Argument

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Argument模板

argument终级模板:一般的argument都会包含的错误有:o将现在的情况跟几年前的情况作类比/对比;o不同地区间类比.o一份不详实,不可靠的调查,或研究,或数据.o提供的证据不足以支持观点.举例:the case of… adds great weight to this reasoning/a cogent example is that…如果:unless/provided that…假设:suppose that…比较:similarly, likewise, on the contrary总结:as indicated above, to put it briefly让步:indeed, nevertheless, although, despite of, it is true that…目的:for fear that, in order to因果:for the reason, thus, consequently, thereby两个城市的不同之处:o城市规模size,o通信系统communication systemo水与电力供给线water and power lineso公共基础设施public infrastructure.o人口population, 人口消费能力,消费习惯,o交通traffico运输transportation systemo商业贸易commercial tradeo政策policy m ade by governor/decision-m aker人与人之间的不同:o生活方式life styleo性别差异gender diversityo健康状况healtho职业occupationo年龄ageo个人爱好hobbyo性格character影响健康的因素o饮食dieto卫生sanitationo生活方式lifestyleo年龄ageo运动exerciseo生活环境living environmento体质physical condition影响特定地区经济的因素:o市场local econom ic m arketo政府财政状况government financeo服务及设施service, public infrastructureo环境气候climateo通货膨胀inflationo整体经济趋势general economic tendencyo投资invest m ent影响产品利润的因素:o从产品本身来说:•成本:cost•产品质量:quality•种类:category•销售额:saleo从客户来说:•客户满意度custom er satisfactiono从经营者来说:•广告:advertisement•经营策略business strategyo从整个经济形势来说:•整体经济趋势general economic tendency•通货膨胀inflation•市场local econom ic m arket•当地经济政策local economic policy m ade bygovernor/decision-m aker结论型开头：This argument concludes that ……… To bolster this assertion the argument’s proponent cites a study involving a group of(with respect to)/the fact that …… , along with the fact that …….. However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.建议型开头：In this xxx the author recommends that in order to ……… To support this recommendation the mayor points out that……… As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive.To begin with…Next,Additionally,Finally,地域差异：in asserting that the same phenomenon that caused xxxx in A would cause a similar xxx in B, the author relies on what might amount to an unfair analogy between B and A. Perhaps ………………. Without accounting for such differences, any analogy between the two xxx is meaningless, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified.过去的情况现在不一定成立：the author’s inference that the facts which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the last xxx years all conditions upon which their effectiveness have remained unchanged. Perhaps …………………Unless the author can convince me that these scenarios are unlikely I cannot accept the author’s recommendation that xxxxxx.关于调查数据：the author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. Unless the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall population of xxxx, the author cannot rely on it topredict ……. For all we know ………………; for that matter, perhaps the number of respondents was too low to ensure that they are typical of xxxx.If the questions were not leading or if the survey relied on self reports, the results might be unreliable -- people might just respond with the expected answers. Therefore, until these questions are answered, it is impossible to assess the validity and reliability of the survey.其他可能：the article fails to consider any other course of action that might help xxxxx do xxxxxxx. In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article’s claim that the论者没有为...提供任何信息the argument unfairly assumes that xxxxxx. The author provides no evidence that this is the case. Lacking such evidence it is entirely possible that xxxxxx. In short, without better evidence that xxxxx, the author cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions about xxxxxxx.以全概偏：the nationwide study showing that xxxxx would lend support to the author’s claim only if xxxx typify xxxx nationwide. However, the author provides no credible evidence that以偏概全：the author assumes that xxx’s xxx reflects those throughout xxx. However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case.虚假因果：the author fails to account for other possible causes of xxx. Xxxxxxxxx. Without ruling out these and other alternative explanations for xxx, the author cannot reasonably infer based on xxx.虚假比较：it is unfair to infer based solely on the comparison between A and B that A is better than B. The inference relies on the poor assumption that the comparative quality of two xxx, rather than some other phenomenon, was responsible for the comparative condition of the two xxx. Perhaps ……. In short, without showing that all other conditions in the two areas have been essentially the same, the author cannot convince me that ………..结尾：In conclusion, the xxx’s author fails to adequately support the recommendation that ……… To strengthen the argument, the author must provide dear evidence that ………. To better evaluate the argument, I would need information comparing/about …….分段结尾：Since the author has not accounted for these possibilities, the editorial’s recommendation cannot be taken seriously.Without providing further market information, it is difficult to assess the merit of the recommendation.。

英文学术写作核心词汇搭配（1）：argue,argument

英文学术写作核心词汇搭配（1）：argue,argument词汇，词汇，词汇！词汇的使用在英语写作中占据最重要的地位。

写作词汇与阅读或听力词汇是完全不同的。

一个单词你见到它知道它的意思，跟你会用这个单词是两回事。

所以，不要以为自己词汇量很大，就能写作一篇高水平的作文。

什么样的作文是高水平？首先，你要解决词汇搭配问题。

一个单词你真正掌握要经历两个阶段：1，通过语言输入过程记住了某个单词（字形，意义，发音）；2，在语言输出作业中，会用这个单词遣词造句。

当然，光会遣词造句还不是最高境界，最高境界是知道这个单词如何搭配。

（搭配其实就好比穿衣服，一袭长裙要跟什么样的腰带和头饰搭配才是得体的）这直接影响读者（或阅卷人）对你的写作水平的判断。

所以，要想写好英文写作，必须掌握词汇搭配。

写作词汇不要求多，但一定要精。

本讲只教两个单词：（1）argue [vi.] （争论）argue + ADV.～fiercely/furiously/heatedly/passionately（激烈争论）～ endlessly（无休止地论）～convincingly/persuasively/plausibly（有力的争辩）argue + PREP.～ for/in favor of（为支持…争辩）～ against（为反对…争辩）～ about/over（为了…争辩）典型例句：1. The children were arguing over which TV program to watch.（孩子们在为看哪个电视节目争吵。

）2. Baker argued against cutting the military budget.（贝克辩论反对缩减军费。

）（2）argument[n.] （论点，论据）ADJ. + argumentbasic ～（基本论点）general ～（总的论据）main/major～（主要论据）powerful/sound /strong～（强有力的论据）valid ～（有根据的论据）compelling～（令人信服的论据）conclusive～（决定性的论据）convincing/persuasive ～ (有说服力的论点)plausible～（貌似有力的论点）spurious ～（伪造的论点）tenuous ～（站不住脚的论据）flimsy ～（站不住脚的）weak ～（没有说服力的论据）balanced ～（稳妥的论据）logical ～（有逻辑的论据）rational/reasoned/sound/well-grounded ～（合理的论据）moral ～ (道德依据)political～（政治依据）theoretical～（理论依据）cogent/coercible ～（有说服力的论据）groundless ～（无根据的论点）irrefutable ～（不可反驳的论点）solid ～（确凿的论据）well-knit ～（组织严密的论据）VERB + argumentadvance/present/putforward ～（提出论点）develop ～（阐述论点）illustrate～（阐明论点）support ～（支持论点）underline～（强调论点）counter/refute～（反驳论点）dismiss/reject～（拒绝接受论点）accept/agreewith ～（接受论点）典型例句：1. Their argument sounds plausible but is it is not very convincing.（他们的论点听起来似乎有理但是却无法令人信服。

单词argument是什么意思

单词argument是什么意思单词argument是什么意思argument是很常用的一个单词，我们一定要知道它详细的中文意思。

下文是店铺为大家准备了英文单词argument包含的汉语意思，希望能对大家有所帮助!argument的意思英 [ˈɑ:gjumənt] 美 [ˈɑ:rgjumənt]第三人称复数：arguments名词论据; 争论，争吵; [数]幅角; 主题，情节相关例句名词1. He went over line after line of wise argument.他浏览了一行行高明的论证。

2. We must settle this by argument not by fighting.我们应当用说服而不是用打架来解决问题。

3. The argument among the two parties was blown up by the press.双方的'争论被新闻界夸大了。

4. I accepted his argument that taxation should be increased.我接受了他提出的应该增税的论点。

5. There are many arguments against smoking.有许多理由反对吸烟。

argument的词典解释1. 理由;论据;论点An argument is a statement or set of statements that you use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about something is correct.e.g. There's a strong argument for lowering the price...有充分理由要求降低价格。

e.g. The doctors have set out their arguments against the proposals...医生们已经陈述了他们反对这些提案的理由。

argument入门

猴哥 ARGUMENT写作快速入门第一节 ARGUMENT 写作特点Argument主要是要找到原文论断的逻辑错误（漏洞），然后，通过说出其它可能性，来攻击这些逻辑漏洞。

典型的论点：A地区（物种、人物）做了什么事情，得出一个结果。

B地区（物种、人物）如果也这样做，也可以得出这个结果。

ARGUMENT要求找到逻辑漏洞后，还要进行有根据的论证。

第二节 ARGUMENT模板第一段：1、归纳论点2、说明论点有问题。

3、准备发起进攻第二段：攻击论据（论据本身不成立）A有这样的结果，不一定是这个事情造成的。

（1、其它原因 2、因果倒置 3、原因的真实性）第三段攻击论证（类比不成立）A和B不同，A发生，B不一定可以发生。

（范围不同、作用程度不同、时间不同、主客观不同：人的主观能力、因果倒置、事物与外界联系、不是说的一个事、是否能类比、会不会发生化学反应而改变、偷换概念、饱和度、绝对数量和相对数量、参照物不同、有其他的改变、还需要其他的条件限制或起作用、量够不够、程度）B有自己的特点。

第四段B这样做，似乎是合理的，但是，通过论证，不是这样。

B在做出决定前，应该好好考虑一下其它的情况。

第三节 ARGUMENT主题阅读式备考法范例Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightlyduring the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.翻译：6个月前，Forestville地区提高了本地区公路上的最高时速限制，比原先提高了10公里。

argument 高考语法填空

高考语法填空题中的“argument”可以解释为“争论”或“论点”。

它通常指的是两个人或两个团体之间的争论或讨论，涉及到某个观点或问题的不同看法和意见。

在语法填空中，如果需要填写与“argument”相关的词汇，可以根据上下文选择合适的词语，例如“argue”（争论）、“debate”（辩论）、“disagree”（不同意）等。

例如，在句子“The two sides in the argument disagree about the best way to solve the problem.”中，“argument”指的是两方之间的争论，而“disagree”则表示他们对于解决问题的最佳方式持有不同的看法。

因此，在解答高考语法填空题时，需要认真阅读题目，理解上下文的意思，然后根据所学的语法和词汇知识选择正确的词语填写。

Argument综合整理

审题1.提示语有用吗？无攻击背景：where who2.无背景歧视原则：语义，常识，北京专业知识（术语）-> 不攻击审题四步走->UAECUnderstand 结论Analyze 逻辑性Evaluate 谬误Convey 准确性开头：结论+前提/证据+谬误（2~3句）1.可以引用题目，最好简写（主干/术语）2.不要歪曲前提3.自己分析一般现在式，引用原文时保留时态4.只能说观点站不住脚，不能说false，wrong5.谬误开放式罗列式e.g. The conclusion that…may mask other causes…Overlook the differences between … lead to/result in…结论段：1.作者未能有效支持自己的说法2.根据中间段落攻击的逻辑谬误指出如何在哪些方面纠错3.注意归纳中间段落而非照抄正文段：1.共计顺序逻辑层数（1）纵向｛从大前提开始一次让步攻击，逻辑链各个前提-让步语气｝◆The speaker unfairly assumed that…◆Even if… the speaker still…◆Even if… the speaker unfairly（2）横向: 并列或复合：除非层次太多/可以合并；否则都攻击段之间的连词：firstly further ，in addition，finally2.什么是必须攻击的逻辑链主线-> 完整审题3.是不是每个层次都要攻击：中间段落3-4段每段5句左右每层都要攻击4.是不是每个谬误都要攻击？a.明显谬误：频率谬误false analogyGeneralization语言明显：Cause-effect/survey篇幅明显: 短题整句；长题整层不能扔b.可以充分展开的谬误（5句）1.指出谬误2.解释谬误3.纠正谬误注意深度分析，不要堆砌空话和废话注意事项：不要歪曲原题1.忽略细节：（两句之间是否有信息差异=> 存在隐含条件）2.混淆并列和复合（无法分辨，以复合为主）3.事实-》解释-》结论的逻辑链Issue和Argument的区别。

argument和argue的例句

argument和argue的例句argument例句：1. I had an argument with my friend about politics.我和我的朋友就政治问题进行了争论。

2. They argued for hours about who should pay the bill.他们为谁应该付账而争论了几个小时。

3. She always argues with her parents about where to go on vacation.她总是和父母争论去哪里度假。

4. The couple argued until late into the night about their future plans.这对夫妇一直争论到深夜，关于他们的未来计划。

5. He argued that his work was not finished, but his boss disagreed.他争辩说他的工作还没有完成，但他的老板不同意。

6. We argued about the best way to solve the problem.我们就如何最好地解决这个问题进行了争论。

7. They argued over who should take out the trash.他们就谁应该把垃圾倒出去进行了争论。

8. My sister and I argued about what movie to watch.我和我妹妹就该看哪部电影进行了争论。

9. The two teams argued about a foul that was calledduring the game.两个队就比赛中的一个犯规进行了争论。

10. He argued that he deserved a raise, but his boss said no.他争辩说他应该得到加薪，但他的老板说不。

argument的用法及短语

argument的用法及短语"Argument" 是一个多义词，可以作为名词和动词使用，具体用法取决于上下文。

以下是"argument" 的主要用法和一些常见的短语：●名词用法：1.争论或辩论：例句：They had a heated argument about politics.翻译：他们就政治问题进行了激烈的争论。

2.理由或论点：例句：She presented a strong argument in favor of renewable energy.翻译：她提出了支持可再生能源的强有力论点。

3.数学或逻辑中的论证：例句：The mathematician provided a rigorous argument to prove the theorem.翻译：数学家提供了严密的论证来证明这个定理。

●动词用法：1.争论或辩论：例句：They were arguing about the best solution to the problem.翻译：他们在争论问题的最佳解决方案。

2.提出理由或论证：例句：The lawyer argued convincingly for the defendant's innocence.翻译：律师有力地为被告的清白辩护。

●常见短语：1.Settle an argument：解决争论。

例句：Let's try to settle the argument and find a compromise.2.Make an argument：提出论点。

例句：The author makes a compelling argument for environmental conservation.3.Have an argument with someone：与某人争吵。

例句：She had a heated argument with her colleague over the project.4.Strong argument：强有力的论点。

ARGUMENT

开头段1、让步+转折Merely based on the unfounded assumption/suspicious/dubious argument, the statement/ memo/arguer/author concluded…To support/strengthen … evidence1,2, in addition, cited the result in support of his…At first sight/glance,… Admittedly, this argument seems/appears to be somewhat convincing/ persuasive, but this…reveals that it omits some substantial …that should be addressed in the argument. From the logical perspective, this argument suffers from3 logical flaws.2、取非结构In this argument, the author concluded that…to support his conclusion. The author calls…, he infers that. representative/ typical. However, this does not constitute a logical argument in favor of this induction and fails to provide a convincing support making this sound and invulnerable.正文段Another problem that weakens the logic…Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in the argument. 结尾段To sum up/In general, the arguer fails to substantiate his point that… Because the evidence cited in the analysis lend small support for what the arguer maintains/insists. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide all information regarding/concerning/as to/ as for/ with regard to…He would have to demonstrate …Therefore, if the argument had included the assumed/provided/given factors, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.各个逻辑错误。

Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理

Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理Argument模板和美丽句型的整理,我们一起学习一下吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

Argument模板和美丽句型的整理开头试验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应当干吗依据观看和现象自己改正依据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法依据猜测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应当干吗依据其他州的状况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidatethe generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验)How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：(平均值)The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between(试验的数据不行靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits afallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is arepresentative market of the whole markets.试验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happierliving in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals.One year ago we introduced our first product, Bargain Brand breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companiesproducing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a profit. Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible.The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student aware of its reputation. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so that students typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment, and its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the best known and most highly paid musicians in the nation.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.Membership in Oak City‘s Civic Club-a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues-should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work-in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It isimportant to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City‘s Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City‘s Club in the last ten years.The following appeared in the annual report from the president of the National Brush Company.In order to save money, we at the National Brush Company have decided to pay our employees for each brush they produce instead of for the time they spend producing brushes. We believe that this policy will lead to the production of more and better brushes, will allow us to reduce our staff size, and will enable the company factories to operate for fewer hours-resulting in savings on electricity and security costs. These changes will ensure that the best workers keep their jobs and that the company will earn a profit in the coming year.The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each ofthe last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience ‘unbearable.‘ Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious-an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction.The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee-a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the Easy Read course.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.From a letter to the editor of a city newspaper.One recent research study has indicated that many adolescents need more sleep than they are getting, and another study has shown that many high school students in our city are actually dissatisfied with their own academic performance. As a way of combating these problems, the high schools in our city should begin classes at 8:30 A.M. instead of 7:30 A.M., and end the school day an hour later. This arrangement will give students an extra hour of sleep in the morning, thereby making them more alert and more productive. Consequently, the students will perform better on tests and other assignments, and their academic skills will improve significantly.Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who still ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish margarine from butter, or they use the term butter to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast andnortheast as well.Many employees of major United States corporations are fearful that they will lose their jobs in the near future, but this fear is largely unfounded. According to a recent study, a majority of companies expected to make new hires in the coming year, while fewer companies expected to lay off employees. In addition, although it is very disturbing to be laid off, the proliferation of programs and of workshops designed to improve job-finding skills has made being laid off far less painful than it once was.In the Bayhead Public Library, books that are rarely borrowed continue to take up shelf space year after year, while people who want to read a recent novel frequently find that the library‘s only copy is checked out. Clearly, the library‘s plan to replace books that are borrowed no more than once a year with sufficient copies of more recent books will solve this problem. The protest we have heard since this plan was made public has come from a small, and thus unrepresentative, group of some thirty people and so should therefore be ignored.Argument模板和美丽句型的整理。

Argument必用词汇,句型及模式

词汇：声称，得出结论：conclude, assert, allege, contend论断,结果：conclusion, assertion, result, (recommendation)说明，显示出：illustrate, demonstrate, indicate, imply, be an indication of, be an implication of, suggest, reflect证明，支持：prove, substantiate, justify, lend support to, bolster推理，推论：inference, reasoning, deductionspeculate, reason, infer that……from……, deduce解释：explain, be an explanation for, account for考虑到：consider, take into account确定：confirm, assure, identify排除：rule out, exclude代表：represent, stand for, be representative of由……组成：consist of喜欢，倾向于：be inclined to, incline to, be fond of加强：enhance, strengthen, reinforce破坏：undermine, damage引用：quote, cite, note至于：regarding, as for按照：according to, in accordance with就……而言：in terms of一定，必然，绝对：definitely, necessarily, inevitable, inevitably, absolutely可信的：cogent, convincing, convincible, sound, persuasive, credible, reliable, warranted cogency, persuasion, credibility精确：precisely, accurately, exactly充分的：adequate, sufficient, plenty必要的：necessary, indispensablenecessity不可信的，可疑的：unconvincing, inconvincible, incredible, soundless, groundless, dubious, open to doubt, doubtful, problematic, questionable, indefensible, unreliable, unfounded, unwarranted, invalid, unpersuasive, misleading真实的：true, authenticity (authentic), justifiable, veracity (真话)不充分的，欠缺的：inadequate, insufficient, vague, scant具体的：concrete, detail缺乏：in absence of, lacking, in short of依托于：rest on, depend on前提假设：assumption, assume, premise, conjecture, hypothesis与……一致：be consistent with因果关系词：因为：because, since, for, result from, owing to, due to所以：so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently相关：correlation因果关系：causal relationship, causality导致：lead to, result in源于：lie in, in that转折关系词：虽然：though, although, while, whereas但是：but, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless尽管：despite, in spite of而不是：rather than, instead相反：by contrast, in contrast条件关系词：只要：as long as, providing, provided, on condition (conj)只有：only条件：condition, experimental condition无论：regardless of whether, no matter what/how, whatever, however, soever (adv)比率：rate, ratio, percentage, portion重要：important, crucial, significant, importance, significance, indispensable不重要：dispensable, insignificant, unimportant复杂的：sophisticated, complex, complicated部分地：partially事与愿违的：counterproductive有害,不方便：harmful, inconvenient无害：harmless有好处：benefit, benefit from为了：for the sake of关于：with regard to, concerning, in regards to统计，数据，调查：statistics, statistically, data, survey, investigation, study, demographic, statistical integrity方面：respect, aspect, ground, facet评价，评估：evaluate, assess, appraise类比：analogy, analogical deduction推广：generalize hastily基于：be based on, be on the basis of按实际情况来说：as it stands如下：as follows种类：sort, kind, variety, type多样：diverse, varieties of几个搭配：problematic result, indefensible conclusion, gratuitous inference (assumption)一组词汇：effect 结果，影响effective 有效的effectiveness 效用affect 影响influent 流入的influence 影响（v，n）句型：因果关系：1: Comprehensive analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of2: The arguer’s reasoning linking A with B seems reasonable on the surface.3: The fact that A happened after B accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the causalrelationship between them.4: The correlation between A and B (coincidence) is not a good indication of the causal relationship between them.5: Accordingly, ***6: reach the conclusion that ***让步句式：1: The fact that ***, while ***, ***2: Though ***, ***, nevertheless, ***3: It is true that ***; however, ***4: Conceding that ***, *** nevertheless ***5: Admitting that ***; in fact, ***6: Admittedly, ***; however, ***7: In spite of ***, ***, though.8: Reasonable as this assertion seems, it rests on the dubious reasoning.错误假设：1: The argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that ***2: The fundamental assumption that *** depends on the questionable fact that ***3: The assumption requires more concrete evidence and is not justified by the facts so far available.错误类比：1: impose the restriction that *** on ***2: The two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction / comparability草率推广：1: Unless all other conditions potentially affecting *** remains constant, it is unwarranted that ***.2: While it is true that ***, this is not true for ***3: the generalization on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases.条件:1: have the similar condition 条件相似2: in this condition 在这样的条件下3: in conditions of 在……条件下4: in this situation 在这种场合5: under the circumstances 在这种情况下其他句型：1: fail to account for the possibility that *** / alternative explanations2: How much heavier is it than *** （提问比较级）3: Men cover 20% of them.4: What is the ratio of ***?5: What is the percentage of the group covered by men?6: As an indication of ***, the author cites ***.7: Coincide with ***8: Without ruling out the alternative explanations above, ***9: The survey conducted by the scholars is not demographically (statistically) reliable.10: Close scrutiny of the evidence the author cites reveals that this argument is not cogent as itstands.11: Though well presented by the argument, the evidence ***补充句式1: There is no logical justification for ***2: In light of a variety of alternative explanations, the causal relationship between A and B is at least partially undermined.3: There are a great number of possibilities, failed to be considered, such as ***4: The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant the further assertion that ***.承接：Incidentally, *** 顺便说Aside from the foregoing fallacies, ***In factActuallyNor does/is ***The same is true that ***first of all, firstly, secondly, on the one hand, on the other hand, additionally, furthermore, moreover结尾段：引导词：in sum, to sum up, in summary, all in all, in a word, consequently句式：1: The foregoing logical fallacies render this argument lacking persuasion (cogency, credibility) 2: The logical flaws above reveals this argument is open to doubt.3: To better evaluate it, I would need to know ***4: To find the exact cause of ***, further examination should be conducted.5: Conduct a thorough investigation6: As it stands, this argument suffers from the logical flaws above, which render it unconvincing on the former grounds (in the former respects).模式：1：北美范文式结构开头：一句话引用论据和结论，再用一句指出错误，引出下文中间：针对各个逻辑错误分段论证，每一段里：指出错误——举反例，列他因——总结结尾：再次指出论证的不完善，然后提出改进方案。

argument参数

argument参数
Argument参数是传递给程序或函数的值或变量。

在编程中，参数被
用于向函数或方法传递数据。

当函数被调用时，参数的值可以被传递并被
使用。

在许多编程语言中，参数有不同的类型和名称，例如整数，字符串、
布尔值等。

函数可以有任意数量的参数，并且也可以有默认值。

在函数中，参数可以被使用来实现特定的操作或计算。

在一些编程语言中，函数可以使用“可变长参数列表”来接收不定数
量的参数。

同时，函数也可以返回一个或多个值作为结果。

某些函数可能
会改变传递给它们的参数的值，这些称为「有状态的函数」。

总结来说，参数是在编程中非常重要的概念，它是实现函数或方法的
计算的方式之一。

对于程序员来说，理解参数如何使用以及如何传递非常
重要。

Argument 笔记大全

Argument 核心词汇：questionable(有疑问的), fallacious( [fəˈleɪʃəs] 谬误的，不合理的), unconvincing(没有说服力的)，open to doubt （值得怀疑），unfounded（无事实根据的），be biased against , unwarranted([ʌnˈwɔ:rəntɪd]没有根据的，无正当理由的)，indefensible（无法防御的，站不住脚的），groundless（无理由的，无根据的），problematic（成问题的，有疑问的），unsounded（未经探测的，深度未明的），untenable（难以防守的，站不住脚的），unreliable（不可靠的，不可信任的），dubious（[ˈdubiəs]半信半疑的，可疑的），unpersuasive（无说服力的），flawed（有缺陷的）, unsubstantiated([,ʌnsəb'stænʃi,eitid] adj. 未经证实的; 没有事实根据的)一、开头(一)直接陈述式1、转述题目中的中心结论The author concludes that …This speaker draws the conclusion that …In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that…2、转述题目对该结论的支持言论或解释The reasons offered to support this conclusion ar e that …To support this conclusion, the speaker claims that …H is evidence is that …3、指出题目不具备说服力This argument suffers from several critical problems and is therefore unfounded.This line of reasoning is open doubt for a couple of reasons.This argument is biased because the author oversimplifies the problem and its solutions .(二)建议式1、转述题目中的建议This arguments advises/ suggests /recommends that…The advice /suggestion / proposal / recommendation endorsed in argument is that …2、转述该建议的根据The reason cited are that …The basis for this recommendation is that …In support of this reason the author cites these for statistics:3、指出题目是不具备说服力的The reasoning in this argument is problematic in several critical respects.A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.This argument is fraught with（充满）vague (模糊的), oversimplified and unwarranted claims.This argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions , which render it indefensible.二、文章主体部分(一)基本结构逻辑连接词+驳斥分析1、逻辑连接词首先：in the first place/ to begin / start withA threshold problem with the argument includes…The chief /major /primary problem with the argument is …其次：furthermore/ moreover/ in addition / what is moreAnother point worth considering is that …Another problem that weakens / undermines the logic of最后：in the end / in the final analysisThe last problem with the argument is that it unfairly infers that …A final problem involves the assertion is that …2、驳斥分析1)列出错误的说法●作者说：The author (unfairly / falsely) assumes /assets /claims /states /advocates / implies / infers/reasons that …●题目的其中一个问题是：A problem with the argument is that it unfairly infers / deduces that …●作者……的说法/想法/做法是不可信的：The speaker’s claim/ idea /solution concerning … is not compelling(令人信服的) / well-reasoned（合乎逻辑的）/reliable （可信赖的）/persuasive（能说服的）2)分析该说法的思路或理由●作者的理由/证据是……The author’s reason / evidence /proof is that …●作者的推理过程是……The line of reasoning / inference of this argument is that …●作者这个说法基于一个理由……The editorial relies a(an) supposition / assumption that …3)指出该说法不具备说服力●但是，作者的推理是站不住脚的。

参数（parameter）和变量（argument）的区别

参数（parameter）和变量（argument）的区别（Argument is the actual value of this variable that gets passed to function. argument变量是传给⽅法的实际数据,即实参；parameter参数是⼀个⽅法所定义的变量，即形参；变量variable在函数定义中出现的参数可以看做是⼀个占位符，它没有数据，只能等到函数被调⽤时接收传递进来的数据，所以称为形式参数，简称形参。

函数被调⽤时给出的参数包含了实实在在的数据，会被函数内部的代码使⽤，所以称为实际参数，简称实参。

形参和实参的功能是传递数据，发⽣函数调⽤时，实参的值会传递给形参。

形参和实参有以下⼏个特点：形参变量只有在函数被调⽤时才会分配内存，调⽤结束后，⽴刻释放内存，所以形参变量只有在函数内部有效，不能在函数外部使⽤。

实参可以是常量、变量、表达式、函数等，⽆论实参是何种类型的数据，在进⾏函数调⽤时，它们都必须有确定的值，以便把这些值传送给形参，所以应该提前⽤赋值、输⼊等办法使实参获得确定值。

实参和形参在数量上、类型上、顺序上必须严格⼀致，否则会发⽣“类型不匹配”的错误。

当然，如果能够进⾏⾃动类型转换，或者进⾏了强制类型转换，那么实参类型也可以不同于形参类型。

函数调⽤中发⽣的数据传递是单向的，只能把实参的值传递给形参，⽽不能把形参的值反向地传递给实参；换句话说，⼀旦完成数据的传递，实参和形参就再也没有⽠葛了，所以，在函数调⽤过程中，形参的值发⽣改变并不会影响实参。

）形参：proc过程被定义时的参数称为形参，它没有数据只是个占位符。

但它毕竟也是个参数所以它也是个变量，可以在过程内部当成变量使⽤。

实参：当proc过程被调⽤的时候所使⽤的数据称为实参。

当函数被调⽤时，数值的传递是单向的，只能从实参à形参。

2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析

2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析argument 的中文意思名词1.[C,U]争论，争吵，争辩，辩论2.可数名词：论据，理由，论点3.不可数名词：辩论单词分析这组名词均有“争执、不和”之意。

controversy侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。

argument指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。

conflict指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。

debate通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。

dispute普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。

quarrel普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。

strife指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。

英语解释a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreementa fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is truea discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposala variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variablea summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie例句Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, `I am older than you, and must know better'你瞧，爱丽丝已经同鹦鹉辩论了好长时间了，最后鹦鹉生气了，一个劲儿地说:“我比你年龄大，也就肯定比你知道得多。

arguement 常用语句

"arguement" 这个词语看起来可能是拼写错误，我猜测你可能是想问"argument" 的常用语句。

"Argument" 是英语中的一个常见词汇，它表示"论点" 或"论证"。

在写作或口语中，我们经常使用一些与argument 相关的常用语句来表达我们的观点或反驳他人的观点。

以下是一些例子：1. "My argument is that..." 我的论点是...2. "The main argument in favor of this policy is..." 支持这项政策的主要论点是...3. "The strength of this argument lies in its ability to..." 这个论点的优势在于其能够...4. "The weakness of this argument is its failure to consider..." 这个论点的弱点在于其没有考虑到...5. "In反驳这个观点，我们可以提出以下论点..." 在反驳这个观点时，我们可以提出以下论点...6. "This argument is fallacious because it忽视/忽略了..." 这个论点是谬误的，因为其忽视/忽略了...7. "The evidence/fact/data supports/contradicts this argument." 证据/事实/数据支持/反驳了这个论点。

8. "The argument is based on/founded on..." 这个论点是基于/建立在...之上。

9. "The argument assumes that..." 这个论点假定...10. "The argument is valid/invalid." 这个论点是有效的/无效的。

argument用法和搭配 -回复

argument用法和搭配-回复Argument用法和搭配引言：在日常生活和学术领域中，我们常常需要进行论述和辩论，这就要求我们有效地使用argument（论点、论证）来支持自己的观点。

本文将详细介绍argument的用法和搭配，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一概念。

第一部分：argument的定义和基本特点Argument是一种通过提供理由或证据来支持某种观点或主张的辩论形式。

它通常由三个要素组成：论点（claim）、理由（reasons）和证据（evidence）。

论点是我们要表达或证明的观点或主张，理由是支持论点的论证部分，证据则是用来支持理由的具体数据或事实。

第二部分：argument的类型和形式在论述时，我们可以使用不同类型和形式的argument。

以下是几种常见的argument形式：1.归纳论证（inductive argument）：基于特定的事实或案例，推导出一般性的结论。

例如：大量研究表明，运动有益于身心健康，因此我们每天都应该坚持运动。

2.演绎论证（deductive argument）：从一般性原理推导出特殊性结论。

例如：所有人类都会死亡，小明是人类，所以小明会死亡。

3.拟议论证（hypothetical argument）：建立在假设或推测的前提上，通过推理得出结论。

例如：如果我们实行更多的环保政策，那么我们的环境将更加清洁和健康。

第三部分：argument的搭配和运用在使用argument时，我们需要注意搭配和运用的方式。

以下是几种常见的argument搭配和运用：1.转折（counterargument）：在陈述自己的论点之前，我们可以先阐述对方的观点，并提出相反的理由。

这样做可以增加辩论的复杂性和说服力。

例如：尽管有人认为科技会令人类失业，但科技的发展也会创造更多新的工作岗位。

2.并列（parallel argument）：在论述时，我们可以使用多个理由或证据来支持同一个论点，从而增强说服力。

2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析

2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语词汇：argument 的中文翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯! 2020考研英语词汇：argument的中文翻译解析 argument的中文意思名词 1.[C,U]争论，争吵，争辩，辩论 2.可数名词：论据，理由，论点 3.不可数名词：辩论单词分析这组名词均有“争执、不和”之意。

controversy侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。

argument指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。

conflict指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。

debate通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。

dispute普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。

quarrel普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。

strife指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。

英语解释 a contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong disagreement a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie 例句 Indeed, she had quite a long argument with the lory, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, `I am older than you, and must know better' 你瞧，爱丽丝已经同鹦鹉辩论了好长时间了，最后鹦鹉生气了，一个劲儿地说:“我比你年龄大，也就肯定比你知道得多。