。

当人们在会话中遵循这些准则时，他们可以推断出彼此的会话含义。

例如，如果一个人问另一个人“你今天过得怎么样？”而另一个人回答“很好，谢谢”，那么根据合作原则，我们可以推断出这个人今天过得很好。

总之，英语语用学中的会话含义是一种复杂的语言现象，它涉及到语境、语言的含义和合作原则等多个方面。

通过理解会话含义，人们可
以更好地理解和表达自己的意思。

会话含义

what he really means is that B’s
education is poor. So B’s comment of
“he is quite well-read” is a kind of
irony which means the opposite.

Hyperbole（夸张）: A figure of speech
maxim of Quality.

metaphor（比喻）
Example
A: What will you do if you fail the
exam?
B: I'll eat my pen.
Obviously, B violates the quality maxim because "pen" cannot be eaten. The words can be inferred that: I won’t fail this exam definitely.
Example is: I am so hungry and I can eat
an ox. Here the speaker exaggerates
because he wants to express how
hungry he is.
Another example: I was out in the
something other than what it
literally asserts. What she really
wants to say is that she does not
think Mary is beautiful.

Example A: Did you enjoy the play? B: Well, I thought the ice creams they sold in the interval were quite good. It seems that the answer has nothing to do with what A asks, that is, it violates the relevance maxim. What B really means is that the play is terrible.

会话含义与合作原则

会话含义与合作原则来源：英语专业论文介绍了格赖斯地合作原则和会话含义学说,并通过汉英两种语言中地实例,探讨了合作原则在话含义解读中地作用.b5E2R。

语用学;合作原则;会话含义引言首先把人们地交际行为系统地归结为规律地是美国伯克利加州大学地哲学教授格赖斯().他于年在哈佛大学地一次讲演中,论述了“合作原则”()地具体内容,及其制约“会话含义”()产生地过程.这篇演讲所提出地会话含义学说,在语言学界引起了巨大反响.此后,对这一学说地研究经久不衰,研究成果纷至沓来.p1Ean。

年,英国语言学者及分别在其新作《语用学》与《语用学原则》中,把格赖斯地会话含义学说誉为语用学地一个重要理论.DXDiT。

我国学者程雨民、陈融较为详细地介绍了格赖斯地合作原则和会话含义学说.其后,钱冠连对格赖斯地合作原则和下属各条会话准则提出不同地看法,表现出我国学者在理论探索方面地勇气.另外,刘福长、钱冠连分别从不同地角度,使用合作原则下不同地会话准则,解释一、二个实际问题,起到了理论和实际相结合地示范作用.笔者试图从汉语和英语两个方面、从实证地角度,进一步探讨合作原则在会话含义解读中地作用.二、合作原则和会话含义格赖斯指出,会话是受到一定条件制约地.人们交谈之所以能够顺利进行,是以为双方都遵循一定地目地,相互配合默契.他把说话者和听话者在会话中应该共同遵守地原则称为合作原则.RTCrp。

合作原则包含以下个准则:.量地准则( )()所说地话应包含当前交谈地目地所需要地信息;()所说地话不应包含超出需要地信息..质地准则( ):要说真话()不要说自知是虚假地话;()不要说缺乏证据地话..关系准则( ):要有关联,要切题.方式准则( ):要明白清楚()避免晦涩;()避免歧义;()简明扼要;()井井有条.如果在交际中说话人地话语在表面上违反了合作原则,那么,他可能是故意这样做地,听话人就要根据当时地语境,推断出说话人表面违反合作原则地目地,也就是要明白他违反合作原则地隐含意义.格赖斯把这种在言语交际中推出来地隐含意义称作“会话含义”.5PCzV。

浅析会话含义理论对英语听力教学的启示

浅析会话含义理论对英语听力教学的启示摘要：在英语的学习中，听力作为一种基本的语言技能越来越受到重视。

然而，听力教学现状却不容乐观。

传统的教学模式课堂气氛沉闷，学生反映淡漠，很难提高学生的听力水平。

听力课堂不应该仅仅只是单一的听力训练，教师应该适当引入一些有助于提高学生听力能力的理论，这样不仅可以激发学生的学习兴趣，还可以提高教学效果。

关键词：会话含义合作原则听力理解1 听力教学现状分析由于当今社会对大学生英语听说能力要求的提高，教学目标就更重视以听说为主的英语实际应用能力。

在大学英语教学过程中，听力教学的目的是培养学生的听力理解能力，领会讲话者的观点和态度，并能进行分析，推理，判断和综合概括。

然而，在实际的教学过程中学生往往忽略了与听力理解关系密切的非语言因素。

在具体的听力理解练习中，许多学生不能理解话语背后的深层含义，从而导致学生对说话者真实意图的理解产生了偏差。

因此，要想准确的理解说话者的意图，必须重视非语言因素，了解它们在话语交际中的作用，找出会话中所隐含的信息，从而领会说话者的真实意图。

本文以Grice 的会话含义理论为依据来阐释会话含义理论对英语听力教学的重要性。

2 理论基础1967年，美国语言哲学家格赖斯首次提出了“合作原则”和“会话含义”理论，着重论述了“合作原则”的具体内容以及如何制约“会话含义”产生的过程。

之后列文森、利奇、徐盛桓等人又对该理论进行了修正和完善，列文森概括了这些研究成果，提出列文森会话含义“三原则”，1991年正式把列文森三原则称之为“新格赖斯语用学机制”。

后来，学者们称之为“新格赖斯会话含义理论”。

从而使格赖斯在二十世纪六十年代提出的“古典格赖斯会话含义理论”(即“会话含义理论”)发展为八十年代的“新格赖斯会话含义理论”。

格赖斯认为，在所有的言语交际活动中为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，他称这种原则为会话的合作原则(Coopera-tive Principle，简称CP)。

英语语篇会话含义及其语用推理模式构建研究

限于哲学范畴内。直至１７年语言学学术界才将推导；９７以第二次则为指引，较少的信息得来较多从
语用学视为一门独立学科。语用学也由原来语义学的信息，这可称为 “ 息原则 ” 这些相当于信。的“ 垃圾箱 ” 的地位发展成为一门生机勃勃的学科。Ｌｖｓｎ９７年提出的会话含义三原则前两个原ｅｉｏ１８ｎ
、
相关理论研究
另一种是将量的准则具体化。１８９３年Ｌｖｓｎ阐ｅｉｏｎ
２０世纪３０年代哲学家ＣａｌｓＭｏｒｈｒｒｓ提出述了可以从两个方面重新构建量的准则：ｅｉ以量的准 “ 用学 ” 语这一术语。但语用学的相关研究范围仅局则的第一次则为指引，进行等级含义和分句含义的
ＧｏｒｙＮ．ｅｃ，９３也对此进行研究。Ｈ．．ｅｆｅＬｅｈ１８）ｆＰ
Ｇｉｒｅ的会话含义学说不是从语言系统内部出发研出发，ｃ将会话含义分为两类：般会话含义和具体一
究语言交际，而是在特定社会环境中研究语言的实会话含义。一般会话含义是掐不需要上下文，直接际运用，语言学的研究开辟了新视角。但尽管如从话语中得到的会话含义；体会话含义是指需要为具
２１０２年第４期
淮南师范学院学报
ＪＵＮＬＯＵＩＡＯＭＡＮＶＲＩＹＯＲＡＦＨＡＮＮＮＲＬＵＩＥＳＴ

浅析会话含义理论在英语听力教学中的应用及启示

安徽・宣城
文章编号：６２７９（００２ — ０ — ３１７－８４２１）９１２０
准则．因此Ｌｉ必须进行推测才能明白为什么Ｍａ说了这ｅｌａｒｙ样一句看似毫无关联的话（也许Ｍｒａｙ的老板就在附近）并，正确理解Ｍｒａｙ的会话含意，即在当时的语境下，她不能回
Ｓｉｅｈｌｒｙ的话：我邀请了Ａｙ， “ ｍ ” 而让Ｓｉｅ去推断“ 没有ｈｄｙ我
邀请Ｒｂ ” ｕｙ。
例４ｗ：ｒｓｔｅｅｐｅｓ．ｈｎｏ．：Ｐｅｓｗｌ，ｌｅＴａｋｕｖａｙ
Ｍ：ｕ’ｅｗｅｃｍｅ．ｈａ ’ ＹｏｒｌｏＴｔｓｗｈｒ ’ ｇｉｇｔｅｅＩｍｏｎｏ．
答Ｌｉ的问题。ｅｌａ
２会话含义理论在听力理解中的应用
听力教学是外语教学中不可缺少的重要内容。英语听力教学大部分是以听录音为主，听力资料大都为真实的话语交际语言，是人们在一定的文化背景和特定语境中进行的日常话语交际。会话含义理论有助于解释听话人如何理解话语的意图，帮助学生推断话语真正含义。下面以一些实
然而在实际的言语交际中，人们不一定都严格遵守这
女士说：请按ｌ， “ ２谢谢你”男士回应：不用谢，， “ 我也去
那儿” 。一共就四句话，不能为答案提供任何信息，显然违背
了数量原则，但稍具现代生活经验的人都知道，只需按一个
１会话含义理论的简述

英汉会话含义的对比与翻译

英汉会话含义的对比与翻译英语和汉语是世界上最广泛使用的两种语言之一。

英语和汉语之间存在许多不同之处，包括语法、词汇、句子结构等。

在日常生活中，人们经常需要进行英汉会话，因此了解英汉会话之间的含义对比和翻译是非常重要的。

本文将对英汉会话含义的对比和翻译进行深入分析。

首先让我们来看一些最常见的英汉交流中的对比和翻译。

英语：“Hello, how are you?”中文：“你好，你好吗？”这句话中，英文用的是“How are you?” 这里的 "how" 是询问状态的意思，而在中文中是通过“你好吗？” 来表达了同样的意思。

在这个例子中，我们可以看到英汉会话中的对比和翻译涉及到了词语的选择和语法结构的不同。

接下来我们再来看另一个例子：英语：“I'm sorry, I can't make it to the meeting today.”中文：“对不起，我今天不能参加会议。

”在英汉会话中，还有很多类似的对比和翻译。

英汉会话的对比和翻译是非常复杂的，因为不同的语言有不同的文化和语法。

为了更好地理解英汉会话的对比和翻译，我们需要深入了解英语和汉语的词汇、语法和文化差异。

一种语言是反映某个国家的特定历史背景、文化传统和社会思维方式的语言方式。

英语和汉语在这些方面的不同之处非常明显。

词汇的不同对比和翻译是英汉会话中的一项重要问题。

汉语中有很多词汇是英语中没有的，同样，英语中也有很多词汇是汉语中没有的。

这就需要我们在进行英汉会话的对比和翻译时，要灵活运用词汇，选择合适的词汇来表达相同的意思。

同时还需要注意一些词语的差异，比如英语中有很多词语是通过缩写来表达的，而汉语中则更多地通过繁琐的表达方式来描述。

在语法方面，英语和汉语也存在很多不同之处。

汉语的语法相对来说要复杂一些，汉语中的字母排序是无序的，而英语中的字母排序是有序的。

在英汉会话的对比和翻译中，我们需要特别注意语法的差异，灵活运用各种语法结构来表达相同的意思。