A Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross to Fine-Map Quantitative Traits in Arabidopsis thalian
两代人代沟的英语作文
两代人代沟的英语作文In todays rapidly changing society the generation gap between parents and their children has become an increasingly prominent issue. This gap can manifest in various aspects such as values lifestyles and communication methods. The following essay will explore the causes of the generation gap its impact and possible solutions.Causes of the Generation Gap1. Different Value Systems Parents and children often have different value systems due to the different eras they grew up in. For instance parents may place a high value on stability and tradition while children might prioritize innovation and personal fulfillment.2. Technological Advancements The rapid development of technology has created a digital divide. Younger generations are often more adept at using technology which can lead to misunderstandings and a lack of shared experiences with their parents.3. Educational Differences The education system has evolved and the knowledge and skills that parents learned may not be as relevant to their childrens experiences. This can lead to a lack of understanding and empathy between the generations.Impact of the Generation Gap1. Communication Breakdown The gap can result in ineffective communication between family members leading to misunderstandings and conflicts.2. Emotional Distance As parents and children struggle to understand each other emotional distance can grow affecting the closeness of the family bond.3. Social Isolation Children may feel isolated from their parents world and vice versa which can lead to a lack of support and guidance when needed.Solutions to Bridge the Generation Gap1. Open Dialogue Encouraging open and respectful dialogue can help both generations understand each others perspectives and experiences.2. Shared Activities Engaging in activities that both generations enjoy can create sharedexperiences and foster a deeper connection.3. Lifelong Learning Parents can bridge the gap by learning about the latest trends technologies and interests of their children while children can show interest in their parents experiences and wisdom.4. Mutual Respect Recognizing and respecting each others differences can help in accepting the generation gap as a natural part of family dynamics.5. Cultural Exchange Exchanging cultural experiences such as sharing music movies or books from different eras can provide a broader understanding of each others worlds. In conclusion while the generation gap is a complex and multifaceted issue it is not insurmountable. By understanding its causes recognizing its impact and implementing strategies to bridge the gap families can strengthen their bonds and navigate the challenges of living in a rapidly changing world.。
人工智能及发展的作文英语
Artificial Intelligence AI has been a rapidly evolving field with profound implications for society,economy,and technology.Heres an essay on AI and its development:Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.The term was coined in1956 at a conference at Dartmouth College,and since then,AI has been a subject of fascination and research.Historical DevelopmentThe development of AI can be traced back to the1950s with the advent of the first AI program,the Logic Theorist,developed by Allen Newell and Herbert A.Simon.This was followed by the development of the General Problem Solver and the creation of the first AI laboratory at MIT.However,the field faced a period of stagnation in the1970s, known as the AI winter,due to a lack of funding and overestimation of AI capabilities.Renaissance of AIThe field saw a resurgence in the1990s with the introduction of machine learning,a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data.The availability of big data,advancements in computational power,and the development of new algorithms have all contributed to this renaissance.Current State of AIToday,AI is pervasive in various sectors,from healthcare,where it assists in diagnosing diseases,to finance,where it is used for fraud detection and algorithmic trading.In the consumer market,AI is evident in virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa,which can perform tasks and answer questions through natural language processing.Machine Learning and Deep LearningMachine learning,a core component of AI,has further evolved with the advent of deep learning,which uses neural networks with many layers to analyze complex patterns in data.This has led to significant advancements in image and speech recognition,as well as natural language processing.Ethical Considerations and ChallengesDespite the benefits,AI development has raised ethical concerns,such as privacy issues, the potential for job displacement,and the need for transparency in AI decisionmaking processes.There is also a debate on the potential risks of AI becoming too powerful andthe need for regulation to ensure its safe and beneficial use.Future ProspectsThe future of AI is promising,with ongoing research into areas such as autonomous vehicles,advanced robotics,and personalized AI assistants.However,it is crucial to address the ethical and societal implications to ensure that AI development aligns with human values and contributes positively to society.ConclusionArtificial Intelligence is a transformative technology that continues to push the boundaries of what machines can do.As it develops,it is essential to foster a multidisciplinary approach that includes technologists,ethicists,and policymakers to guide its responsible and beneficial integration into all aspects of life.。
美国移民文化
美国移民文化外国语学院英语系学年论文摘要美国文化的主要内容强调的是追求民主自曲，崇尚开拓竞争，讲究理性和实用，尤其强调的是个人的价值。
总所周知，美国是一个移民国家，他的祖先来自世界各地。
美国文化的形成就与这些移民有着密切的关系。
这些来自世界各地的移民带着自己的文化传统来到北美这片沃土。
各种文化的交融和北美的生活的叠加创造了美国独特的移民文化，而早期的移民文化为当今美国主流文化的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
本文将主要讨论美国早期移民文化的形成、内涵及特征。
关键词:美国文化;移民;移民文化；I外国语学院英语系学年论文AbstractThe main contents of American culture emphasize the pursuit of freedom and democracy, the advocating of pioneering and competition, and pay attention to the ration and practice, especially stress on individual value. As we know, unlike most other countries in the world,America is primarily a nation of immigrants; the ancestors of Americans emigrated from many parts of the world ・ The formation of American culture has close relation with these immigrants who have had taken their ownculture to the North America which is a fertile land ・ All kinds of culture blend laid a solid foundation for the formation and development of the main stream of American culture ・ The main contents of this paper will discuss the formation connotation and characteristics of early American immigration culture ・Keywords: American culture; immigrant; immigration cultureII外国语学院英语系学年论文Contents 摘要I 3 3. 1Innovationand Adventurous spirit 3 3・ 4 Equality and Competition 补"4 3・ 3Pragmatism 4 3. 6 Materialism and Money supremacy 沙” 4 3. 7Tolerance ”” 54 The characteristics of America emigration culture 6 4・ 1 The unite of Abstract II Contents ，仆 III 1 Introduction “ 1 2 Backgroundinformation of American emigration culture “ 2 2. 1 Background,,,. 2 2. 2 Waves ofimmigration “ 2 3 The innovation of American emigration culture “Freedom and Independence 沙” 3 3. 2 Corporation ,,,, 3 3. 3 Pioneering,diversityand integration 6 4・2 The coexistence of fusion and conflict 6 0Conclusion 沙” 7 Bibliography 8III外国语学院英语系学年论文1IntroductionThe United States has many groups, including a large variety of ethnic groups coming from different races, nationalities and religions・ People around the world refer to the United States as a "melting pot n . In history, there was a time, peoplefrom different countries in the world rushed to America・ Immigrants brought with them their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods to the United States of America・ These were greatly enriched American life and gradually penetrated into the American culture・ After these immigrants settled down in the northeast part of America, they found the environment there was very rough・But the wise immigrants continued to move to the west and found much richer land・ Finally, they found a land of democracy and a land of freedom・ The immigrants accessed to every part of America and had an impact on society of America as well aschange their inherent way of life・ As a result, these aspects jointly created the unique culture ----- American immigration culture・1外国语学院英语系学年论文2Background information of American emigration culture2. 1 Background"The first Americans n were Indians・ No one knows exactly how and when they got to the place which is now called America・ A lot of scientists think that the first population migration movement to the Americans began about 25, 000 years ago. At that time in order to look forward new hunting or escape from enemies, the tribes of Siberia crossed from Asia on the land bridge which connects Siberia and Alaska to the North America Continent・ Before the discovery of the New World, American Indians had already inhabited there for thousands of years・ They lived on land by hunting, gathering, fishing, and farming・ The second population migration movement to Americans started from the European colonial expansion of early 16th century. In 17th century, English established a permanent resident in North America, which had an influence on their culture and enriched their life・ During this time, the immigrants came not only from England but also Germany, Switzerland, France and other countries・ These people combined together and created the American culture which was a blending of European cultures under new circumstances・2. 2 Waves of immigrationThe first waves of immigration (1680-1880): the protestant migrating to North America descrambled the place to be a paradise which attracted a largenumber of European immigrants・ At the same time, another group was black Africans through black slave which was also called triangle trade・ The second waves of immigration (1900-1920): after the civil war, America entered the massive phrase of industrialization and urbanization. As a result, it needed abundance workers・ Among them, most were from Italian> Hungary> Poland and Russia・ The third waves ofimmigration (1965-): accounting for the bill proposed by America, the immigration came from a wide area and more countries・2外国语学院英语系学年论文3The innovation of American emigration culture3・ 1 Freedom and IndependenceThe reason why the early settlers came to America was that escape from theirreligious persecution and social environment・ Most of them were protestant from England・ In England, they did not accept the doctrine of Church of Scotland, which brought them inconvenience and danger・ Therefore, they pursued freedom and independence not only reflected in religion but also in economy and social life・ After they moved across the ocean to America with all kinds of difficulties, the thoughts that pursuit individual rights and freedom was more firm and strong・ For one thing, they needed a powerful government to maintain peace order and ensure private properties・ For another thing, they pursued freedom and independence which had become their principle and belief to the maximum possible・ Their dream was realized alongwith the publication of the Declaration of Independence and the success of war of Independence・ Personal freedom was the most basic and the most important values・3.2 CorporationAs a country set up from the wilderness, accounting for ample natural resources, there were many opportunities・ However, the tough environment made the immigrants realized that it was hard to one single person to survive and they must combine together to break up fallow ground and build house・Therefore, the spirit of corporation became one of the important values of American immigration culture・3・ 3 Pioneering, Innovation and Adventurous spiritOpportunity is a kind of magic strength that drew people to America・ It not only attracted the noble who wanted to build houses in wild but also carpenter, baker, tailor who could not find job in their hometown・ The most was that attract the poor without land and the homeless・ It gave people a hope that was people could live a better life in America than other places・The desolate natural environment of the North America continent stimulated the immigrants to work harder・ Gradually, the immigrants formed the characteristics of bearing hardships and standing hard work・ And the utilization of the rich resources and development of North America bred America" s pioneering spirit and the spirit of adventure・ A great number of immigrants who were tired about traditional system of culture came to America with rebellious spirit dominated their mind・ Most of them were rarely found in traditional conservative thinking, because the dangerous and wildenvironment forces them to give up part of what had been desirable and traditional in the Old World・ Adventure is the way for them to change their way of3外国语学院英语系学年论文life・ Gradually this adventurous spirit of the American people has become the tradition. They regarded a journey of adventure as the opportunity for their development and life as a journey of adventure to explore the opportunities・ In addition to the law, they thought most of the traditions were the barriers to limit their environment, resulting in being eager for challenge tradition. Americans stressed the spirit of innovation; they believe that the chance exists everywhere・ They are willing to challenge tradition and precedent・ American people would like to accept the new ideas as quickly as they can.3. 4 Equality and CompetitionBecause America was never ruled over by King or Queen, no one hasprivilege inthis New World・ Under the condition of equal opportunity, only one' s ability coulddecide its own wealth・ So the equality and competition are the pursuitof early America immigrants・ In America, with the massive colonial land and scarce labor, each free man had the opportunity to gain financial independence・ Immigrants from continental Europe brought the free thought of the bourgeoisie・ In general, Americans did not envy other person, butpraised and appreciated the millionaire・ They believed the motto: a man* s wealth showed his ability・ In the early history of United States, many immigrants from Europe resided in America because of acquiring more chances of success・ In their original country, one' s success depended on their social background・Compared with American society, there was not eupatrid, and the success totally depended on your own efforts・ Most of the early immigrants in the new world achieved their hope and dreams・ Millions of immigrants succeededin establishing personal beliefs in equality・ With the deep understanding of the American society, they found the equality was the country * s basicbelief・ Admittedly, the equal opportunity topersonal success was very important・ In order to obtain equal chance, everyone had to pay the price・ So, one of the price was equality・3. 5 PragmatismWhen the first group of settlers came to the North America, they foundthe natural environment there was so tough, and they were isolated from the European civilization. In order to adapt themselves to the new circumstances, they became less formal but more pragmatic・ The pragmatism became the philosophy of American. Because the United States had no long and splendid ancient culture, the creation of culture was in the development of North America continent・ To develop this wealthy virgin, it was necessary for immigrants to break all the rules and subject to the solution of practical problems・ In this historical background, the national philosophy of pragmatism was gradually formed in the United States ・They expressed thebelief that usefulness, effectiveness and benefit were the truth・"Under the influence of the philosophy of pragmatism, Americans do not like the formal, abstract philosophy. In the eyes of the Americans, practicality was the truth, success was the truth・3. 6 Materialism and Money supremacyAmerican culture is based on the materia1・ A comfortable standard of living is their goal to pursuit・ They have a sense of superiority to those whose living condition is not4外国语学院英语系学年论文better than them・ When Americans talked about person's value of early immigrants, they mainly referred to material values as the ordinary standard ・ One of the most fundamental reasons for early inimigrants to flood into the United States is that they want to live a better life・ Most of the immigrants were not become rich overnight, having a break life・ However, they promoted their quality of life・ When early immigrants came to this virgin territory, they were surprised by the rich natural resources of North America・ Only work hard is the only way for them to survive in new world・And only by working hard can they realize their dreams・ To some extent material wealth is the rewards or returns of the hard work・ Wealth is one of importantway to prove one' s ability・3・ 7 ToleranceThe United States is a country of immigrants・ Its ancestors were fromall over the world・ When People inimigrated to the United States, they not only shifted in geographical position but also changed the old customs and cultures of their host countries to adapt themselves to a new environment・Because of the obvious differences, people would not pay special attention to uniformity・ Day by day, Americans developed a high degree of cultural tolerance・ They could tolerant different point of view, different customs and different culture・ Politically, the tolerance was the pursuit and protection of freedom・ Religion, it was the coexistence of different beliefs ・ In life, it was the living in peace of many nationalities・ In the United States, each person could choose various ideas, beliefs, and way of life・ To a certain degree, people could keep their own tradition.5外国语学院英语系学年论文4 Thecharacteristics of America emigration culture4.1 The unite of diversity and integrationThe multi-original of immigration determined the diversity of America culture・ Different age, different race and different nation of immigrants in the United States left a mark on the process of American culture development ・ Language is the carrier of culture; a large amountof foreign words of American English reflected the diversity of American culture・ In early North America colonial age, American English absorbed mass words from different immigrant language, among which still in use today. For example, the words (avalanche> prairie、depot、ragout) derived from French・ Thewords (boss> :roster、cookie sleigh> Santa Claus) originated from Dutch・The words(bronco> buckaroo> canyon、mesa、ranch、puma) stemmed from Spanish・At the sametime, there were many words came from Russian, Finnish, Japanese and Chinese・4.2 The coexistence of fusion and conflictThere were diversities in heterogenous culture・ The general characteristics reserved from fusion of nations and culture, which constituted the core of American culture・ On the contrary, differences led to the contradictions between races and cultural conflict・ Because America was made up of racial immigrants, the ethnicity, not political or social, became the main standard to distinguish American. Racial culture and traditional diversities became the main driving force to develop・ But it was easy to produce prejudice, deepen racial discrimination, and caused ethical division. Racial discrimination is the social problems・ The disparaged call to some nations was the best evidence・外国语学院英语系学年论文65 ConclusionThe formation of American immigration culture is closely related with the development of the United States of America・ American immigration culture made a great contribution to the development of the American history. Native America or immigrantsfrom overseas held the same dream of changing their social class and desired to make their life time dream come true through their own efforts・In order to adapt themselves to the new environments, they became lessformal but more pragmatic・ They grew less conservative and more outspoken. Large tracts of virgin soil promoted the development of competition and cultivated a stronger sense for liberty and variety・ The formation of a new nation by people of different national origins forced social life to show more elasticity・ Compromise and tolerance became a necessity・ Religionthus gradually became a private affair・ When the inimigrants came to the American continent, they brought with them their native traditions, customs and living patterns・ The immigrants from all part of the world have greatly enriched American life・ The United States is a melting pot" in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, and it is still a country whose people share a commoncultural outlook and set of values which are included in the American immigration cultures・7外国语学院英语系学年论文Bibliography[1[ Hendrik Willem Van Loon. Tolerance, 1925. [2] Alexis de Tocqueville. De la dG mocratie en AmQ rique, 1993. [3_ Baugh, Albert C.A Literary History of England. London： Routledge and K. Paul, 1967. [4] 刘平，刘军.移民美国.中国经济出版社，2009.[5]吴定柏.美国文学大纲.上海外语出版社，2000 [6]李常磊.英美文化惮览.世界图书出版公司，2000. [7]陈朝晖.美国.京华出版社，2001.8外国语学院英语系学年论文摘要美国文化的主要内容强调的是追求民主自由，崇尚开拓竞争，讲究理性和实用，尤其强调的是个人的价值。
TPO-15 Reading 2解析
Q1正确答案：C解析：以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句，提到大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件，C是原文的同义替换，所以是正确答案。
70 million 和250 million是两次大灭绝事件发生的时间，不是A说的七千万年一直在发生，也不是D说的每2500万年发生一次；B的began和原文的end是相反的，错误。
Q2正确答案：A解析：定位到第二段的最后两句：如今物种灭绝的比率和之前五次大规模物种灭绝时期一样高。
因此许多科学家推断，目前正处于第六次大规模物种灭绝状态。
选A。
Q3正确答案：D解析：extend“延伸，延长”，extended“长期的”，所以long是正确答案。
原句说其他机制可能会渐渐发生，在一个什么样的时期内，既然是渐渐发生，当然需要比较长的时间，所以答案是D。
虽然长但不是无限，所以unlimited错误；specific “特定”时间和reasonable“合理”时间原文都没提到。
Q4正确答案：C解析：EXCEPT题，本段第一句就问了原因第二句就开始回答，所以这道题正选比较好。
第二句的warming or cooling对应D答案，正确，不选；changing positions of the continents对应B答案，正确，不选；最后一句的habitat destruction对应A 答案，正确，不选；只有C没有对应，所以C错误，可选。
Q5正确答案：D解析：提问全段的，最好用排除法。
A的exact causes做关键词定位至第三段前两句，原文提到有很多假设，所以没有准确原因，A错误；B的future原文没提到，所以错误；C的一大堆生物做关键词定位至第三句，但原文没提它们是最先遭殃的一群生物，C错误；D的land and seas做关键词定位至倒数第三句，simultaneously就是at the same time，正确。
Q6正确答案：A解析：原文主干部分讲的是：这两个人认为物种大规模灭绝是呈周期出现的，补充信息有：（1）这两个人曾经从大量化石群中研究物种灭绝的比率；（2）从白垩纪中期后差不多每2600万年出现一次大规划物种灭绝。
历年考研真题英语二阅读理解
历年考研真题英语二阅读理解做阅读要把握三个方法，1、阅读的本质是规律，2、反复强调的是重点，重点即是考点，3、考研阅读理解的答案不是选出来的，而是用排解法比较出来的。
下文是我为你细心编辑整理的历年考研真题英语二阅读理解，盼望对你有所关心，更多内容，请点击相关栏目查看，感谢!历年考研真题英语二阅读理解1Text 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created a paradox in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)betweenfirst-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity.First generation was defined asnot having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of thefirst-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with afour-year degreeTheir thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration studentsstruggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn therules of the game，and take advantage of college resou rces, they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages dont talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question答案：26.C missed its original purpose27.A the problem is solvable28.C are in need of financial support29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question历年考研真题英语二阅读理解2Text 2While fossil fuels—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principalenergy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “What happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting”(Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .[A] stabilizing[B] changing[C] falling[D] rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America .[A] is progressing notably[B] is as extensive as in Europe[C] faces many challenges[D] has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .[A] wind is a widely used energy source[B] wind energy has replaced fossil fuels[C] tech giants are investing in clean energy[D] there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 56?[A] Its application has boosted battery storage.[B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing.[C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.[D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.[A] will bring the USA closer to other countries.[B] will accelerate global environmental change.[C] is not really encouraged by the USA government.[D] is not competitive enough with regard to its cost.历年考研真题英语二阅读理解3Text 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defence28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaningto_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sides历年考研真题英语二阅读理解4Text 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.考研英语二文章到此就结束了，欢迎大家下载使用并丰富，共享给更多有需要的人。
01名校高中自主招生词汇词汇填空专练-2022年上海名校高中自主招生英语直通车
词汇语篇填空样题以及答案分析Directions: plete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.词汇样题AThe world is facing an increasing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the ___1___ population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (寿命) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the rapidly expanding number of retirees will ___2___ government budgets.But the concept of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new ___3___: the growing gap between the skilled and unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, but older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most ___4___ in America, where welleducated older people are putting off retirement while lessskilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to ___5___ people to retire early. Rising life expectancy (预期寿命), bined with the shrinking pension plans (养老金计划) means that even the betteroff peoplemust work longer to have a fortable retirement. Butthe changing ___6___ of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to ___7___ rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than their parents and grandparents. Technological change may well strengthen that shift: the skills that are mainly displayed in puters, from management to creativity, do not ___8___ decline with age.This trend will benefit not just fortunate older people but also, in some ways, society as a whole. Growth will slow less ___9___ than expected: government budgets will be in better ___10___, as higher earners pay taxes for longer. Rich countries with lots of welleducated older people will find the burden of ageing easier to bear than places like India, where half of all 55to64yearolds did not plete primaryschool education.答案分析1. 答案为C。
富士通TP8模型Axxx全能PoS终端数据表说明书
Data SheetFujitsu TP8 Model Axxx All-In-One PoS The next generation in PoS Technology■Future-proof performance: Intel® 6th and 7th Generation Processors and the fastest PCIENVME SSD storage■The most modular all-in-one PoS terminal, with field swappable LCD (15”, 18.5”) andPC module■Super sleek AIO suits any counter on adjustable stand or with built-in VESA pole-mount support■Highly reliable and serviceable: External access to memory and storage; quickrelease from stand■Maximum Flexibility: Common design supports same software image on AIO andmodular PoS■Low TCO over a reliable 10+ years’ service life, 5+ Years’ make plus extra 5+Years’ serviceIntroductionThe new Fujitsu TP8 All-In-One (AIO) PoS terminal is a next generation point-of-sale solution for retailers who want the best performance, functionality, reliability, serviceability, and maximum ROI to create an attractive world-class shopping environment. The TP8 Model A6xx with Intel® 6th Generation “Skylake” CPUs, from Celeron® “A610” to Intel® Core™ i5 “A650”; protects investments in Windows® 7 and 8.x environments with migration to Windows 10. The TP8 Model A7xx with 7th Generation “Kaby Lake” CPUs up to Intel® Core™ i5 “A750”, gives maximum Windows 10 performance. With up to 32 GB RAM, options for 2.5” SATA3 heritage drives and the new, ~3x faster M.2 PCIE NVME SSD drives, the TP8 is a future-proof PoS platform or even a genuine store server. The TP8 combines leading performance, peripheral and network connectivity in a super sleek package.The TP8 PoS is a family of AIO and Modularsystems, sharing key parts so the samesoftware image runs on both, for flexibledeployment and reduced support costs. TheTP8 is one of the most modular AIOs available,with easily field-swappable LCDs (15”, 18.5”)and PC module, further reducing support costsand simplifying migration to future modulesand technology – all while extending the life ofexisting components like the LCD.The sleek and stylish design of the TP8 AIO hasmodern aesthetics that easily blend with a fullrange of retail environments - from fashionableand sophisticated to extremely rugged. Thedual-hinge stand enables flat-folding for cleancounters, adjustability to suit variable heightoperators and 150° tilting from vertical to pasthorizontal for easy cable/connector access,while hiding cables for best aesthetics andsecurity. Retailers want the flexibility of asingle platform that supports multiple in-storetouch points, reducing installation and servicecosts, and providing fast, easy customertransactions for the ultimate shoppingexperience. The TP8 AIO installs easily oncounter-top, pole, wall and in kiosks.The TP8 continues the TeamPoS® tradition ofsuperior quality and reliability. Intelligentpower management and advanced thermaldesigns, including blade-server heat-sink andfan, ensure cool reliable operation in theharshest retail conditions. High quality drivesprotect data and boost uptime, e.g. 1x 2.5”SATA3, or up to 2x M.2 PCIE SSDs with RAID1mirroring. The TP8 is easy to service with fasttool-free access to many key parts and a screw-driver to access the rest, e.g. external access toRAM and storage, thumb-screw removal of AIOfrom stand. Support for Intel® Active18.5” LCD15” LCDManagement Technology (AMT), vPro™ and SMBIOS enables remote management by leading enterprise suites.Customer-focused applications such as registration, promotions, and loyalty programs can be deployed easily with the TP8 AIO customer-facing display that can be integrated or dispersed for maximum flexibility. Fujitsu offers a full set of leading-edge PoS peripheral options that have gone through extensive compatibility and reliability testing to maximize system scalability and flexibility. This robust peripheral portfolio gives retailers the ability to extend the useful life of the TP8 AIO through incremental modifications as business requirements change.High Performance and Connectivity:■Latest Intel® processors, Celeron® to Core™ i5; Q170 chipset■32 GB RAM max. 2x high speed DDR4SO-DIMM■Up to 2x M.2 PCIe NVME SSD, up to 3x faster than SATA3■1” x 2.5” bay for optional SATA3 drive■Gigabit LAN: Optional WLAN, WWAN(region dependent)■Peripheral ports: 2x video, 10 USB (6x5V, 3x12V, 1x24V), 1x Serial DB9 0/5/12V, audio, cash drawer Versatility:■Sleek contemporary design■Counter-top and VESA options available■15” and 18.5” modular PCap Touch LCD (field swappable)■Open architecture; wide operatingsystem supportGreen:■Processor and LED backlight power-saving modes■Efficient power supply supportingmultiple peripherals■Green recyclable materials: WEEE andROHS compliant■Eco-friendly packaging andminimal documentationGeneral Specifications ProcessorIntel® 6th Generation “Skylake” 35W, supporting Windows 7, 8.x and 10: ■A610: Celeron® G3900TE 2.3GHz, 2 core / 2 threads, 2MB, No AMT■A650: Intel® Core™ i5-6500TE 2.3-3.3GHz, 4 core / 4 threads, 6MB, AMT and Intel® vPro™Intel® 7th Generation “Kaby Lake” 35W, supporting Windows 10 only:■A710: Intel® Celeron® G3930TE 2.5GHz, 2 core / 2 threads, 2MB, No AMT■A750: Intel® Core™ i5-7500T 2.7-3.3GHz, 4 core / 4 threads, 6MB, AMT and Intel® vPro™Chipset Intel® Q170 Express, Intel Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT v11.6) and Intel® vPro™ on Intel® Core™ i5,TPM v2.0Operator Display 15” 4:3 and 18.5” 16:9 LCD size options, with Projected Capacitive Multi-Touch Gesturing Memory 4GB memory in all base models. 32GB max supported; 2 slots total. Optional 4GB, 8GB and 16GB modules BIOS AMI µEFI BIOS with Remote BIOS Flash Audio TAC97-compliant high-definition audioGraphics Integrated Intel high-definition graphics controllerConnectivity High-speed Gigabit LAN RJ-45 10/100/1000 Mbps with Wake On LAN.Storage Standard 1x 2.5” 128GB SATA3 SSD in base modelsOptional: 1x or 2x M.2 PCIe NVME SSD 128 or 256GB w/ RAID 0/1; or 2.5” 500GB SATA3 HDDI/O Ports 10 USB (4x 5W USB 3.1 gen1, USB2: 2x5V, 3x12V, 1x24V), 1x Serial DB9 0/5/12V, 2x DisplayPort, 1x cash drawer RJ-12(Y-cable option for 2nd cash drawer), 1x line out, 1x mic inPower Supply220W AC Adapter supporting maximum powered peripheral configurationSystem Management Intel Active Management Technology (AMT) and Intel® vPro™, Desktop Management Interface (DMI), Pre-boot Execution Environment (PXE), Advanced Power Management (APM), Advanced Configuration and Power Interface(ACPI), Wake on LAN (WOL), System Management BIOS, TPM v2.0ColorBlackDimensions 14.8”(W) x 2.6” (D) x 12.4” (H) | 367.6mm (W) x 67mm (D) x 315.8 (H) (width and depth with counter-top base with15” display; depth is AIO head unit only) Weight24 lb / 10.9 KgCertificationsFCC, CSA, RSM, CE (TBD); CCC (TBD), VCCI (TBD) Green Compliance WEEE, ROHSOptionsSupports all popular standard retail peripheralsAIO Mounting Countertop Stand, dual hinge for excellent adjustability, with connector & cable covers. 3rd party VESA stands also ConnectivityWireless LAN 802.11 a/b/g/n Mini PCIe Card with Wake On LANCustomer Display Optional 15” colour customer-facing LCD, XGA 1024x768. Non-Touch 400cd/m2 , PCap Touch 350cd/m 2Customer VFD Alpha-numeric (20 digits x 2 lines) 245 (W) x 40 (D) x 100 (H) mm non-integrated pole/remote mount (tilt/swivel) Printers Epson®: TM-H6000, TM-H2000, TM-T88, TM-T70. Fujitsu CT-11, FP-2000 Keyboards Fujitsu 133-key keyboards and Fujitsu 110-key keyboards MSR3-Track Magnetic Stripe Reader (MSR) Cash Drawers Standard, Compact and Flip-Top SoftwareOperating Systems POSReady 7 32/64bit, Windows 7 Pro 32/64bit, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 IoT Ent. 2016 LTSB Value, SUSE® Linux® 12 API’sSupports UPOS 1.14 (OPOS, JPOS) and ESC-POS based applicationsFujitsu recommends Windows.Technical detailsAbout Fujitsu AmericasFujitsu America, Inc. is the parent and/or management company of a group of Fujitsu-owned companies operating in North, Central and South America and Caribbean, dedicated to delivering the full range of Fujitsu products, solutions and services in ICT to our customers in the Western Hemisphere. These companies are collectively referred to as FujitsuAmericas. Fujitsu enables clients to meet their business objectives through integrated offerings and solutions, including consulting, systems integration, managed services, outsourcing and cloud services for infrastructure, platforms and applications; data center and field services; and server, storage, software and mobile/tablet technologies. For more information, please visit: /us and /fujitsuamericaContactFUJITSU AMERICA, INC.Address: 1250 East Arques Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94085-3470, U.S.A.Telephone: 800 831 3183 or 408 746 6000Website: Contact Form: /contact Haveaquestion?Emailusat:*********************.comFujitsu recommends Windows.。
2023年教师招聘之中学教师招聘综合检测试卷B卷含答案
2023年教师招聘之中学教师招聘综合检测试卷B卷含答案单选题（共45题）1、《史记》记载：“楚越之地，地广人稀……无积聚而多贫。
”《宋书》曾经记载：“江南……地广野丰……一岁或稔，则数郡忘饥。
”江南地区产生这种变化的原因不包括()。
A.中原人南迁。
带来先进的生产技术B.南方战乱较少，社会相对稳定C.南方的自然条件比较优越D.南方文化比北方文化先进【答案】D2、In any country,the"standard ofliving"means the averageperson′s share of the goods and services whichthe country produces. Therefore,a country′s standard of living depends firstand foremost on its capacity to produce wealth."Wealth"in thissense is not money, but"goods"such as food and clothing,and"services"such astransport and entertainment.A.has traded her manufactureB.has established her wealthC.has been an industrialized oneD.has produced surplus manufactured goods【答案】D3、十年前，科学家只把几十种基因突变与疾病挂上钩，现在已经把三千种左右的基因突变与疾病对上号，但要搞清所有基因突变与疾病的关系尚需时日。
这是因为（）。
A.①④C.②④D.①③【答案】D4、根据概念的获得方式，概念可以分为（）。
A.合言概念、选言概念和关系概念B.具体概念和定义概念C.初级概念和二级概念D.科学概念和日常概念【答案】B5、中国共产党十八届三中全会明确提出要使市场在资源配置中起（）作用。
作图群体概念及分类介绍
构建时间短
-缺点：
• 个体自交后代将出现分离，仅能使用一次，不能 永久保存，不能进行多年多点田间试验 • 遗传背景复杂，容易造成定位偏差，很难对单个 进行准确鉴定和定位
F2群体
由两个不同基因型的纯合双亲杂交产生F1代，又自交而形成F2代所构 成的群体称为F2群体
- 优点：
• 易于配制，需要时间短 • 遗传信息丰富，可以估算加性效应和显性效应。
➢ 自交（ Selfing ）：
自交指来自同一个体的雌雄配子的结合或具有 相同基因型个体间的交配
➢ F1：
亲本杂交产生的子一代
➢ 基因的加性效应（Additiveeffects）：
指基因位点内等位基因的累加效应,是上下代遗传可以固定的分 量,又称为“育种值”，是性状表型值的主要成分。
➢ 显性效应（Dominant effect）：
群体类型
➢双亲本作图群体 ➢多亲本作图群体 ➢自然群体双亲 Nhomakorabea作图群体
➢初级作图群体
-临时性分离群体（F2和回交群体） -永久性分离群体（DH、RIL、IF2）
➢次级作图群体
-初级分离群体衍生系群体（NILs、RHLs） -代换系群体（Ils、CSSLs）
初级作图群体
➢临时性分离群体：
临时性分离群体的显著特点是这一类群体为暂时性分离群体。
谢谢
- 将重组自交系随机分成两组，彼此一对一随机交配得F1种子，分组和交 配重复进行3次所构成群体的遗传结构类似于F2，故也称为永久F2。其 中每个F1组合相当于1个F2单株的基因型
次级作图群体
➢ 初级定位群体的不足
- 精确度不高：
通过初级定位，估计出的位置的置信区间一般都在10cM以上，如果想进一步 获得较近的分子标记或克隆基因则非常困难
高二英语科技词汇单选题40题
高二英语科技词汇单选题40题1. In the field of technology, a "processor" is different from a "controller" _____.A. significantlyB. slightlyC. rarelyD. frequently答案：A。
本题主要考查词义辨析。
“significantly”意为“显著地”；“slightly”意为“轻微地”；“rarely”意为“很少地”；“frequently”意为“频繁地”。
在科技领域，“processor”（处理器）和“controller”（控制器）的差别是显著的，所以选A。
2. The new software is designed to _____ the efficiency of the system.A. enhanceB. reduceC. maintainD. destroy答案：A。
“enhance”表示“提高，增强”；“reduce”表示“减少”；“maintain”表示“维持”；“destroy”表示“破坏”。
新软件的目的是提高系统效率，故选A。
3. When it comes to data storage, "hard drive" and "solid state drive" have different _____.A. capacitiesB. speedsC. featuresD. prices答案：C。
“capacities”指“容量”；“speeds”指“速度”；“features”指“特点，特征”；“prices”指“价格”。
在数据存储方面，“hard drive”（机械硬盘）和“solid state drive”（ 固态硬盘）有不同的特征，所以选C。
4. In the world of technology, "algorithm" is often used to _____ complex problems.A. solveB. createC. avoidD. ignore答案：A。
新视野大学英语2读写教程Unit 3 Text A 课文文本及翻译_20200412151826
新视野大学英语2读写教程（第三版）Unit3课文文本及翻译Section A Text AJourney through the odyssey years奥德赛岁月之旅1Most of us know about the phases of life which we label to paralle l different age groups and life stages:Childhood,adolescence,adulthood,and old age.We think of infancy before childhood and middle age before old age,with each unique phase bringing its own peculiar set of challenges.These challenges can be overcome by acquainting ourselves with them,such as the child’s need to learn,the adult’s need to find the right career and build a family,and the senior’s need for support and good health care.2Interestingly,ideas about the stages of life are changing.3In previous times,people didn’t have a solid idea of childhood as being separate from adulthood.A hundred years ago,no one thought of adolescence.Until recently it was understood as a norm that their induction to adulthood was completed as soon as they graduated form college.They would now find a sensible job which would lead to a career.Then during this career they would start a family,ideally before they turned30.4Today we have an equivalent need to recognize a new phase of life that comes after high school graduation,continues through college,and then leads to starting a family and having a career,the so-called odyssey years.Recent trends show radical changes as young people are following a different agenda.They take breaks from school,live with friends and often return to living their parents.Similarly,they fall in and out of love,quit one job and try another or oven shift to a new career.So,we need to recognize this new stage,the odyssey years,which many now consider to be an unavoidable stage in reaching adulthood.5People who were born prior to the60s or70s in the last century tended to frame their concept of adulthood based upon achieving certain accomplishments:moving away from home,becoming financially independent,finding the right spouse and starting a family.But that emphasis on stability did not remain static.Today,young people are unlikely to do the same.During the odyssey years,a high proportion of young people are delaying marriage,child bearing,and even employment.6The odyssey years can saddle young people with enormous pressure to move forward quickly.As the sole heir and focus of their parents’expectations,hopes and dreams,some react with rebellious and prideful attitudes and behavior toward their parents.They often resent the pressure they’re feeling and keep distance from theirparents or even run away from home.Their confusion comes from the difficulties to make parents understand them and fluid journey of discovery they need in this phase of their lives.To get away from this confusion and upset,many young people resort to computer games,iPods,iPhones,or iPads to help distract them from their pain and stress.7Likewise,their parents are feeling more anxious.They may make allowances for a transition phase from student life to adult life,but they get upset when they see the transition of their grown children’s lives moving away from their expectations and stretching give years to seven years,and beyond.The parents don’t even detect a clear sense of direction in their children’s lives.They look at them and see the things that are being delayed.8It’s hard to predict what’s next.New guidelines haven’t been established yet,and everything seems to give way to a less permanent version of itself.There’s been a shift in the status and balance of power between the genders,too.More women are getting degrees than men.Male wages have remain stable over the past decades, while female wages have boomed.9Apart from anything else,this has had an implici t effect on cated women can get many of the things they want,such as security,accomplishment,and identity without marriage.However,both genders are having a harder time finding suitable mates to build their lives with.Considering all of this,it’s beneficial to know that even though graduates are delaying many things after college,surveys show they still hold highly traditional aspirations.For example,this contemporary generation rates parenthood even more likely than previous generations did!10This new phase will likely grow more pronounced in the coming years.Nations around the world have witnessed similar trends toward delaying marriage and spending more years than even shifting between higher education and settling down with a career and family.11Nevertheless,graduates shouldn’t be deceived into thinking they can back off simply because things have become more difficult.A large number of people chasing relatively fewer opportunities can create strong competitive pressure.So, from the outse t,keep your resume professional and up-to-date.12To reinforce this essential message,success moving through the odyssey years will come to those who don’t expect to achieve their goals right away but know that they must have the strength,capacity and confidence to endure over the long term.If you’re a little late with your goals,don’t feel like a failure!Stay strong,be positive, and keep focused!Someday you will look back and wonder at the vast changes as you passed through the odyssey years.1.我们大多数人都知道，根据不同的年龄和生活阶段。
我们和父母相处是会遇到困难作文英语
我们和父母相处是会遇到困难作文英语全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Struggles of Parent-Child RelationshipsAs a high school student, one of the biggest challenges I face on a daily basis is navigating the complex relationship with my parents. While they are a constant source of love, support, and guidance, there are also inevitable conflicts, misunderstandings, and growing pains that come with this territory. The teenage years are a tumultuous time ofself-discovery, asserting independence, and pushing boundaries – which can often clash with the well-intentioned but sometimes overbearing approach of our parents.One of the primary sources of friction is the constanttug-of-war over autonomy and freedom. As teenagers, we crave the ability to make our own choices, stay out late, hang out with friends, and generally have more control over our lives. However, our parents, shaped by years of experience and concern for our well-being, tend to be more cautious and restrictive. The curfews, rules, and limitations they impose can feel suffocating and unfair,leading to resentment and rebellion on our part. Yet, from their perspective, they are simply trying to keep us safe and on the right path.Communication breakdowns are another common issue that plagues parent-child relationships during these years. Teenagers are notorious for being moody, withdrawn, and reluctant to share details about their personal lives. We often feel misunderstood and struggle to articulate our thoughts and feelings in a way that our parents can comprehend. Meanwhile, our parents may come across as lecturing, nagging, or invading our privacy with their constant questioning and advice. The generation gap and differing communication styles can create an emotional chasm that is difficult to bridge.Furthermore, the pressure to excel academically and make important decisions about our future can add another layer of tension. Our parents, understandably, want what's best for us and may push us relentlessly to achieve top grades, take advanced classes, and pursue certain career paths. However, this well-intentioned but sometimes overbearing approach can feel like an immense burden, causing us to rebel or lose motivation altogether. The constant nagging and high expectations canstrain our relationship and lead to feelings of resentment and inadequacy.Despite these challenges, it's important to remember that our parents are human too, and their actions stem from a place of love and concern, even if it doesn't always come across that way. They have our best interests at heart, even if their methods are sometimes misguided or outdated. It's also worth noting that the teenage years are a temporary phase, and as we mature and gain more independence, the dynamic with our parents is likely to improve.To foster a healthier relationship with our parents, open and honest communication is key. We need to make an effort to express ourselves in a respectful and constructive manner, while also being willing to listen to their perspectives and concerns. Building trust and understanding on both sides can go a long way in reducing conflicts and fostering a more positive dynamic.Additionally, setting clear boundaries and negotiating reasonable compromises can help alleviate some of the tensions around issues like curfews, social activities, and academic expectations. Our parents may be more willing to grant us more freedom and autonomy if we demonstrate responsibility and maturity.It's also important to remember that our parents are human, and their actions stem from a place of love and concern, even if it doesn't always come across that way. They have our best interests at heart, even if their methods are sometimes misguided or outdated. It's also worth noting that the teenage years are a temporary phase, and as we mature and gain more independence, the dynamic with our parents is likely to improve.Ultimately, the key to navigating the challenges ofparent-child relationships during the teenage years lies in open communication, mutual understanding, and a willingness to compromise on both sides. It's a delicate balancing act, but one that is essential for maintaining a healthy and supportive family dynamic. While it may be difficult at times, the effort is well worth it, as our parents are often our greatest allies and sources of unconditional love and support.篇2The Challenges of Navigating the Parent-Child RelationshipAs a student, one of the most complex and ever-evolving relationships I navigate is the one with my parents. It's a bond that has been shaped by years of shared experiences, love, and occasional misunderstandings. While our parents are often ourgreatest supporters and confidants, there are times when the generational gap and differing perspectives can lead to friction and difficulties in communication.One of the primary challenges I face is the clash of values and expectations. My parents, having grown up in a different era, often hold traditional beliefs and ideals that may not align with my more modern perspectives. They may place a heavy emphasis on academic achievement, career choices, or societal norms that I find restrictive or outdated. This can lead to conflicts, particularly when it comes to decisions about my future path or personal choices.For instance, my parents may have a specific idea of what constitutes a respectable and stable career, favoring professions like medicine, law, or engineering. However, my passions and interests may lie in more unconventional fields, such as artistic pursuits or entrepreneurship. Trying to bridge this gap and find a middle ground can be challenging, as neither party wants to compromise their deeply held beliefs and aspirations.Another hurdle in our relationship stems from the generational divide and the rapidly changing world around us. The technological advancements, social trends, and cultural shifts that are so familiar to my generation can sometimes bebewildering or concerning to my parents. They may struggle to understand the nuances of social media, the importance I place on individuality and self-expression, or my more progressive views on various societal issues.This disconnect can lead to misunderstandings and frustrations on both sides. My parents may perceive my behaviors or choices as reckless or irresponsible, while I may view their concerns as outdated or overly restrictive. Navigating these differing perspectives requires patience, open-mindedness, and a willingness to listen and learn from each other.Furthermore, as I transition into adulthood, the dynamics of our relationship are bound to evolve. My increasing independence and autonomy can sometimes be met with resistance from my parents, who may find it difficult to relinquish control or adjust to my newfound independence. They may worry about my ability to make responsible decisions or fear that I am drifting away from their guidance and influence.On the other hand, I may struggle with feeling suffocated or micromanaged, yearning for the freedom to explore and make my own choices without constant oversight. Finding the right balance between respecting their concerns and asserting myautonomy can be a delicate dance, requiring open communication and mutual understanding.Despite these challenges, the bond between parents and children is a powerful one, rooted in unconditional love and a desire for each other's well-being. Overcoming the difficulties in our relationship often requires a willingness to compromise, empathize, and find common ground.One approach that has helped me navigate these challenges is open and honest communication. By creating a safe space for dialogue, where both parties can express their perspectives without judgment, we can foster greater understanding and work towards finding mutually acceptable solutions. Active listening and respecting each other's viewpoints, even when we disagree, can go a long way in building trust and strengthening our relationship.Additionally, it's essential to recognize that our parents' concerns often stem from a place of love and a desire to protect us from potential harm or disappointment. While their methods or advice may sometimes seem misguided, their intentions are usually rooted in good faith. Acknowledging this and expressing gratitude for their care and guidance can help diffuse tensions and open the door to more productive conversations.Moreover, as I continue to grow and mature, I've come to appreciate the wisdom and life experiences that my parents bring to the table. While their perspectives may differ from mine, they have navigated the challenges of adulthood and can offer valuable insights and guidance based on their own journeys. Being open to learning from their experiences and considering their advice, even if I ultimately choose a different path, can enrich my understanding and decision-making processes.Ultimately, the journey of navigating the parent-child relationship is a lifelong one, filled with both challenges and rewards. It requires patience, empathy, and a willingness to embrace each other's differences while celebrating our shared love and connection. By approaching our interactions with open hearts and minds, we can work towards bridging the generational gap and fostering a relationship built on mutual respect, understanding, and unconditional support.篇3The Challenges of Navigating the Parent-Child RelationshipAs a student, I've come to realize that one of the most complex and multi-layered relationships we navigate in life is the one with our parents. From the moment we are born, our parentsplay a pivotal role in shaping who we become – instilling values, beliefs, and perspectives that form the foundation of our identity. Yet, as we grow older and gain independence, the dynamics of this relationship often shift, leading to misunderstandings, conflicts, and challenges that can strain even the strongest of bonds.One of the primary difficulties we face in our interactions with our parents is the generational gap. Our parents grew up in a different era, with different societal norms, technological landscapes, and life experiences. This chasm can create a disconnect, making it challenging for them to fully understand the complexities and nuances of our lives as modern-day students. The pressures we face, from academic demands to social media influences, may seem foreign to them, leading to potential clashes in perspective and communication barriers.Furthermore, as we transition from adolescence to young adulthood, the desire for autonomy and independence often clashes with our parents' instincts to protect and guide us. We crave the freedom to make our own choices, explore our identities, and forge our paths. However, our parents, understandably, may find it difficult to relinquish the control theyonce had over our lives, leading to power struggles and conflicts over decision-making.Another challenge we face is the weight of expectations. From a young age, many of us are burdened with the dreams and aspirations our parents have for us. Whether it's excelling academically, pursuing a specific career path, or adhering to cultural or societal norms, these expectations can feel like a heavy burden, stifling our ability to truly discover and embrace our authentic selves. The fear of disappointing our parents or not living up to their vision can breed resentment, anxiety, and a sense of inadequacy.Moreover, communication breakdowns can exacerbate the difficulties in our relationships with our parents. The generational gap, combined with differing communication styles and emotional expressions, can lead to misunderstandings and frustrations on both sides. We may struggle to articulate our thoughts and feelings effectively, while our parents may find it challenging to listen with an open mind and empathy, leading to a cycle of unresolved conflicts and emotional distance.Despite these challenges, it is essential to recognize the enduring love and care that underpin our relationships with our parents. They have sacrificed and worked tirelessly to provide uswith opportunities and support, often putting our needs before their own. Navigating these difficulties requires patience, understanding, and a willingness to compromise from both parties.As students, we must strive to bridge the generational gap by actively seeking to understand our parents' perspectives and experiences. Engaging in open and honest dialogue, actively listening, and showing empathy can go a long way in fostering mutual understanding and respect. We must also learn to communicate our thoughts, feelings, and aspirations clearly and respectfully, creating an environment where our voices can be heard without judgment.At the same time, our parents must endeavor to adapt to the changing times and recognize the unique challenges and pressures we face as modern-day students. They must be willing to let go of preconceived notions and expectations, allowing us the space to explore our identities and forge our own paths. By embracing open-mindedness, flexibility, and a willingness to learn, they can create an environment where we feel supported and understood.Ultimately, the key to navigating the complexities of the parent-child relationship lies in striking a delicate balancebetween respecting our parents' wisdom and guidance while asserting our individuality and autonomy. It requires open communication, mutual understanding, and a shared commitment to nurturing a relationship built on love, trust, and respect.As we navigate this intricate journey, it is crucial to remember that our parents, despite their flaws and imperfections, have played an instrumental role in shaping who we are today. Their love, guidance, and sacrifices have paved the way for our growth and success. By embracing empathy, patience, and a willingness to work through our differences, we can strengthen the bonds that connect us, creating a foundation for a lifelong, fulfilling relationship that transcends the challenges we face.In the end, the difficulties we encounter in our relationships with our parents are a testament to the depth and complexity of this bond. It is a journey of growth, self-discovery, and mutual understanding – a journey that, while challenging, can ultimately lead to a deeper appreciation and love for one another.。
Unit2ImprovingyourselfDevelopingideas-valuablevalu
枣庄三中实验高中校区高二年级上学期英语学历案编写教师：枣庄市实验高中英语统筹组长周敏使用日期：2023.11选必一Unit 2 Improving yourself （第4课时）Developing ideasvaluable values【课标要求】1.本单元的主题语境是“人与自我”，涉及的主题语境内容是不断完善自我认知和提升自我。
2. 围绕主题语境提供的语篇类型为说明文。
3. 语篇介绍了“四罐”理财法，引导学生通过学习了解有效的金钱管理方法真正认识到有效管理金钱会对人产生深远的影响。
【学习目标】1.了解课文的写作脉络，找出相关的细节信息；2.了解描述性说明文的文体特征；3.加深对主题语境的理解，了解情绪管理的重要性，从而积极主动地尝试从不同角度进行自我管理。
【自学评价】核心词汇1.地区，区域n_____________2.一件物品n._____________3.投资v._____________4.客观地ad. _____________5.构想，设想v._____________6.钉子n. _____________阅读词汇1.headline n. _____________2.necessity n. _____________3.unprecedentedly ad.__________4.toothpaste n. ____________5.jar n. __________6.lifelong a. __________7.likewise ad. __________8.equip v. _________重点词组1.max out _____________2.in contrast to _____________3.personal finance_____________4.be no barrior to _____________5.make good use of _____________6.intend to _____________7.have no access to _____________8.at hand _____________9.from then on _____________10.be in control of _____________11.be responsible of _____________12.after all _____________13.the here and now _____________ 14.put aside _____________【学习过程】Step 1. PrereadingLook at the chart and answer the questions. (P26 Activity 1,2)Think about what you spend your money on. Draw a chart to show your spending habits and share it with the class.Step 2. While readingFast readingRead the passage and find out the meaning of the title.Read for the main idea of each paragraph and the passage structure.Careful readinganise information from the passage and plete the diagram. (P22Activity3)2.Share your thinking on the following questions.1.How does the passage inspire you to improve your spending habits?2. If you were given 1,000 yuan, how much money would you put in each jar? Give your reasons.3. What methods of selfmanagement have you learnt in the two reading passages in this unit? What else do you need to improve?Step 3. Postreading1.Give a talk about your understanding of the values represented by the four jars.2.Think about which jar you believe is the most important.Share your ideas with the group, and choose a【当堂检测】一．翻译句子1.你不打扰我们，很是体贴。
-历年专硕考研英语二真题之欧阳育创编
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)In our contemporary culture，the prospect of communicating with-or even looking at-a stranger is virtually unbearable Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones，even without a 1 undergroundIt's a sad reality-our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings-because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the strange r standing by you. But you wouldn't know it，3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 ："Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as"creep,"We fear we'II be 7 We fear we'II be disruptive Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones."Phones become our security blanket，"Wortmann says."They are our happyglasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 ."But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr.Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 withthe experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C]signall [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C]another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C]plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C]notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterprete [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungreatful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resis [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predictl [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C]In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] Iogical [D] rareSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys. People art actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortntlol. Which is it at stress marker. While they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge."Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers. Sarah Damaske, In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. "it is men not women. Who report being bappicr at home than at work," Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with childrcn and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why pcoplc who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they' re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it' s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-your family-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they' re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they' re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21.According to Pa ragraph 1，most previous su rveys found that home___________[A]was an un realistic place for relaxation[B]generated more stress than the workplace[C]was an ideal place for stress measurement[D]offered greater relaxation than the workplace22.According to Damaske，who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A]Working mothers[B]Childless husbands[C] Childless wives[D]Working fathers23 The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact thay___________[A]they are both bread winners and housewives[B]their home is also a place for kicking back[C]there is often much housework left behind[D]it is difficult for them to leave their office24.The word"moola"(Line 4，Para 4)most probably means___________[A]energy[B]skills[C]earnings[D]nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____________[A]home is hardly a cozier working environment[B]division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[C]household tasks are generally more motivating[D]family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students-those who do not have a parent with a college degree-lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and theirdropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has "continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Sciense.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach(which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap(measured by such factors as grades)between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findins are based on a study involving 147 students(who completed the project)at an unnamed private unive rsity．First generation was defined as not having a parent with a fou r-year college degree Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants，a federal g rant for undergraduates with financial need，while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree Their thesis-that a relatively modest inte rvention could have a big impact-was based on the view that first-gene ration students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students They cite past resea rch by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be na rrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first-gene ration students"struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the'rules of the game，'and take advantage of college resou rces," they write And this becomes more of a problem when collages don't talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational expe rience，many first-gene ration students lack sight about why they a re struggling and do not unde rstand how students' like them can improve26. Recruiting more first-generation students has[A]reduced their d ropout rates[B]narrowed the achievement gao[C] missed its original pu rpose[D]depressed college students27 The author of the research article are optimistic because[A]the problem is solvable[B]their approach is costless[q the recruiting rate has increased[D]their finding appeal to students28 The study suggests that most first-gene ration students[A]study at private universities[B]are from single-pa rent families[q are in need of financial support[D]have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]a re actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on othe r students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for resea rch projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30.We mayinfer from the last paragraph that--[A]universities often r~ect the culture of the middle-class[B]students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C]social class g reatly helps en rich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText3Even in traditional offices，"the lingua franca of corporate America has gottenmuch more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago，" said Ha rva rd Business School professor Nancy Koehn She sta rted spinning off examples."If you and I pa rachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990，we would see much less frequent use of terms like Journey, mission,passion. There were goals，there were strategies，there were ives，but we didn't talk about energy；we didn't talk about passion."Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabula ry is very "team"-oriented-and not by coincidence."Let's not forget sDorts-in male-dominated corporate America，it's still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious；it's the idea that I'm a coach，and you're my team，and we're in this togethec. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies，but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win".These terms a re also intended to infuse work with meaning-and，as Khu rana points out，increase allegiance to the firm."You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profitorganizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision，values，passion，and purpose，"saidKhurana This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The "mommy wars" of the 1990s a re still going on today, prompting arguments about whywomen still can'thave it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In，whose title has become abuzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug，offline，life-hack，bandwidth，andcapacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home But ifyour work is your "passion," you'II be more likely to devote yourself to it，even ifthat means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bedBut this seems to be the irony of office speak：Everyone makes fun of it，butmanage rs love it，companies depend on it，and regular people willingly absorb itAs Nunberg said，"You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same timethat you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indiffe rent to your lifeand its meaning office speak can help you figu re out how you relate to yourwork-and how your work defines who you are31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become________[A]more e motional[B]more ive[C]less energetic[D]less energetic[E]less strategic32."team"-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to________[A]historical incidents[B]gender difference[C]sports culture[D]athletic executives33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to________[A]revive historical terms[B]promote company image[C]foster corporate cooperation[D]strengthen employee loyalty34.It can be inferred that Lean In_________[A]voices for working women[B]appeals to passionate workaholics[C]triggers dcbates among mommies[D]praises motivated employees35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A]Managers admire it but avoid it[B]Linguists believe it to be nonsense[C]Companies find it to be fundamental[D]Regular people mock it but accept it答案：31.A more emotional32.C sports culture33.D strengthen employee loyalty34.A voices for working women35.C companies find it to be fundamentalText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporled for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment take to 6 J percent. at good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get backto full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from its year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or familymembers with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?A. The prospect of a thriving job market.B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.C. The possibility of full employment.D. The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because theyA. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobsB. feel that is enough to make ends meetC. cannot get their hands on full-time jobsD. haven' t seen the weakness of the market38. Involuntary part-time employment in the USA. is harder to acquire than one year agoB. shows a general tendency of declineC. satisfies the real need of the joblessD. is lower than before the recession39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insuranceB. employment is no longer a precondition to get insuranceC. it is still challenging to get insurance for family membersD. full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses.A. employment in the USB. part-timer classificationC. insurance through MedicaidD. Obamacare's troublePart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]You are not alone[B]Experience helps you grow[C]Pave your own unique path[D]Most of your fears are unreal[E]Think about the present moment[F]Don’t fear responsibility for your life[G]There are many things to be grateful forSome Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, romantic relationship or a house .Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these o ld truths I’ve learned along the way.41.Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear i s not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make agood change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining ivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy tolose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can'tremember the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it wasshorter.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Direerions:Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to1)briefly introduce the camp activities, and2)call for volunteers.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name or the name of your university.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comment.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（二）试题SectionI Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for eachnumbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studi es have__1___ thatnormal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseasescompared to those who are overweight. And there are healthconditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. Forexample, heavier women are less likelyto develop calciumdeficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, beingsomewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to bevery difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body massindex, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square ofheight. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to benormal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 isconsidered obese. Obesity,___8___,can be divided into moderatelyobese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity isprobably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with ahigh BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may bein poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional footballplayers 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat buta13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.Theoverweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of willpower,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and healthprofessionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese._17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, andteasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C]sufficient[D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable[D]straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without3 R9E! u0 M& F; R) y' a1 X! gSection II ReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for GloriaMackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from hersmall, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undividedlottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tunewill yield lasting feelings offulfillment, she could do worse thanread Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to showthat the most rewarding ways to spend money can becounterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visionsof fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with thesematerial purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once excitingand new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better tospend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, likeinteresting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. Thesepurchases often become more valuable with time-as stories ormemories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as wellas lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." Itseems most people would be better off if they could shorten theircommutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and lessof it watching television (something the average American spends awhopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier forit).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurablethan purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyablewhen they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reasonMacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - amarketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object ofobsession.Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxiousabout fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than thosein poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending moneyon others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and。
高中英语科技论文阅读练习题40题
高中英语科技论文阅读练习题40题1.The new technology is expected to have a significant impact _____ the industry.A.onB.inC.atD.with答案：A。
选项A“on”表示“对……有影响”，符合语境；选项B“in”通常表示“在……里面”；选项C“at”表示在某个具体的地点或时间点；选项D“with”表示“和……一起”等意思。
2.The research team is working on a revolutionary scientific breakthrough that could transform _____ fields.A.multipleB.singleC.fewD.one答案：A。
选项A“multiple”表示“多个的”，与后面的“fields”搭配合理；选项B“single”表示“单一的”；选项C“few”表示“很少的”；选项D“one”表示“一个”。
3.The development of artificial intelligence is advancing at an astonishing _____.A.speedB.paceC.rateD.velocity答案：B。
选项B“pace”可以表示发展、进展的速度；选项A“speed”通常指物理上的速度；选项C“rate”通常指比率；选项D“velocity”一般指物理学上的速度。
4.The scientist presented a compelling _____ for his theory.A.argumentB.proofC.evidenceD.reason答案：C。
选项C“evidence”表示证据，与“presented for his theory”搭配合理；选项A“argument”是争论、论点；选项B“proof”是证明，通常更强调确凿的证据；选项D“reason”是原因。
2020年9月英语六级真题及参考答案完整版
2020年9月英语六级真题及参考答案【完整版】四六级试卷采用多题多卷形式，大家核对答案时，请找具体选项内容，忽略套数。
无忧考网搜集整理了各个版本(有文字也有图片)，仅供大家参考。
【网络综合版】听力：Section ALong Conversation OneM: You are a professor of Physics at the University of Oxford. You are a senior advisor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. You also seem to tour the global tirelessly, giving talks. And in addition, you have your own weekly TV show On Science. Where do you get the energy?W: Oh, well. 【Q1】I just love what I do. I am extremely fortunate to have this life, doing what I love doing.M: Professor, what exactly is your goal? Why do you do all of these?W: well, as you said, I do have different things going on. But these I think can be divided into 【Q2】two groups: the education of science, and the further understanding of science.M: Don't these two things get in the way of each other? What I mean is, doesn't giving lectures take time away from the lab?W: Not really, no. I love teaching, and I don’t mind spending more time doing that now than in the past. Also, what I will say is, that 【Q3】teaching a subject helps me comprehend it better myself. I find that it furthers my own knowledge when I have to explain something clearly, when I have to aid others understanding it, and when I have to answer questions about it. Teaching at a high level can be very stimulating for anyone, no matter how much expertise they may already have in the field they are instructing.M: Are there any scientific breakthroughs that you see on the near horizon? A significant discovery or invention we can expect soon.W: 【Q4】The world is always conducting science. And there're constantly new things being discovered. In fact, right now, we have too much data sitting in computers.For example, we have thousands of photos of planet Mars taken by telescopes that nobody has ever seen. We have them, yet nobody has had time to look at them with their own eyes, let alone analyze them.Q1: Why does the woman say she can be so energetic?Q2: What has the woman been engaged in?Q3: What does the woman say about the benefit teaching brings to her?Q4: How does the woman say new scientific breakthroughs can be made possible?Section AConversation 2M: Do you think dreams 【Q5】have special meanings?W: No. I don't think they do.M: I don't either, but some people do. I would say people who believe that dreams have special meanings are superstitious, especially nowadays. In the past, during the times of ancient Egypt, Greece or China, people used to believe that dreams could foresee the future. But today, with all the scientific knowledge that we have, I think it's much harder to believe in these sorts of things.W: My grandmother is superstitious, and she thinks dreams can predict the future. Once, 【Q6】she dreamed that the flight she was due to take the following day crashed.Can you guess what she did? She didn't take that flight. She didn't even bother to go to the airport the following day. Instead, she took the same flight but a week later. And everything was fine of course. No plane ever crashed.M: How funny! Did you know that flying is actually safer than any other mode of transport? It's been statistically proven. People can be so irrational sometimes.W: Yes, absolutely. But, even if we think they are ridiculous, 【Q7】emotions can be just as powerful as rational thinking.M: Exactly. People do all sorts of crazy things because of their irrational feelings. But in fact, some psychologists believe that our dreams are the result of our emotions and memories from that day. I think it was Sigmund Freud who said that children's dreams were usually simple representations of their wishes, thingsthey wished would happen. 【Q8】But in adults', dreams are much more complicated reflections of their more sophisticated sentiments.W: Isn't it interesting how psychologists try to understand using the scientific method something as bazaar as dreams? Psychology is like the rational study of irrational feelings.Q5: What do both speakers think of dreams?Q6: Why didn't the woman's grandmother take her scheduled flight?Q7: What does the woman say about people's emotions?Q8: What did psychologist Sigmund Freud say about adults' dreams?Section BPassage 1While some scientists explore the surface of the Antarctic, others are learning more about a giant body of water -- four kilometers beneath the ice pack. Scientists first discovered Lake Vostok in the 1970s by using radio waves that penetrate the ice. Since then, they have used sound waves and even satellites to map this massive body of water. How does the water in Lake Vostok remained liquid beneath an ice sheet? “The thick glacier above acts like insulating blanket and keeps the water from freezing,” said Martin Siegert, a glaciologist from the university of Wales. In addition, geothermal heat from the deep within the earth may warm the hidden lake.The scientists suspect that microorganisms may be living in Lake Vostok, closed or more than two million years. Anything found that off from the outside world f s on the surface of the earth, said Siegert. Scientists ’will be totally alien to what are trying to find a way to drill into the ice and draw water samples without causing ht be the solution. If all goes as planned, a contamination. Again, robots mig shift robot will melt through the surface ice. When it reaches the lake, it -drill will release another robot that can swim in the lake, take pictures and look for ries will shed light on life in outer signs of life. The scientists hope that discove up -space, which might exist in similar dark and airless conditions. Recently closed s moon, Europa, shows signs of water beneath the icy surface. ’pictures of Jupiter ropa to search for life there, Once tested the Antarctic, robots could be set to Eu too.Q9: What did the scientists first use to discover Lake Vostok in the 1970s? Q10: What did scientists think about Lake Vostok?Q11: What do the scientists hope their discoveries will do?Section BPassage 2The idea to study the American Indian tribe – Tarahumaras, came to James Copeland in 1984 when 【Q12】he discovered that very little research had been done on their language. He contacted the tribe member through a social worker who workedwith the tribes in Mexico. At first, the tribe member named Gonzalez was very reluctant to cooperate. He told Copeland that no amount of money could buy his language. But after Copeland explained to him what he intended to do with his research and how it would benefit the Tarahumaras, Gonzalez agreed to help. 【Q13】He took Copeland to his village and served as an intermediary. Copeland says, thanks to him, the Tarahumaras understood what their mission was and started trusting us. 【Q14】Entering the world of Tarahumaras has been a laborious project for Copeland.To reach their homeland, he must strive two and half days from Huston Taxes. He loads up his vehicle with goods that the tribe’s men can’t easily get and gives the goods to them as a gesture of friendship. The Tarahumaras, who don’t believe any humiliating wealth, take the food and share among themselves. For Copeland, the experience has not only been academically satisfying but also has enriched his life in several ways. 【Q15】“I see people rejecting technology and living a very hard, traditional life, which offers me another notion about the meaning of progress in the western tradition,” he says, “I experienced the simplicity of living in nature that I would otherwise only be able to read about.I see a lot of beauty and their sense of sharing and concern for each other.”Q12: Why did James Copeland want to study the American Indian tribe -- Tarahumaras?Q13: How did Gonzalez help James Copeland?Q14: What does the speaker say about James Copeland’s trip to the Tarahumaras village?Q15: What impresses James Copeland about the Tarahumaras tribe?Section CRecording 1What is a radical? It seems today that people are terrified of the term,minority, who are mostly wealthy white males in western society.Feminism is a perfect example of this phenomenon. The women's movement has been plagued by stereotypes, misrepresentations by the media, and accusations of man-hating and radicalism. When the basic foundation of feminism is simply that women deserve equal rights in all facets of life. When faced with the threat of being labelled radical, women back down from their worthy calls and consequently, participate in their own oppression.It has gotten to the point that many women are afraid to call themselves feminists because of a stigma attached to the word. If people refused to be controlled, and intimidated by stigmas, the stigmas lose all their power, without fear on which they feed, such stigmas can only die.To me, 【Q17】a radical is simply someone who rebels against the norm when advocates a change in the existing state of affairs. On close inspection, it becomes clear that the norm is constantly involving, and therefore, is not a constant entity. So why then, is deviation from the present situation such a threat, when the state of affairs itself is unstable and subject to relentless transformation?It all goes back to maintaining the power of those who have it and preventing the right of those who don't. In fact, when we look at the word "radical" in a historical context, nearly every figure we now hold up as a hero was considered a radical in his or her time. Radicals are people who affect change. They are the people about whom history is written. Abolitionists were radicals, civil rights activists were radicals, 【Q18】 even the founders of our country in their fight to win independence from England were radicals. Their presence in history has changed the way our society functions, mainly by shifting the balance of power that previously existed. Of course, there are some radicals who've made a negative impact on humanity, 【Q18】 but undeniably, there would simply be no progress without radicals. That been said, next time someone calls me a radical, I would accept that label with pride.Q16: What usually happens when people are accused of being radical?Q17: What is the speaker's definition of a radical?Q18: What does the speaker think of most radicals in the American history?Recording 2We are very susceptible to the influence of the people around us. For instance, you may have known somebody who has gone overseas for a year or so and has returned with an accent perhaps. We become part of our immediate environment. None of us are immune to the influences of our own world and let us not kid ourselves that we are untouched by the things and people in our life.Fred goes off to his new job at a factory. Fred takes his ten-minute coffee break, but the other workers take half an hour. Fred says, “What’s the matter with you guys?” Two weeks later, Fred is taking twenty-minute breaks. A month later, Fred takes his half hour. Fred is saying “If you can’t be them, join them. Why should I work any harder than the next guy?” The fascinating thing about being human is that generally we are unaware that there are changes taking place in our mentality. It is like returning to the city smog after some weeks in the fresh air. Only then do we realize that we’ve become accustomed to the nasty smells. Mix with critical people and we learn to criticize. Mix with happy people, and we learn about happiness. What this means is that we need to decide what we want from life and then choose our company accordingly. You may well say, "That is going to take some effort. It may not be comfortable. I may offend some of my present company." Right, but it is your life. Fred may say, "I’m always broke, frequently depressed. I’m going nowhereand I never do anything exciting." Then we discover that Fred’s best friends are always broke, frequently depressed, going nowhere and wishing that life was more exciting. This is not coincidence, nor is it our business to stand in judgement of Fred? However, if Fred ever wants to improve his quality of life, the first thing he'll need to do is recognize what has been going on all these years.It’s no surprise that doctors as a profession suffer a lot of ill health, because they spend their life around sick people. Psychiatrists have a higher incidence of suicide in their profession for related reasons. Traditionally, nine out of ten children whose parents smoke, smoke themselves. Obesity is in part an environmental problem. Successful people have successful friends, and so the story goes on.Q19 What does the speaker say about us as human beings?Q20 What does the speaker say Fred should do first to improve his quality of life?Q21 What does the speaker say about the psychiatrists?Section CLecture 3Virtually every American can recognize a dollar bill at a mere glance. Many can identify it by its sound or texture. But 【Q22】few people indeed can accurately describe the world's most powerful, important currency.The American dollar bill is colored with black ink on one side and green on the other;【Q23】 the exact composition of the paper and ink is a closely guarded government secret. Despite its weighty importance, the dollar bill actually weighs little. It requires nearly 500 bills to tip the scales at a pound. Not only is the dollar bill lightweight, but it also has a brief life span. Few dollar bills survive longer than 18 months.The word "dollar" is taken from the German word "taler," the name for the world's most important currency in the 16th century. The taler was a silver coin first minted in 1518 under the reign of Charles V, Emperor of Germany.The concept of paper money is a relatively recent innovation in the history of American currency. When the Constitution was signed, people had little regard for paper money because of its steadily decreasing value during the colonial era.【Q24】Because of this lack of faith, the new American government minted only coins for common currency. Interest-bearing bank notes were issued at the same time, but their purpose was limited to providing money for urgent government crises, such as American involvement in the War of 1812.The first noninterest-bearing paper currency was authorized by Congress in 1862, at the height of the Civil War. At this point, citizens' old fears of devalued paper currency had calmed, and the dollar bill was born. The new green colored paper money quickly earned the nickname "greenback."Today, the American dollar bill is a product of the Federal Reserve and is issued from the twelve Federal Reserve banks around the United States. The government keeps a steady supply of approximately two billion bills in circulation at all times.Controversy continues to surround the true value of the dollar bill.【Q25】American history has seen generations of politicians argue in favor of a gold standard for American currency. However, for the present, the American dollar bill holds the value that is printed on it, and little more. The only other guarantee on the bill is a Federal Reserve pledge of as a confirmation in the form of government securities.Q22: What does the speaker say about the American dollar bill?Q23: What does the speaker say about the exact composition of the American dollar bill?Q24: Why did the new American government mint only coins for common currency?Q25: What have generations of American politicians argued for?参考答案1.A)She can devote all her life to pursing her passion.2.D)Science education and scientific research.3.A)A better understanding of a subject.4.B)By making full use of the existing data.5. B) They have no special meanings.6. C) She dreamed of a plane crash.7. D) They can have an impact as great as rational thinking8. C) They reflect their complicated emotions.9. A) Radio waves.10. B)It may have micro—organisms living in it.11. D)Shed light on possible life in outer space.12. A)He found there had been little research on their anguage.13. D)He acted as an intermediary between Copel and the villagers.14. C)Laborious15. B)Their sense of sharing and caring.16 .A)They tend to be silenced into submission.17. D)One who rebels against the existing social orser.18. C)They served as a driving force for progress.19. B)It is impossible for us to be immune from outside influence.20. D) Recognize the negative impact of his coworkers.21. A) They are quite susceptible to suicide.22. B) Few people can describe it precisely.23. C) It is a well—protected government secret.24. A) People had little faith in paper money.25. C) It is awell—protected government secret.翻译：《水浒传》(Water Margin)是中国文学四大经典小说之一。
2021四川农业大学英语专业模拟试题 - 副本 (27)
2021四川农业大学英语专业模拟试题Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Finding the Right Home—and Contentment, Too[A] When your elderly relative needs to enter some sort of long-term carefacility—a moment few parents or children approach without fear—what you would like is to have everything made clear.[B] Does assisted living really mark a great improvement over a nursing home, orhas the industry simply hired better interior designers? Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an out-moded stereotype（固定看法)? Can doing one’s homework really steer families to the best places? It is genuinely hard to know.[C] I am about to make things more complicated by suggesting that what kind offacility an older person lives in may matter less than we have assumed. And that the characteristics adult children look for when they begin the search are not necessarily the things that make a difference to the people who are going to move in. I am not talking about the quality of care, let me hastily add. Nobody flourishes in a gloomy environment with irresponsible staff and a poor safety record. But an accumulating body of research indicates that some distinctions between one type of elder care and another have little real bearing on how well residents do.[D] The most recent of these studies, published in The journal of AppliedGerontology, surveyed 150 Connecticut residents of assisted living, nursing homes and smaller residential care homes（known in some states as board and care homes or adult care homes). Researchers from the University of Connecticut Health Center asked the residents a large number of questions about their quality of life, emotional well-being and social interaction, as well as about the quality of the facilities.[E] “We thought we would see differences based on the housing types,” said thelead author of the study, Julie Robison, an associate professor of medicine at the university. A reasonable assumption—don’t families struggle to avoid nursing homes and suffer real guilt if they can’t?[F] In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. They were less likely to report symptoms of depression than those in the other facilities, for instance, and less likely to be bored or lonely. They scored higher on social interaction.[G] But when the researchers plugged in a number of other variables, such differences disappeared. It is not the housing type, they found, that creates differences in residents’ responses. “It is the characteristics of the specific environment they are in, combined with their own personal characteristics—how healthy they feel they are, their age and marital status,” Dr. Robison explained. Whether residents felt involved in the decision to move and how long they had lived there also proved significant.[H] An elderly person who describes herself as in poor health, therefore, might be no less depressed in assisted living（even if her children preferred it) than in a nursing home. A person who had input into where he would move and has had time to adapt to it might do as well in a nursing home as in a small residential care home, other factors being equal. It is an interaction between the person and the place, not the sort of place in itself, that leads to better or worse experiences. “You can’t just say, ‘Let’s put this person in a residential care home instead of a nursing home—she will be much better off,’” Dr. Robison said. What matters, she added, “is a combination of what people bring in with them, and what they find there.”[I] Such findings, which run counter to common sense, have surfaced before. In a multi-state study o f assisted living, for instance, University of North Carolina researchers found that a host of variables—the facility’s type, size or age；whether a chain owned it；how attractive the neighborhood was—had no significant relationship to how the residents fared in terms of illness, mental decline, hospitalizations or mortality. What mattered most was the residents’ physical health and mental status. What people were like when they came in had greater consequence than what happened once they were there.[J] As I was considering all this, a press release from a respected research firm crossed my desk, announcing that the five-star rating system that Medicare developed in 2008 to help families compare nursing home quality also has little relationship to how satisfied its residents or their family members are. As a matter of fact, consumers expressed higher satisfaction with the one-star facilities, the lowest rated, than with the five-star ones.（More on this study and the star ratings will appear in a subsequent post.)[K] Before we collectively tear our hair out—how are we supposed to find our way in a landscape this confusing?—here is a thought from Dr. Philip Sloane, ageriatrician（老年病学专家)at the University of North Carolina: “In a way, that could be liberating for families.”[L] Of course, sons and daughters want to visit the facilities, talk to the administrators and residents and other families, and do everything possible to fulfill their duties. But perhaps they don’t have to turn themselves into private investigators or Congressional subcommittees. “Families can look a bit more for where the residents are going to be happy,” Dr. Sloane said. And involving the future resident in the process can be very important.[M] We all have our own ideas about what would bring our parents happiness. They have their ideas, too. A friend recently took her mother to visit an expensive assisted living/nursing home near my town. I have seen this place—it is elegant, inside and out. But nobody greeted the daughter and mother when they arrived, though the visit had been planned; nobody introduced them to the other residents. When they had lunch in the dining room, they sat alone at a table. [N] The daughter feared her mother would be ignored there, and so she decided to move her into a more welcoming facility. Based on what is emerging from some of this research, that might have been as rational a way as any to reach a decision.1.Many people feel guilty when they cannot find a place other than a nursing home for their parent2.Though it helps for children to investigate care facilities, involving their parents in the decision-making process may prove very important.3.It is really difficult to tell if assisted living is better than a nursing home.4.How a resident feels depends on an interaction between themselves and the care facility they live in.5.The author thinks her friend made a rational decision in choosing a more hospitable place over an apparently elegant assisted living home.6.The system Medicare developed to rate nursing home quality is of little help to finding a satisfactory place.7.At first the researchers of the most recent study found residents in assisted living facilities gave higher scores on social interaction.8.What kind of care facility old people live in may be less important than we think.9.The findings of the latest research were similar to an earlier multi-state study of assisted living.10.A resident’s satisfaction with a care facility has much to do with whether they had participated in the decision to move in and how long they had stayed there.答案：1-5 ELBHN 6-10 JFCIG。
甘蓝型油菜MAGIC群体结构分析
甘蓝型油菜MAGIC群体结构分析罗开;周金枝;杨植全;杨庆勇;周永明【摘要】MAGIC(multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross)群体是新一代遗传作图及育种群体.为了探究异源四倍体甘蓝型油菜的MAGIC群体的结构,利用60对SSR引物分析包括554个株系的甘蓝型油菜MAGIC群体的遗传多样性和遗传距离.60对SSR共检测到261个位点,平均4.35个位点/对,多态性信息量平均为0.48.用STRUCTURE 2.3.4进行群体结构分析,显示MAGIC群体可划分为2个亚群,其中303个株系归属亚群1,234个株系归属亚群2,剩下的17个株系无特定亚群归属,属混合亚群.研究结果表明该群体具有较高的遗传多样性.%To explore the structure of Brassica napus MAGIC (multi-parent advanced generation intercross) population,genetic diversity and genetic distance of the B.napus MAGIC (composed of 554 lines) were initially illustrated by 60 pairs of SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers.Among these 60 pairs,a total of 261 alleles were detected,with 4.35 alleles per pair,and the average PIC (polymorphism information content) value of 0.48.Population structure analysis using STRUCTURE 2.3.4 showed that this B.napus MAGIC population was divided into 2 subpopulations,with 303 lines in subpopulation 1 and 234 lines in subpopulation 2,and the remaining 17 lines had no specific subpopulation attribution,belonging to mixed subgroups.The results suggested that the MAGIC population had high genetic diversity.【期刊名称】《中国油料作物学报》【年(卷),期】2017(039)006【总页数】8页(P746-753)【关键词】甘蓝型油菜;MAGIC群体;群体结构;遗传多样性【作者】罗开;周金枝;杨植全;杨庆勇;周永明【作者单位】华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070;华中农业大学信息学院农业生物信息湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070;华中农业大学信息学院农业生物信息湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070;华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070;华中农业大学信息学院农业生物信息湖北省重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070;华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室,湖北武汉,430070【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S565.403甘蓝型油菜是我国重要的油料作物，其重要农艺性状多数是数量性状，这些数量性状的遗传基础主要利用双亲群体进行QTL定位分析来解析。
英语六级历年阅读题及答案
2010年6月阅读Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 51 to 56 are based on the following passage.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have triedto introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed."While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow'sproductive citizenry (公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
高三英语培优外刊阅读学案：新科技新时代话题
高三英语培优外刊阅读班级：____________学号：____________姓名：____________外刊精选｜忧心AI新规，硅谷高层纷纷访欧【背景介绍】最近，欧盟正起草新规，以约束和监管人工智能技术。
据该规定，许多人工智能相关技术都可能被禁用。
为此，美国硅谷巨头的明星高管们，近来频频造访欧盟，积极展开游说。
人工智能技术是否应该被严格规范？政府应当在其中扮演怎样的角色？Silicon Valley Heads to Europe, Nervous About New RulesBy Adam SatarianoMany Silicon Valley executives are paying court in the European Union’s capital: E.U. lawmakers are debating a new digital policy, including first-of-its-kind rules on the ways that artificial intelligence can be used by companies.That has far-reaching implications for many industries — but especially for tech behemoths like Google, Facebook and Apple that have bet big on artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is seen by technologists, business leaders and government officials as one of the world’s most transformative technologies.Yet it presents new risks to individual privacy and livelihoods —including the possibility that the tech will replace people in their jobs.A first draft of the artificial intelligence policy will be released on Wednesday, along with broader recommendations outlining the bloc’s digital strategy for the coming years.The artificial intelligence proposal is expected to outline riskier uses of the technology —such as in health care and transportation like self-driving cars — and how those will come under tougher government scrutiny.For years, American lawmakers and regulators largely left Silicon Valley companies alone, allowing the firms to grow unimpeded and with little scrutiny of problems such as the spread of disinformation on social networks.Policymakers in Europe and elsewhere stepped in with a more hands-on approach, setting boundaries on privacy, antitrust and harmful internet content.【词汇过关】请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。
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A Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross to Fine-Map Quantitative Traits in Arabidopsis thalianaPaula X.Kover1,2*,William Valdar3,Joseph Trakalo3,Nora Scarcelli2,Ian M.Ehrenreich4,Michael D. Purugganan4,Caroline Durrant3,Richard Mott31Department of Biology and Biochemistry,University of Bath,Bath,United Kingdom,2Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Manchester,Manchester,United Kingdom, 3Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford,Oxford,United Kingdom,4Center for Genomics and Systems Biology,New York University,New York, New York,United States of AmericaAbstractIdentifying natural allelic variation that underlies quantitative trait variation remains a fundamental problem in genetics.Most studies have employed either simple synthetic populations with restricted allelic variation or performed association mapping on a sample of naturally occurring haplotypes.Both of these approaches have some limitations,therefore alternative resources for the genetic dissection of complex traits continue to be sought.Here we describe one such alternative,the Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross(MAGIC).This approach is expected to improve the precision with which QTL can be mapped,improving the outlook for QTL cloning.Here,we present the first panel of MAGIC lines developed:a set of527recombinant inbred lines(RILs)descended from a heterogeneous stock of19intermated accessions of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.These lines and the19founders were genotyped with1,260single nucleotide polymorphisms and phenotyped for development-related traits.Analytical methods were developed to fine-map quantitative trait loci(QTL)in the MAGIC lines by reconstructing the genome of each line as a mosaic of the founders.We show by simulation that QTL explaining10%of the phenotypic variance will be detected in most situations with an average mapping error of about300kb,and that if the number of lines were doubled the mapping error would be under200kb.We also show how the power to detect a QTL and the mapping accuracy vary,depending on QTL location.We demonstrate the utility of this new mapping population by mapping several known QTL with high precision and by finding novel QTL for germination data and bolting time.Our results provide strong support for similar ongoing efforts to produce MAGIC lines in other organisms.Citation:Kover PX,Valdar W,Trakalo J,Scarcelli N,Ehrenreich IM,et al.(2009)A Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross to Fine-Map Quantitative Traits in Arabidopsis thaliana.PLoS Genet5(7):e1000551.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551Editor:Rodney Mauricio,University of Georgia,United States of AmericaReceived March25,2009;Accepted June8,2009;Published July10,2009Copyright:ß2009Kover et al.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author and source are credited.Funding:This research was supported by a BBSRC grant(BB/D016029/1)to PXK and RM and by MRC fellowships to WV and CD.The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.*E-mail:kover@IntroductionMost plant traits of agronomic and economic interest,such as seed dormancy,flowering time,fruit production,disease resis-tance,etc.,vary quantitatively and have complex genetic inheritance.Their phenotypic expression is determined by the combination of many genetic and environmental factors.Naturally occurring genetic variation is a valuable source of alleles for economically important traits,but much of the genetic basis of natural variation in these traits remains unresolved[1,2].Thus, new resources to dissect and exploit this variation are needed. Arabidopsis thaliana is an ideal species in which to develop resources because it is a model for the study of plant genetics,and extensive natural variation segregates among accessions of A. thaliana for many ecological and developmental traits[3–5].In addition,an extensive repertoire of genomic tools facilitate the cloning of quantitative trait loci(QTL)[6–8].Because A.thaliana is in the same family as a number of important crops(rape seed, cabbage,broccoli and other brassicas),identification of causal genes may lead to the identification of homologous loci important for improving crop quality and productivity[9–11],as well as have broader applications[12].The populations of A.thaliana used for genetic mapping so far can be classified into naturally occurring inbred lines(accessions) and synthetic populations.Genetic association in the former is a more recent development[13],whilst the mapping of QTL in the latter is well established[14–16].Synthetic populations include F2, backcrosses,recombinant inbred lines(RILs)and advanced intercross lines(AIL),all created from a cross between two accessions that differ for the trait of interest(reviewed in[17],and [18]);many QTL for complex traits have been mapped using these crosses and RILs.Their two advantages are that the power to detect a QTL segregating in a two-allele system is high,and that synthetic populations usually have no population substructure. The power to detect a QTL in any mapping population depends on the fraction of the phenotypic variance it explains.If the QTL is diallelic then this is proportional to p(12p),where p is the minor allele frequency at the QTL.This quantity is greatest when p=0.5,as is approximately the case in the majority of synthetic populations descended from two parental lines.The lack of substructure means there are few long-range correlations between genotypes and consequently the QTL can be mapped indepen-dently,with little risk of false positive‘‘ghost’’QTL.The main disadvantage is poor mapping resolution:QTL identified usingthese designs typically have confidence intervals of5to20cM [19–21],corresponding on average to1.2to4.8Mb and covering hundreds of candidate genes.Genetic association using naturally occurring accessions has complementary strengths and weaknesses:minor allele frequencies underlying a QTL are rarely close to0.5,with many rare alleles [22],so the QTL discovery rate is not as efficient.However,the advantage of association mapping is its higher mapping resolution; because linkage disequilibrium decays very quickly in natural accessions,it is sometimes feasible to map QTL to near single-gene resolution[23].The main challenge for association studies at the moment is population sub-structure(due to demographic causes), which requires more sophisticated analyses such as linear mixed models[13,24]to control for false positives.In classical synthetic populations further fine-mapping is required before QTL can be cloned,which is slow and expensive. In addition,only a limited number of QTL may be identified within each cross,since only QTL for which the two accessions differ can be detected.The limited scope of each QTL study means that mapping the same trait in different panels of RILs commonly yields different QTL[21,25–27],and it is not possible to investigate interactions between QTL identified in different panels.More than two alleles are likely to segregate per locus,and the direction of QTL effects may vary depending on the genetic background due to epistasis and pleiotropy[20]and gene by environment interactions[28].Therefore simple synthetic popu-lations do not capture the full genetic architecture of complex traits.The use of heterogeneous stocks(HS)improves the power to detect and localise QTL,and model genetic architecture more realistically.HS are the result of repeated crosses between multiple parental lines over many generations to produce a highly recombinant heterozygous outbred population.This strategy has been successfully used for fine-mapping QTL using eight parental strains in mice[29,30]and Drosophila[31].A disadvantage with HS is that each individual’s genome is unique and heterozygous, and therefore the population must be genotyped at high density each time it is phenotyped.A related strategy,that avoids the need to re-genotype,is to generate RILs from multiple parents[32,33], where the genomes of the founders are first mixed by several rounds of mating and then inbred to generate a stable panel of inbred lines.The name MAGIC(for multiparent advanced generation intercross)has been suggested for this type of population[33].The large number of parental accessions increases the allelic and phenotypic diversity over traditional RILs,potentially increasing the number of QTL that segregate in the cross.The larger number of accumulated recombination events increase the mapping accuracy of the detected QTL compared to an F2cross[34].Thus,MAGIC lines occupy an intermediate niche between naturally occurring accessions and existing synthetic populations.Here we present the first set of MAGIC lines.They are derived from an advanced intercross of Arabidopsis thaliana produced by intermating19natural accessions for four generations(as described in[35])and then inbreeding for6generations.The resulting nearly homozygous lines form a stable panel of RIL that do not require repeated genotyping in each QTL study.We describe their construction and genomic structure,and demon-strate that these lines can be used for QTL fine-mapping using examples of developmental traits.Finally,we establish the statistical and computational tools and resources required for their analysis,and propose new candidate genes for germination date and bolting time.ResultsConstruction of the MAGIC linesThe MAGIC lines were initiated by intermating the19‘‘founder’’accessions of A.thaliana listed in Table1for4 generations as described in[35].To avoid assortative mating during the mixing of the accessions,we used a staggered planting scheme and replanted families as needed to perform the randomly assigned crosses.The founders were selected either because they originate over a wide geographical distribution or are commonly used(i.e.Col-0and Ler-0).The intermating produced342F4 outcrossed families.From each F4family we derived up to3 inbred MAGIC lines(MLs)by selfing an F4plant for six generations.Lines derived from the same F4can be thought of as ‘‘cousins’’,as they are expected to share25%of their genomes by descent.Given the random mating design,each F4family incorporates a variable number of accessions in their pedigree,with an average of 9.97distinct founder accessions per F4(the distribution is plotted in Figure1);Table S1lists the lines,the cross they were derived from and which accessions contribute to their pedigree.Although there are1026MLs in production,in this paper we focus on a subset of up to527lines for which genotype data is currently available(the exact number of lines phenotyped varies for each trait).The ML germplasm is being made available through the Arabidopsis stock centre(). Phenotypic variation among MAGIC linesEach ML was planted in5replicate pots,and grown in a greenhouse or growth chambers.The frequencies of lines expressing the qualitative trait‘‘glabrous’’(i.e.whether their leaves were completely devoid of trichomes,which would have been derived from accession Wil-2)or‘‘erecta’’(i.e.had a compact inflorescence with sword shaped fruits,typical of accession Ler-0) were4.4%and7.2%respectively,close to the expected frequency of1/19(5.2%).Extensive variation was observed for developmental quantitative traits(see Table2).For these traits,we measured the heritability h2 among MLs in two ways:(i)h2L is the proportion of variation that is due to genetic differences between lines,using the phenotypic average of the replicates within each line.(ii)h2P is an estimate of the genetic variance if only one replicate per line were phenotyped.Author SummaryMost traits of economic and evolutionary interest vary quantitatively and have multiple genes affecting their expression.Dissecting the genetic basis of such traits is crucial for the improvement of crops and management of diseases.Here,we develop a new resource to identify genes underlying such quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana,a genetic model organism in plants.We show that using a large population of inbred lines derived from intercrossing19parents,we can localize the genes underlying quantitative traits better than with existing ing these lines,we were able to replicate the identification of previously known genes that affect developmental traits in A.thaliana and identify some new ones.This paper also presents all the necessary biological and computational material necessary for the scientific community to use these lines in their own research.Our results suggest that the use of lines derived from a multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC lines)should be very useful in other organisms.Thus h2P measures the true genetic variance between individual plants,while h2L is the effective genetic variance in an experiment with replication(as is the case in this study).In all cases h2L§h2P andh2 L increases with the number of replicates.These estimates aregiven in Table2along with the sample sizes for each trait.As highly inbred lines were used,within-line variability is almost entirely non-genetic,and hence the mean of each line was used for QTL mapping.Therefore h2L is the upper bound of h2QTL,the fraction of the variance that is due to mapped QTL;h2QTL indicates how much genetic variability has been found by mapping.Genetic variation among the19founder accessionsFor the1260SNPs for which all MLs were genotyped,the minor allele frequency was0.22in the founders;the distribution of allele frequencies is shown in Figure2.On average70%of SNPs are shared between any pair of founders,and each founder is about equidistant from the others(Figure3).The two exceptions are Col-0and Ler-0,which share only52%SNPs,most likely due to bias in SNP ascertainment(see Materials and Methods);and the closely related pair Oy-0and Po-0,for which86%of alleles are shared.Po-0has higher heterozyogosity(5.4%)than for any of the other founders(range0%to0.7%),suggesting it is a hybrid.This finding did not result from DNA contamination,as it was replicated when Po-0was re-genotyped separately from other accessions.We also genotyped DNA from the original seed stocksTable1.List of accessions used to found the MLs.AIMS stock center#Accession OriginCS6643Bur-0IrelandCS6660Can-0Canary Isles CS6673Col-0USACS6674Ct-1ItalyCS6688Edi-0Scotland CS6736Hi-0Netherlands CS6762Kn-0Lithuania CS20Ler-0Germany CS1380Mt-0LibyaCS6805No-0Germany CS6824Oy-0NorwayCS6839Po-0Germany CS6850Rsch-4RussiaCS6857Sf-2Spain CS6874Tsu-0Japan CS6889Wil-2Russia CS6891Ws-0Russia CS6897Wu-0Germany CS6902Zu-0Germany doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.t001Figure1.The distribution of the number of distinct founder genomes contributing to a ML.Each ML is descended through a funnel mating design from up to16distinct founder genomes.This histogram shows the fraction of lines descended from a given number of distinct founders.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g001Table2.Range in measured phenotypes and heritabilities for the traits measured.Trait Range n P n L h2P h2L n QTL h2QTL Days to germination4–3122274330.500.84 1.9427.34 Growth rate29–17b17063510.220.46 2.0528.02 Days to bolt13–852*******.720.93 3.6363.70 Days from bolt to flower3–3721764330.400.76 2.3233.26 Days to Flower(LD)21–12612283360.580.81 3.0455.12 Days to Flower(SD)33–12811043230.540.78 3.6963.60 RLN(Long Day)8–9612283360.580.81 3.2760.26 RLN(ShortDay)8–181********.250.51 3.5856.19 erecta24124650.73 1.0080.36a glabrous24124650.77 1.0087.09aa For binary traits h2QTL is estimated as the fraction of the deviance.b Growth rate is the residual of the number of leaves at day28after regression on the number days to germination;hence the minimum value in the range is negative.n P is the number of plants phenotyped for the trait,n L is the number of MLs.h2P is the estimated heritability between plants and h2Lthe estimated heritability betweenlines.n QTL is the average number of QTL found in multiple QTL models fitted to500resampled data sets.h2QTL is the average fraction of variance accounted for by themultiple QTL models.LD=Long day;SD=short days and RLN(Rosette leaf number). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.t002received from the Arabidopsis stock center,and ruled out germplasm contamination during the study.We measured the local haplotypic diversity among the founders using a moving window of k adjacent SNPs.With k =5(corresponding to a genomic interval of approximately 400kb),the founders partition into 8.5distinct haplotypes on average,and into 14.3with k =10.The number of distinct haplotypes using k =10across the genome is plotted in Figure 4A.The variation appears sporadic without large-scale structure,except for an apparent loss of variability around the centromeres.Genetic variation among the MAGIC linesThe average SNP minor allele frequency in the MLs is also 0.22,and is distributed similarly to that in the founders (Figure 3),with the exception that there are fewer alleles with intermediate frequencies,as expected by drift.The extent of allele sharing between MLs wasconsistent with their breeding history.Cousin MLs,descended from the same F4family,share 74%of alleles on average whilst those from different F4families share 68%(Figure 3).Thus,as expected,cousins share slightly more alleles than the founders and non-cousins slightly less.We found 19pairs of lines that share over 95%of their genotypes,and three pairs were identical.We believe this is most likely due to errors during breeding;these 38lines were therefore omitted from the heritability analysis and QTL mapping.We found that SNP-sharing is only a weak predictor of haplotype sharing.The distribution of 10-SNP haplotype-sharing percentage between the MLs is also plotted in Figure 3.MLs descended from different F4families share on average 7.5%of 10-SNP haplotypes.This suggests that the genotyped SNPs separate the 19founders into about 1410-SNP haplotypes (1/14=7.1%).On average haplotype sharing among cousin lines is 25.4%,which is very close to the expected degree of 25%identity by descent.Haplotype-sharingFigure 2.Distribution of the minor allele frequency for the 1,260genotyped SNPs.(A)in the 19founders;(B)in 527MLs.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g002Figure 3.Distribution of allele and 10-SNP Haplotype sharing among the 19founders and the MLs.Sharing between and within F4families are plotted separately.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g003between founders is very small,with mean 2.5%,as would be expected since linkage disequilibrium among accessions of A.thaliana breaks down,on average,within 10kb [36].The spatial distribution of 10-SNP haplotype diversity in the MLs does not track that in the founders except in regions (such as the centromeres)where there is a reduction in haplotype diversity.In general there are more ML haplotypes present at a locus because recombination breaks up the founder haplotypes (Figure 4A).The average decay in linkage disequilibrium (LD)in the MLs,as measured by the correlation R2,is plotted as a function ofdistanceFigure 4.Genome-wide properties of the MLs.In each panel the x-axis represents the complete 120Mb genome of A.thaliana ,with vertical red lines marking the chromosome boundaries and the pale blue vertical bars indicating the centromeres.(A)Number of 10-SNP haplotypes observed among founders (black)and MLs (red)across the genome.(B)The maximum posterior founder probability,m Li at locus L ,averaged across all MLs i .(C)The maximum posterior founder probability,m Li for the ML i =‘‘ML-100’’.The vertical grey lines indicate probable recombination breakpoints where the identity of the most probable founder changes.(D)The posterior founder probabilities for ML-100.The vertical axis represents the 19possiblefounders,s,in alphabetical order.The probability P L ðÞis for founder s at locus L is represented by a grey bar at coordinate (L,s ),the shade of grey varying from white (P =0)to black (P =1).(E)The locus-specific power to detect a QTL explaining 10%of the phenotypic variance,from 40,000simulations.In each simulation a 10%QTL was placed randomly along the genome.Successful detection is defined as the event that the genome-wide maximum in the genome scan for the QTL is within 3Mb of the true QTL location.(F)The locus-specific median mapping error for the successfully detected QTL in (E).doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g004in Figure5.The mean correlation between SNPs decays to0.17by about0.5Mb,and approaches the background level of,0.05by about15Mb.The genome-wide distribution of R2is plotted in Figure6and shows that there is minimal LD between chromosomes.For SNPs on different chromosomes,the mean value of R2is0.04;it exceeds0.5for0.00016%of SNP pairs and exceeds0.15for0.5%of pairs.These results suggest first that the QTL mapping resolution should be under500kb,and second that population structure in the MLs is unlikely to give rise to ghost QTL due to genotype correlations between chromosomes(see simulations).Consistent with other studies,we found that among the founders,mean R2decays within10kb(data not shown). The six generations of selfing used to generate each ML should produce genomes that are nearly homozygous.We identified32 regions of residual heterozygosity in29MLs,defined as loci spanning at least10SNPs(ranging in length from287kb to 2.8Mb)in which the density of heterozygotes exceeded50%.Six of these were more extensive regions spanning at least20SNPs, the largest spanning36SNPs.Thus,at the level of resolution visible by the current genotype density,only about1%of527ML exhibit residual heterozygosity,extending over about1%of their genomes.Therefore,for the purposes of QTL mapping,we neglected all heterozygous genotypes.QTL MappingThere are many statistical methods for mapping QTL in diallelic populations such as F2crosses,advanced intercrosses and RILs descended from two parents.These methods are optimized to exploit the simplicity of the diallelic genetics.However,the analysis of multi-parental populations requires a different approach,because single marker association or interval mapping can fail to detect a QTL if the causative alleles do notsegregate Figure 5.Distribution of the decay in mean LD(R2)as a function of distance between SNPs in the MLs.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g005Figure6.Genome-wide patterns of LD(R2)in the MLs.The chromosome boundaries are marked by black lines.The intensity of the LD between SNPs at loci x,y is indicated by the colour in the corresponding x,y coordinate,using the scale indicated in the legend.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g006between the founders in the same way as the individual markers[37].Furthermore,when mapping QTL in structured populations, as is the case here,the evidence for the existence of a QTL has to be considered in the context of other QTL which might explain some of the same component of variation[30].Population structure can produce long-range correlations between genotypes and hence‘‘ghost’’QTL,although the LD analysis suggests that the MAGIC population is relatively immune to this phenomenon. To deal with these issues,we apply three QTL mapping methods.The first two approaches use fixed-effects QTL models but accommodate population structure,in different ways,either by multiple-QTL modeling or by including random effects to explain correlations introduced by population structure.The third addresses the problem of the large number of parameters required in a fixed effects model,by introducing a hierarchical Bayesian random effects model.All approaches model the mosaic structure of the MAGIC genomes as described in[30,37,38]and implemented in the R package HAPPY.We also investigated the simple alternative of single-marker association,but the results are not presented in detail here.The genome scans from all methods can be viewed through our genome scan browser,at /arabidopsis/wwwqtl.cgi.In complex trait analysis,multiple QTL of small individual effect are expected to segregate,and the evidence supporting a given QTL will depend on which other QTL are included at the same time.The variation explained by different QTL can overlap,especially when there is significant population structure,and which can generate false positive‘‘ghost’’QTL.Therefore,evidence for each QTL is evaluated in the context of many different multiple QTL models in the three step process described in more detail in Materials and Methods.In the first step,a probabilistic reconstruction of the haplotype mosaic of each ML was calculated,taking into account information from multiple markers and the genetic ing a hidden Markov model,we computed the probability P LðÞis that the founder is s at the locus L for individual i.The maximum posterior m Li~max s P LðÞisn o measures the certainty of the reconstruction at a locus L for individual i;high certainty,when m Li&1,implies most of the probability is concentrated on a single founder.The mean of m Li across all SNPs and MLs is0.83,and m Li w0:8at72%of loci (Figure5B).Ambiguities generally occur near the chromosome boundaries and the centromeres.Figure5C and5D shows the probabilistic reconstruction of a typical line,ML-100,and shows that except near recombination breakpoints the identity of the founder haplotype is usually known with high probability.These results suggest that increasing the density of SNPs would not significantly improve the haplotype reconstruction,except possibly near the centromeres,where it is unclear if the loss of haplotypic diversity in Figure5A is genuine or is due to SNP ascertainment. The relatively high density of SNPs used here is already5–10times greater than for other RILs.In a second step,the genome is scanned for evidence for a QTL in each SNP interval using a fixed effects model,and ignoring the effects of other QTL.This corresponds to a standard genome scan. Simulations were used to estimate genome-wide thresholds for statistical significance when no QTL were present.We found that on average the genome-wide maximum logP MAX=2.8,and95% of scans satisfy logP MAX,3.52.Thus linkage disequilibrium causes the1255marker intervals that are tested to behave like about 102.8=630independent tests(as the expected most extreme p-value from N independent tests is1=N z1ðÞ.We used logP=3as a threshold in the multiple QTL modeling described below. Simulations also show that both the power to detect a QTL and the expected mapping resolution are weakest near the centromeres and chromosome ends,but are fairly uniform across the rest of the genome(Figure5E and5F).Both quantities also depend on the effect size of the QTL.For example,the power to detect a QTL accounting for10%of between-line phenotypic variance is close to 1except at the centromeres(overall median0.93)and the median mapping resolution(defined as the distance between the locations of the true and predicted QTL)is0.33Mb,whereas for a5% QTL the median power is0.52and resolution0.56Mb.Thus,as a guide to future QTL-mapping studies using the same number of ,460lines phenotyped here,the transition zone for reliable detection and fine-mapping lies between QTL effect sizes of5% and10%.Note that these are effect sizes for the mean phenotypic value over the replicates within each line,not the effect size in individual plants,so increasing the level of replication would improve the power to detect and fine-map QTL of small effect. We also investigated the power and accuracy that would be achievable if the complete MAGIC population of1026lines were used,by simulating an instance of the full cohort.We found the power to detect a QTL that explains5%of the variation increased to79%and the median mapping resolution was reduced to 0.29Mb.The corresponding figures for a QTL that explains10% of the variation were96%and0.19Mb.Because QTL effect size is not a direct measure of statistical significance(i.e.,the logP corresponding to a given effect size varies),the distribution of the width of QTL confidence intervals was modeled instead as a function of the peak height logP MAX at the locus(see Materials and Methods).Figure7shows the distributions for the mapping error(i.e.,half the width of the confidence interval)for a range of logP MAX values,and Table3 gives90%confidence intervals for the QTL mapped in this study. We also investigated whether QTL are likely to generate ‘‘ghosts’’on other chromosomes[39],from simulations with a single large-effect QTL explaining15%of the variance.The distribution of the maximum logP on chromosomes other than that containing the QTL was very close to that of the null model with no QTL,(data not shown)indicating thatinter-chromosomal Figure7.Distributions of the mapping error in QTL location for QTL in which logP MAX is5,10,15,or20.Each curve is estimated from simulations as described in Materials and Methods.The width of the corresponding confidence interval is twice the mapping error.The horizontal dashed lines cut the distributions at the50%(lower)and90% (upper)points.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000551.g007。