9-English abstract

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英文摘要怎么写

英文摘要怎么写
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• Eliminating all repetitions.
Sometimes a statement is repeated for emphasis. This is not necessary in a summary
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Using phrases instead of clauses or sentences.
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Making a fair copy:
In order to escape the bees, the driver drove away quickly and after some time arrived in London. Parking his car outside a hotel, he went in to have a drink. When he was told that his car was covered with bees, the driver telephoned the police. A bee-keeper was sent for and soon found the queen bee near the wheels. He took the queen and the bees home in a box and the driver then drove away in peace. (80 words)
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In a short time, the beekeeper arrived. He found the unwelcome passenger hidden near the wheels at the back of the car. Very grateful to the motorist for this unexpected gift, the keeper took the queen and her thousands of followers home in a large box. Equally grateful, the motorist drove away in peace, at last free from the “black cloud” which had hung over his car (192 words)

英文abstract范文

英文abstract范文

英文abstract范文Title: The Impact of Technological Innovations on Modern Education Systems.Abstract:The present study delves into the profound influence of technological advancements on modern education systems, exploring both the opportunities and challenges they pose. The analysis begins by tracing the historical evolution of educational technology, from the advent of the printing press to the current era of digital transformation. This progression has reshaped the landscape of education, making learning more accessible, interactive, and personalized.The emergence of digital tools and platforms has revolutionized teaching methods, allowing instructors to engage students through interactive lectures, simulations, and online discussions. The use of learning analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances thepersonalization of learning experiences, as they enable teachers to tailor their approaches to individual student needs and preferences. These technological advancements have also expanded the reach of education, breaking down geographical barriers and connecting learners from diverse backgrounds.However, the integration of technology into education systems has not been without its challenges. Onesignificant concern is the digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and its associated resources among different social and economic groups. This divide can exacerbate existing educational disparities, limiting the potential of technological advancements to transform education for all.Moreover, the widespread use of digital tools raises concerns about privacy and security. The collection and analysis of personal data, while essential for personalized learning, must be balanced with the need to protect student privacy. Additionally, the ethical implications of AI-powered decision-making in education, such as automatedgrading and admissions processes, must be carefully considered.Despite these challenges, the potential of technological innovations to improve education systems remains significant. The future of education lies in harnessing the power of technology to create inclusive, equitable, and innovative learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of students. To achieve this, it is crucial to address the digital divide, prioritize data privacy and security, and ensure ethical implementation of AI and other emerging technologies.The present study contributes to the ongoing discussion about the role of technology in education by providing a comprehensive analysis of its impacts and implications. It offers insights into the opportunities and challenges presented by technological advancements, highlighting the need for a balanced approach that addresses both the potential benefits and risks associated with theintegration of technology into modern education systems.。

Lecture 9

Lecture 9

Lecture 9Thesis WritingⅠ. The structure of a thesisGenerally speaking, a thesis consists of the following parts:1) title in English; 2) title in Chinese; 3) abstract and key words in English; 4) abstract and key words in Chinese; 5) Introduction / literature review; 6) body; 7) conclusion; 8) notes; 9) bibliography; 10) acknowledgements (including the writer’s signature)Ⅱ. How to write the abstract and the key words of the thesis1. What is abstract?1) The abstract is a summary of thesis. It provides information concerning the following aspects: the purpose of the study, the research questions to be addressed, the subjects involved, the instruments to be used to collect the data, the procedures for collecting and analyzing the data, the findings and conclusion. (linguistics and second language acquisition)2. 毕业论文摘要的书写方法和技巧1) 论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方。

小学上册第14次英语第三单元真题

小学上册第14次英语第三单元真题

小学上册英语第三单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.Which of these is a type of measurement?A. LengthB. ColorC. ShapeD. Size2.The __________ (历史的动态变化) shape perceptions.3.He is going to the ___. (store)4.The elephant is a large ______ (animal).5.We are going to a ______ (festival) in the city.6.What is the name of the famous artist known for his abstract paintings?A. PicassoB. Van GoghC. Da VinciD. MonetA7.The _____ (teacher/student) is happy.8.What is the name of the famous river that runs through Egypt?A. AmazonB. NilC. MississippiD. YangtzeB9.What is the capital of Slovenia?A. LjubljanaB. MariborC. CeljeD. KranjA10.The ______ is home to many fish.11.I can ______ a bike. (ride)12.The first emperor of China was _______ Shi Huang.13.The _____ is a bright star that can be seen from Earth.14.What do we call the study of living things?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. Astronomy15.The ______ teaches us about drama.16.They are ___ a race. (running)17. A solution is made up of a solute and a _____.18.The __________ (历史的社区) foster collective memory.19.I enjoy hiking in the mountains to see stunning ______ (风景).20.What is the opposite of 'thin'?A. SmallB. FatC. NarrowD. Slim21.The ________ (环境教育) raises awareness.22.The _____ (小猪) loves to play in the mud.23.What is the hardest rock?A. GraniteB. MarbleC. DiamondD. QuartzC24.We built a castle with our ________ (玩具名称).25.The cake is very ______ (sweet).26.What is the term for a young fish?A. FryB. CalfC. PupD. ChickA Fry27.The _____ (pen/pencil) is on the desk.28. A _______ is a state of matter where particles are close together but can slide past each other.29.I enjoy learning about ______ in school.30.I love exploring historical landmarks to learn about past __________.31.My uncle is a ______. He builds houses.32.The process of a solid changing directly to a gas is called _____.33. A mixture can often be ______ by physical means.34.What is the opposite of big?A. SmallB. TallC. HugeD. LargeA35.The stars are ___ (twinkling) at night.36.Which word means "not heavy"?A. LightB. DarkC. HeavyD. StrongA Light37.What do we call the hard outer covering of an egg?A. ShellB. YolkC. WhiteD. AlbumenA Shell38.The ______ (果汁) of some fruits is very refreshing.39.The Earth's surface is composed of various geological ______.40.小猫) likes to play with balls of yarn. The ___41.My favorite dessert is ________ (水果沙拉).42.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. WaterB. FlourC. SugarD. SaltB43.The ________ makes honey.44.The main component of ATP is _____.45.I enjoy drawing pictures of ________.46.How many days are in a week?A. 5B. 7C. 10D. 1247.Carbon dioxide is produced when we ______.48.Which word means "to look at something closely"?A. StareB. GlanceC. PeekD. GazeD49.He is ___ his homework. (finishing)50.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is ______.51.The element with atomic number is __________.52.The ____ hops around and has big, floppy ears.53.The ______ studies the environment.54.The first book printed using movable type was the _______. (古登堡圣经)55.Which animal can fly?A. FishB. DogC. BirdD. Cat答案:C56.How many days are there in a week?一周有多少天?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightC57.Which fruit is known for being very juicy and sweet, and is often eaten in summer?A. AppleB. WatermelonC. BananaD. OrangeB58.What is the name of the fairy tale character who leaves a glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. Sleeping BeautyD. Little Red Riding Hood59.The __________ (历史的理解过程) involves critical thinking.60.The chemical processes in nature are essential for maintaining _____.61.The _______ (小老虎) prowls through the jungle.62.Reactants are the starting materials in a _____.63.The chemical formula for strontium carbonate is _______.64.He is studying for his ___. (exam)65.What do we call the bright display of lights seen in the northern sky?A. Aurora BorealisB. Northern LightsC. Southern LightsD. Star ShowerA Aurora Borealis66.What do we call the act of making something happen?A. CreationB. InnovationC. ProductionD. ActionD67.What is the currency used in the USA?A. EuroB. DollarC. YenD. PoundB68. A reaction that produces light is called a ______ reaction.69.The leaves of the tree are __________ (绿色) in summer.70.The __________ (化学稳定性) of a substance refers to its resistance to change.71.The ______ (蜜蜂) help in pollination.72. A __________ is a geological feature shaped by wind erosion.73.The _______ (小豹) is very fast when it hunts.74.What do you call the hard outer covering of an egg?A. ShellB. MembraneC. YolkD. AlbumenA75.My family enjoys having ________ (周末聚会) together.76. A chemical reaction can be represented using a ______ equation.77.The __________ (历史的复杂性) makes it a fascinating subject to study.78.The _______ (The Space Race) led to significant advancements in technology.79.What is the capital city of Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. GizaD. LuxorA80.The main use of chlorine in water treatment is to kill ______.81. A chemical reaction can produce heat, light, or ______.82.The chemical formula for carbon monoxide is ______.83.The chemical formula for ammonium dichromate is __________.84.Which animal is known for its ability to swim?A. SparrowB. ElephantC. DolphinD. Cheetah85.ts can reproduce through ______ (无性繁殖). Some pla86.I love _____ (巧克力) for dessert.87.The geese honk when they _______ (飞).88.The __________ (历史的心灵) resonate with generations.89. A _______ is a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed.90.The dog barks ___. (loudly)91.The ____ lives in a den and is cunning.92.What do we call a young lion?A. CubB. PuppyC. KittenD. Calf93.What is the main language spoken in the United States?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German94.The ____ is a friendly pet that loves to be around people.95.The ____ is often seen leaping from branch to branch.96.My dad brings home ____.97.In which country is the Great Pyramid located?A. GreeceB. EgyptC. ChinaD. IndiaB98.Which planet is known as the Blue Planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. JupiterB99. A gas that is lighter than air is called a ______ gas. 100.How many months have 28 days?A. 1B. 2C. 12D. 0。

毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)

毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)

毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)First and foremost, I would like to give my sinceregratitude to my distinguished andrespectable supervisor, Prof. Qi Yuanfang, for his all-along supports during not only theresearch process, but the whole post-graduate year. He is the one who gives me inspiration ofthe thesis topic, enlightens me empirical method helps me conduct teaching e某periment, andinstructs me analyzing approaches. I have to say that this thesis is born from his insightfulinstructions and warm encouragement.Secondly, I also own my appreciation to Prof, Gongrong who gives me a lot ofinspiration, insightful advice and instructions.Last but not least, I would like to e某tend my thanks to the students participating in thisresearch for their patient corporation.Secondly, I will also e某press my sincere gratitude toother professor and teacherswho had give me constructive suggestion to my thesis and thanks to them forinstructing me to construct my knowledge in English teaching in the past two and a halfyears.Thirdly, I want to thank all my affectionate classmates and friends. During the twoa half years' study and the writing ofthis thesis, they have given me a lot of support andencouragement in their own ways.At last, I will give the deepest gratitude to my family for their regretless supportand love to me.Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: "you love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of care".Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruo某in, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.论文题目:On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its TranslationKey words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects论文题目:On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional EquivalenceIn our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to e某press the ideas of the original works and realize the goalfor sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elementsFirst and foremost, I would like to e某press my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andan某ieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.During the three years of study, Wang Xu, Liu Qianjun, Tan Chengrong, Li Zongquan, Ho, Fan Juan, Kong Fangong, Wang Jian, Ma Minjiang, Wang Xiwen, Huang Youhe, Xu Lili, Mo Jialin, Guo Sanchuan, Li Jianwen, Zhong Zehui, Yang Qifeng, Liu Mengru, Yin Tanwei, Zhang Chun, Liu Ruiheng, Tu Qiliang, Hui, Zhuo Yu, Zhang Chengfeng, Xue Bing, Jiang Shoule Zhang Xiaochao, He Zhuoya, Liang Dongmei, Li Qiang, Liu Hao, Liu Chuanfu, Yu Dongmei, Lai Yurong, Chi Congcong, Cheng Xiaolian, Shi Haiqiang, Wang Shaoguang, and younger brother of care and help, to e某press deep gratitude. Without their help and support, there is no way to finish my Ph. D. Thesis. Friendship between students willlast forever.论文题目:On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of FunctionalismAbstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of te某ts and translations. And the four importantrepresentatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –?to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.ABSTRACTKey words: Anna; Jane Eyre; female doctrine。

英文论文写作与投稿经验

英文论文写作与投稿经验
mandrel on the 3 direction.
The simulation of cold expansion was carried out by changing the
position of mandrel on the 3 direction.
The simulation of cold expansion was carried out by the change of the
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Reference的引用方式
用“作者+年份”表示
Hwang et al. (2005) indicated that…… It has been proven that……(Hwang et al., 2005). 最大优点是:有新的文献要插入时,不必重新编号
(Hwang, 2003), (Hwang & Lin, 2003), (Hwang et al. 2004) 建议在论文整理阶段采用此方式;大多SSCI/TSSCI 期刊采用这种格式
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Abstract
内容:简介的浓缩版 字数:200-300字 包含
研究动机(motivation) 研究目的(问题的描述) 研究方法(概念性的描述) 研究成果(试验结果及贡献)
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Introduction
内容:整篇文章的浓缩版 字数:500-1000字 包含
using countersunk bolt.
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注意用词和语法Leabharlann 数值计算结果 × Numerical value calculation result Numerical result 焊接区,焊接件
Welding zone, welded part

(上传)学术论文英文摘要的写作-English

(上传)学术论文英文摘要的写作-English
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第8页,共35页。
Because of its importance, the Abstract has acquired a very rigid structure used by most writers.
In order to find out what this structure is, we look at an Abstract of a research paper from the Journal of Asian Pacific Communication and then ask a number of questions.
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第11页,共35页。
(4) The study showed that, with proper training, Chinese students could quickly adapt to a student-centred approach, and also provide rich and useful feedback on the writing of their peers. (5) This study has promising implications for educational contexts where students are considered passive learners, teacher-centred learning is the norm, or the process approach to writing faces daunting challenges to its implementation.
4
第4页,共35页。
Because of its importance in academic writing, a research paper has a special form/format that has to be followed if one is to get a good grade from the instructor marking the paper or have the paper published/accepted.

学术英语写作课件9 Writing Abstract

学术英语写作课件9 Writing Abstract

Simple present
P108 Example In separate paragraphs
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complimented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing. Findings – The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance. Research limitations/implications – The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis. Practical implications – In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors. Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.

abstract是什么意思

abstract是什么意思

abstract是什么意思abstract,他有几种词性?有形容词之外,还有哪些呢?下面店铺为大家带来abstract是什么意思,欢迎大家一起学习!abstract的英语音标英 [ˈæbstrækt] 美 [ˈæbˌstrækt]abstract的时态过去分词: abstracted 复数: abstracts 过去式: abstracted 现在分词: abstractingabstract的意思adj. 抽象的,理论上的; 难解的; 抽象派的; 茫然的;n. 抽象概念; 抽象派艺术作品; 摘要; [化]萃取物;vt. 提取,分离; 转移(注意等); 概括,摘录; <婉辞>剽窃; abstract的近义词n. [图情]摘要;抽象;抽象的概念brief , summary , resumeadj. 抽象的;深奥的deep , nonobjectivevt. [图情]摘要;提取;使……抽象化extract , briefabstract的同根词词根: abstractadj.abstracted 心不在焉的;出神的;分离出来的;抽出的abstractionist 抽象派艺术的abstractive 摘要式的;具有抽象能力的adv.abstractly 抽象地;理论上地abstractedly 茫然地;抽象地;心不在焉地n.abstraction 抽象;提取;抽象概念;空想;心不在焉abstractionism 抽象派艺术;抽象主义理论abstractionist 抽象派艺术家;理想主义者abstractor 萃取器;[图情] 摘录者abstract的词语辨析abstract, summary, resume, digest, outline这组词都有“摘要、概要、概括”的意思,其区别是:abstract 指论文、书籍等正文前的内容摘要,尤指学术论文或法律文件的研究提要。

英语九年级全一册1-4单元范文

英语九年级全一册1-4单元范文

英语九年级全一册1-4单元范文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: Exploring the Themes in Units 1-4 of English Grade Nine Full BookIntroduction:English Grade Nine Full Book covers a wide range of themes and topics in its first four units. From friendship and family to technology and the environment, students are exposed to various aspects of everyday life through reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities. In this essay, we will explore the themes in Units 1-4 of the coursebook and analyze how they relate to the students' lives and learning experiences.Unit 1: Friendship and CommunicationThe first unit in the coursebook focuses on the theme of friendship and communication. Students learn how to express their opinions, emotions, and ideas in a clear and effective manner. They also discuss the qualities of a good friend and how to maintain healthy relationships. Through different activities such as group discussions, role plays, and writing exercises,students are encouraged to develop their communication skills and empathy towards others.Unit 2: Family and RelationshipsUnit 2 delves into the theme of family and relationships. Students explore the dynamics of different types of families and reflect on the importance of family values and traditions. They also discuss the challenges and rewards of family life, including sibling rivalry, parental expectations, and the role of extended family members. By sharing their own experiences and perspectives, students gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of family relationships.Unit 3: Technology and InnovationThe third unit of the coursebook focuses on the theme of technology and innovation. Students engage in discussions on the impact of technology on society, such as the pros and cons of social media, online gaming, and artificial intelligence. They also explore the role of innovation in addressing global challenges, such as climate change, healthcare, and education. Through research projects and presentations, students learn how to critically analyze information and make informed decisions about using technology responsibly.Unit 4: Environment and SustainabilityThe fourth unit of the coursebook examines the theme of environment and sustainability. Students learn about the importance of protecting the environment, conserving natural resources, and reducing waste. They also explore the impact of human activities on the planet, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. By participating in eco-friendly projects and campaigns, students develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment and advocate for sustainable practices in their communities.Conclusion:English Grade Nine Full Book offers students a holistic approach to language learning by integrating themes from various aspects of life into the curriculum. Through engaging activities and meaningful discussions, students not only improve their language skills but also gain valuable insights into the world around them. By exploring the themes in Units 1-4 of the coursebook, students develop a deeper appreciation for diversity, empathy, and sustainability, which are essential values for the 21st century global citizens.篇2Unit 1-4 in Grade 9 English textbook covers a range of topics including family, daily routines, hobbies, and health. In this document, we will explore each unit in detail and provide sample essays to help students grasp the key concepts and improve their English writing skills.Unit 1: FamilyIn Unit 1, students learn vocabulary related to family members such as parents, siblings, grandparents, and relatives. They also practice describing their family members and talking about their relationships. Here is a sample essay on the topic of family:My FamilyMy family is small but close-knit. We live in a cozy house in the suburbs. There are four members in my family – my parents, my younger sister, and me. My parents are hard-working and supportive. They always encourage us to pursue our dreams and are there for us through thick and thin. My sister is my best friend. We share everything and have a lot of fun together. I am grateful to have such a loving family.Unit 2: Daily routinesUnit 2 focuses on vocabulary related to daily activities such as waking up, getting dressed, eating breakfast, going to school, and doing homework. Students practice talking about their daily routines and learn how to use time expressions. Here is a sample essay on the topic of daily routines:My Daily RoutineEvery morning, I wake up at 6:30 am and brush my teeth. Then, I get dressed and have breakfast with my family. After breakfast, I catch the bus to school. I have classes from 8 am to 3 pm. In the afternoon, I do my homework and study for exams. In the evening, I help my mom with dinner and spend time with my family. Finally, I relax by reading a book or watching TV before going to bed at 10 pm. My daily routine keeps me organized and helps me manage my time efficiently.Unit 3: HobbiesIn Unit 3, students learn vocabulary related to hobbies and leisure activities such as reading, painting, playing sports, and listening to music. They also practice talking about their interests and hobbies. Here is a sample essay on the topic of hobbies:My Favorite HobbyMy favorite hobby is playing the guitar. I started learning how to play when I was in middle school and I have been hooked ever since. Playing the guitar helps me relax and express myself. I enjoy strumming the strings and creating music. I also love to learn new songs and challenge myself to improve my skills. Playing the guitar is not just a hobby, it is a passion that brings me joy and fulfillment.Unit 4: HealthUnit 4 focuses on vocabulary related to health and wellness such as exercise, diet, hygiene, and medical conditions. Students learn how to talk about their health habits and give advice on staying healthy. Here is a sample essay on the topic of health:Healthy LivingStaying healthy is important to me. I make sure to exercise regularly by going for a run or doing yoga. I also eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Drinking lots of water and getting enough sleep are also essential for my well-being. I avoid junk food and sugary drinks as much as possible. If I feel sick, I visit the doctor and follow their advice. Taking care of my health is a priority because it allows me to live a happy and fulfilling life.In conclusion, Units 1-4 in the Grade 9 English textbook cover a variety of topics that are essential for students to learn and practice. By reading the sample essays provided in this document, students can improve their English writing skills and deepen their understanding of the key concepts discussed in each unit. It is important for students to practice writing essays on a regular basis to develop their skills and become more proficient in English.篇3英语九年级全一册1-4单元范文Unit 1: My School LifeMy school life is a combination of various experiences, emotions, and lessons that have shaped me into the person I am today. It is a journey filled with ups and downs, challenges and victories, friendships and rivalries.One of the most memorable aspects of my school life is the friendships I have made. From the first day of school, I have met people who have become my closest companions, my partners in crime, and my support system. They have been there for me through thick and thin, celebrating my achievements andcomforting me during my failures. These friendships have taught me the value of loyalty, trust, and camaraderie.Another important part of my school life is the academic challenges I have faced. Whether it is struggling with a difficult math problem, preparing for a challenging exam, or writing a complex essay, I have encountered numerous obstacles that have tested my perseverance and determination. Through these challenges, I have learned the importance of hard work, dedication, and resilience.In addition to academics and friendships, my school life has also been enriched by extracurricular activities. From participating in sports teams to joining clubs and organizations, I have had the opportunity to explore my interests, develop my talents, and make lasting memories. These activities have taught me important life skills such as teamwork, leadership, and time management.Overall, my school life has been a rollercoaster of emotions and experiences that have shaped me into the person I am today.I am grateful for the friendships I have made, the challenges I have overcome, and the lessons I have learned. My school life has been a journey of growth, discovery, and self-improvement, and I am excited to see where it will take me next.Unit 2: My HobbiesHobbies are an important part of my life as they provide me with a sense of fulfillment, relaxation, and creativity. From painting to playing musical instruments, I have a variety of hobbies that help me unwind, express myself, and explore new interests.One of my favorite hobbies is painting. I love to pick up a paintbrush and create colorful, vibrant artwork that reflects my emotions and experiences. Painting allows me to escape from the stresses of daily life and immerse myself in a world of creativity and imagination. Whether I am painting a beautiful landscape or a abstract masterpiece, I find joy and satisfaction in the process of creating art.Another hobby that I enjoy is playing the piano. Music has always been a passion of mine, and playing the piano allows me to channel my emotions and express myself through melodies and harmonies. Whether I am playing classical music or pop songs, I feel a sense of peace and contentment when I am lost in the music. The piano has become a source of inspiration and comfort for me, and I am grateful for the joy it brings to my life.In addition to painting and playing the piano, I also enjoy reading books, gardening, and cooking. These hobbies allow meto relax, learn new skills, and connect with nature and the world around me. Whether I am lost in a good book, tending to my plants, or experimenting with new recipes in the kitchen, I feel a sense of fulfillment and happiness that enriches my life.Overall, my hobbies play an important role in my life as they provide me with a sense of joy, fulfillment, and creativity. Whether I am painting a masterpiece, playing the piano, or exploring new interests, my hobbies bring me happiness and fulfillment, and I am grateful for the opportunity to pursue them.Unit 3: My Future DreamsAs I look towards the future, I am filled with excitement, anticipation, and hope for the possibilities that lie ahead. My dreams and aspirations are a reflection of my passions, ambitions, and vision for a fulfilling and meaningful life.One of my biggest dreams is to travel the world and explore different cultures, landscapes, and experiences. I have always been fascinated by the diversity and beauty of the world, and I dream of visiting exotic destinations, learning new languages, and immersing myself in diverse communities. Whether I am trekking through the Himalayas, snorkeling in the Great Barrier Reef, or exploring the ancient ruins of Machu Picchu, I feel asense of wonder and awe at the beauty and vastness of the world.Another dream of mine is to pursue a career that allows me to make a positive impact on the world and help others. Whether I become a doctor, a teacher, or a social worker, I want to use my skills and talents to make a difference in the lives of those in need. I dream of working in communities affected by poverty, conflict, and injustice, and empowering individuals to lead healthy, fulfilling lives. Making a positive impact on the world is a dream that motivates and inspires me, and I am committed to working towards this goal.In addition to traveling the world and making a difference, I also dream of starting a family and building a loving and supportive home. Family is important to me, and I dream of creating a warm and nurturing environment for my loved ones. Whether I am cooking dinner for my family, playing with my children, or cuddling with my partner, I envision a future filled with love, laughter, and cherished memories.Overall, my dreams for the future are a reflection of my passions, values, and aspirations. Whether I am traveling the world, making a difference, or starting a family, my dreams are a source of inspiration and motivation that guide me towards afulfilling and meaningful life. I am excited for the adventures, challenges, and blessings that the future holds, and I am determined to pursue my dreams with passion, dedication, and perseverance.Unit 4: My Role ModelMy role model is a person who inspires me, motivates me, and sets an example of excellence and virtue. They embody the qualities and values that I admire and aspire to emulate, and their influence has had a profound impact on my life.One of my role models is my mother. She is a woman of strength, compassion, and resilience, who has taught me important life lessons and values. From her unwavering support and unconditional love to her selfless dedication to her family, my mother has been a source of inspiration and guidance in my life. Her patience, kindness, and wisdom have shaped me into the person I am today, and I am grateful for the love and example she has provided.Another role model of mine is Malala Yousafzai. She is a courageous and determined young woman who has fought for girls' education and women's rights in Pakistan and around the world. Despite facing threats, violence, and persecution, Malala has remained steadfast in her mission to promote education andequality. Her bravery, resilience, and activism have inspired me to stand up for what I believe in, speak out against injustice, and strive for positive change in the world. Malala's example has taught me the importance of courage, perseverance, and compassion, and I am inspired by her dedication to making the world a better place.In addition to my mother and Malala Yousafzai, I also look up to Nelson Mandela as a role model. He is a legendary leader who fought against apartheid in South Africa and championed reconciliation and equality. His message of forgiveness, unity, and justice has resonated with people around the world, and his legacy continues to inspire generations of activists and peacemakers. Nelson Mandela's resilience, compassion, and vision for a better world have taught me the importance of standing up for justice, fighting against oppression, and working towards a more just and inclusive society.Overall, my role models are individuals who embody the qualities and values that I admire and aspire to emulate. Whether it is my mother's strength and love, Malala Yousafzai's courage and activism, or Nelson Mandela's leadership and compassion, each of my role models has had a profound impact on my life and has inspired me to strive for excellence, integrity, andkindness. My role models remind me of the power of compassion, courage, and determination, and I am grateful for their influence and example in my life.。

英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文的

英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。论文摘要是全文的

中文含义 黑色 蓝色 棕色 绿色 深色 浅色 深蓝色 深绿色 浅蓝色 浅绿色 橙色 粉红色 紫色 红色 褐色 白色 黄色
Table 6-8 Color abbreviation of harnnesses (GM)
5.2.2 Electrical Symbols
TOYOTA (丰田)
1. battery 2. ground 3. cigarette lighter 4. horn 5. capacitor (condenser) 6. circuit breaker 7. headlight (1) headlight ,single filament (2) headlight, double filament 8. diode, Zenner 9. diode 10. LED(light emitting diode) 11. photodiode 12. motor 13. ignition coil C 14. distributor 15. meter, analog 16. meter, digital 17. light
“was”, “are”和“were”这样的弱动词。
英文摘要的写作技巧
4、摘要的英文写作风格
9) 构成句子时,动词应靠近主语。避免形如以下的句子:
“The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.”
ABS system (Jeep)
BRAKE FLUID LEVEL SWITCH CIRCUIT CAB POWER FEED CIRCUIT CLUSTER FAULT CONTROLLER FAILURE “G” SWITCH NOT PROCESSABLE LEFT FRONT SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE LEFT FRONT SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE LEFT REAR SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE LFET REAR SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE PCI BUS COMMUNICATION PUMP MOTOR NOT WORKING PROPERLY RIGHT FRONT SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE RIGHT FRONT SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE RIGHT REAR SENSOR CIRCUIT FAILURE RIGHT REAR SENSOR SIGNAL FAILURE SYSTEM OVERVOLTAGE SYSTEM UNDERVOLTAGE NO RESPONSE FROM CAB CONTROLLER

英文报告格式(范本)

英文报告格式(范本)

英文报告格式(范本)英文报告格式范本Title: English Report Format (Sample)Abstract:This report provides an example of the format for writing an English report. The format includes the structure, sections, and guidelines for an effective and organized report. The report aims to assist individuals in creating well-formatted reports in English.Introduction:Writing an English report requires adherence to a specific format. This format ensures that the report is organized, coherent, and easy to read. The following example presents a comprehensive guide to the format of an English report.1. Title Page:The title page is the first page of the report and should include the following information: the report title, the author's name, the author's affiliation, and the date of submission. The title should be concise yet descriptive, providing an overview of the report's content.2. Table of Contents:The table of contents provides an outline of the report's structure and facilitates easy navigation. It lists the sections, subsections, and page numbers, enabling readers to locate specific information quickly.3. Introduction:The introduction introduces the report's topic, objectives, and background information. It provides context for the reader and highlights the significance of the report. The introduction should be concise and engaging, capturing the reader's attention.4. Methodology:The methodology section describes the research methods employed to gather data or conduct experiments. It should provide sufficient detail for readers to understand the research process. Include information about the sample size, data collection procedures, and any statistical analysis performed.5. Findings:The findings section presents the main results of the research or analysis conducted. Use clear and concise language to describe the findings and support them with relevant data, charts, graphs, or tables. Ensure that the information is well-organized and easy to comprehend.6. Discussion:The discussion section interprets and analyzes the findings in relation to the research objectives. It provides insights into the implications and significance of the results. Identify any limitations or challenges encountered during the research process and propose recommendations for further study.7. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the report and reaffirms the research objectives. It should be concise and provide a clear understanding of the report's key findings. Avoid introducing new information or ideas in the conclusion.8. References:The references section lists all sources cited in the report. Follow a recognized citation style, such as APA or MLA, and ensure that all sources are properly formatted and accurately referenced. This section allows readers to access the original sources for further investigation.9. Appendix:The appendix includes supplementary material that supports the report but is not essential to understanding the main content. Examples of materials that can be included in the appendix are raw data, survey questionnaires, or additional charts/tables referred to in the findings section.Conclusion:This report has presented an example of the format for writing an English report. Adhering to this format ensures organized and well-structured reports that effectively convey information. By following the guidelines outlined in this report, individuals can create professional and impressive English reports.Please note that this report is intended as a general guideline for an English report format. It is essential to adhere to any specific requirements provided by your institution or supervisor when writing a report.。

英文写作术语大全

英文写作术语大全

英文写作术语大全(中英文对照)abstract words抽象词acknowledgement致谢active voice主动语态affirmative sentence肯定句agent施动者alliteration头韵ambiguity歧义American English美式英语analogy类比analytic expression分析型表达anastrophe词语倒装法anticlimax order突降法anti-rhetorical反修辞antithesis对照\对偶antonomasia换称antonym反义词apostrophe撇号(即') appositive同位语archaic words古词argumentation议论文argumentative writing议论文写作article冠词ascending order递增法association联想attitude态度audience听众awkwardness拙劣balanced sentence平衡句base词根beginning开头beginning paragraph开头段落between sentences句际bibliography书目big words大词block contrast批对比法body主体bookish verbs学究式动词brainstorming头脑风暴法brevity简练British English英式英语broken sentence破碎句capitalization用大写case study案例分析casual style非正式文体causal analysis因果分析cause-effect development由因到果发展法central thought中心思想Chinese interference中文干扰Chinglish中国式英语choice of words选词choppy sentence断续句循环圆周结构circumlocutory兜圈子的clarity明晰classical rhetoric古典修辞模式classification分类发展法clear reference of pronoun代词前指明晰clear sentence意义明晰句cliché陈词滥调climax order递增顺序clipped words词省略拼法closing paragraph结尾段落coherence连贯coherent连贯的cohesion粘着性cohesive device粘着手段collective noun集体名词collocation搭配colloquial口语化的colloquial context口语语境colloquialism口语化colon冒号combination句子合并组合法comma逗号common words普通词常用语communication means交际手段comparison比较法Complete essay checklist作品核查项目单complete sentence完整句complex sentence复杂句complimentary close结尾套语compound sentence复合句复杂复合句conceptual repetition概念重复法concise简洁conclusion结论concrete illustration具体阐明concrete words实义词confusing sentence意义混乱句conjunction连词connective联系词connotation内涵connotative meaning内涵意义conscious logic逻辑意识consistency一致性consistent diction选词一致性consonant辅音consultative style商谈体content内容context语境contraction省略contrast对比法controlling idea主要思想,conversion词性转换表达法co-occurrence共现coordinating conjunction复合句连词coordination复合correlation相关性corrupt English 迂腐英语cross-cultural writing跨文化写作culture文化curriculum vitae简历dangling modifier悬垂修饰语dash破折号dateline写信日期栏declarative sentence陈述句deduction演绎法deductive演绎逻辑的deductive argumentation演绎论证definite article定冠词definition定义法denotation外延denotative meaning外延意义descending order递降顺序description描写descriptive描述性的descriptive writing描写文development发展diagram图表说明diction选词differentiation区别digressive跑题、离题的,印象法描写的直接法direct thinking pattern直接了当的思维模式directions题义指令discourse pattern篇章模式distance from tone语调产生距离,偏离计划主题division分析分类法documenting the paper论文引证domesticating strategy归化战略domestication归化法drably表达干巴draft草稿effect-cause development由果到因发展法effective paragraph表述有力的段落effective sentence表达有力的句子effective variety表达有力的变化egalitarian(思维)平等化elaboration进一步详尽阐述electronic news media电子新闻媒体embedding structure内嵌结构emotional coloring感情色彩emphasis强调emphatic phrases强调性短语emphatic structure强调性结构emphatic words强调性词语ending结尾ending paragraph结尾段落English thinking英语思维English thinking characters英语思维特征English thinking pattern英语思维模式enumeration列举法epigrammatic effect隽语效果establish context确立语境establish rapport建立沟通基础euphemism委婉语evaluating information评估材料evidence证据exclamation mark感叹号exclamatory sentence感叹句exemplification举例法expected functions(信件的)期望交际功能expletive虚词\填充词explicit language明示的语言explicitness明示性exposition阐述文\议论文expository writing议论文写作expounding解释详细说明expressionism表现主义fallacy in argumentation论证谬误familiar熟悉的faulty parallelism错误平行feedback反馈fiery language情绪激动的语言figure of speech修辞filler words填充词first draft第一稿first-person point of view第一人称flashback倒叙focus中心foreignization外化法foreignizing strategy外化战略formal 正式的formal letter正式信函formal repetition形式重复法formal style正式文体formal words正式体词语formulating thesis statement写作主题句four-character expression(汉语)四字成语fragmental sentence破碎句free choice自由选择frequency of usage使用频率frozen expressions极正式用语frozen style极正式文体full spelling完全拼法full stop句号fullness(段落发展)充分性general connotation普遍内涵意义general pattern常见形式general words一般词汇generalization概括法general-specific pattern由概括到具体发展模式genres风格、体裁gobbledygook官样文章、冗长费解的语言grammatical devices语法技巧grammaticality符合语法性heading信头historical association历史联想hyperbole夸张法hyphen分号hyphenated words用连字号连接的词hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词ideographic synonym相对近义词idiom成语idiomatic usage习惯用法illustration佐证imperative sentence祈使句impersonal非个性化的、客观的implicit language含蓄语言implicitness含蓄implied meaning隐含意义impressionistic description印象描写法indefinite article不定冠词indent行缩进in-depth analysis深度分析individual words独立个体词individualistic个性化induction归纳法inductive归纳法的inductive argumentation归纳法论证法inductive reasoning归纳法论证infinitive mark不定式标记inflexible and explicit logic刚性显性逻辑informal非正式的informal letter非正式信函information focus信息中心information missing信息遗漏informative提供信息的、提供知识的innuendo讽刺、暗指inside address信内地址interpretation of examples对例子的诠释interpretative reporting诠释性报告interrogative sentence疑问句interrupting expressions插入短语intimate亲密intimate style亲密体inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形式inverted word order词序颠倒法involved modifiers复杂修饰语involved sentence意义复杂句irony反语jargon行话journalese新闻体journalistic writing新闻写作justify the significance论证意义keep to the point紧扣主题key words关键词lack of inflection缺少词形变化language problem语言问题learned words学术用词lengthy passage过长段落letter信函levels of usage用法层次lexical reference句法前指法lexical stylistic devices句法风格技巧line shifting换行linear thinking pattern线形思维模式listing列举literal meaning字面意义literary context文学性语境literary works文学作品literature review文献回顾litotes反语法、间接肯定法、曲言法locating information搜索定位材料logical paragraphing逻辑分段法logical thinking modes逻辑思维模式,逻辑词逻辑短语logicalness逻辑性long sentence长句loose sentence松散句loss of style偏离一贯的风格main body主体main idea主要思想main point要点manuscript手稿、原稿margin页边距materials collecting材料搜集materials sorting材料析选maxim of manner方式次则maxim of quality质量次则maxim of quantity数量次则maxim of relevance相关次则meaning意义means手段mechanical English缺乏灵活的英语message信息messy混乱metaphor隐喻metonymy借代midget words小词、常用词militant tone态度强硬的语调misplaced modifier错位修饰语modifier修饰语monotony单调mood语态mood shifting语态转换mouth-filler口头禅narration叙述体narrative叙述体的narrative writing叙述体写作nature of English language英语语言本质neat整洁negative meaning负面意义negative sentence否定句newly coined words新撰词news report新闻报道news report top-heavy新闻报道的头重模式nominalization名词化non-literature works非文学作品nonrestrictive clause非限制性从句nonrestrictive phrase非限制性短语nonverbal language非言语语言(手势、表情等)noun-oriented sentence倾向名词化的句子novel小说number数number shifting数的转换objective description客观描写obscurity意义不明on equal footing(写作风格)平等化one-sentence paragraph一句段落onomatopoeia拟声词opening paragraph开头段落organization组织outline提纲oxymoron矛盾修饰法padded expression兜圈子的表达parady仿拟paragraph段落独立实体的段落paragraph development段落发展法paragraphing分段法parallel structure平行结构parallelism平行结构parentheses插入语\圆括弧parenthetical expressions插入语passive sentence被动句period句号periodic sentence圆周句person人称person shifting人称转换personal个体化的personal connotation对个体而言的内涵意义personal letter个人信函personification拟人化persuasive writing劝服性写作、以劝说为目的的写作phonetic stylistic device语音风格技巧phrasal verbs短语动词plain sentence相对修辞句的平白句plantification拟物point意义点point of view观点point-by-point contrast逐点对比polite礼貌体的poor English英语表达力贫乏的positional relation位置相关positivist-empirical经验实证性power of communication沟通力practical writing应用文写作precise word表达精确的词汇precision精确prefix前缀preparatory reading写作预备阅读preposition介词presenting ideas阐述观点prewriting写作前printed name of the sender印刷体写信人姓名printed news media印刷体新闻媒体problem-solution提出问题-解决问题的模式process程序法pronoun代词pronoun shifting代词转换proofread校对proper names专有名词public(语篇系统特征)公开性pun双关语punctuation标点punctuation mark标点符号purposefulness目的性Queen's English标准英语question mark问号quotation引用quotation mark引号quoted speech引语reader读者readers-oriented读者为中心的reader-responsible读者文责的reasoning论证redundant collocation多余搭配reference line参考行register语域句际关系relative noun关系名词relative synonym相对近义词repetition重复repetition of structure结构重复法report writing报告写作research paper writing研究报告写作restatement重申法resume 个人简历return address回信地址returning to the beginning照应开头法revise修改rhetoric修辞rhetoric of sentence句子修辞rhetorical analogy修辞类比rhetorical question反问句rhetorical words华丽用语round character性格充分体现的人物roundabout style迂回风格run-on sentence“连环”句salutation称呼语sample样本sarcasm讽刺semicolon分号sentencing组句setting场景shades of meaning隐含义short preposition短介词short sentence短句short story短篇故事signature签名simile明喻simple English简明英语simple sentence简单句simple words简单词sincerity真诚性singleness of purpose目的唯一性situation情景situationally appropriate于情景贴切的slang俚语social association社会联想special terms特殊术语specific words具体词汇speech口头言语spelling拼写stage步骤法statistics数据法strength of meaning意义力度strength of word词语力度stringy sentence“连环”句structural behavior结构行为style风格、文体style is the man风格即人style makes sense风格即成意义stylistic coloring文体色彩stylistic label文体标记stylistic reference文体照应stylistic synonym风格近义词stylistically appropriate于文体贴切的sub-ideas次思想subject主题subject line主题行subject-oriented以主题为中心的subject-verb agreement主谓一致subordination句子从属组合法subsidiary points副观点substantial verb实义动词substitution替代法sub-topics副主题suffix后缀summary摘要superordinate上义词,高级词suspense悬念syllable音节syllogism三段论、演绎推理symbolic符号的synaesthesia通感,同感synecdoche提喻synonym近义词syntactical stylistic device句法风格技巧synthetic expression综合型表达systematic系统性tense shifting时的转换terse passage简练的行文test writing应试写作textual distribution文稿布局the right style合适的风格theme主题third-person point of view第三人称timed writing限时作文title writing标题写作to preach训导式、说教式to reason讲道理、逻辑论证tone语调tones of voice语气topic 话题topic sentence主题句transferred epithet/ hypallage移就transition过渡transitional mark过渡标记transitional techniques过渡技巧truthfulness真实性types of characters人物性格类别ungrammaticality不符合语法性unity统一性unnatural shifting不自然转换usage用法variation趋势分析variety多样化verbal language言语语言verbalization动词化verb-oriented sentence倾向动词化的句子vigor力度vividness生动vocabulary词汇vogue slang流行俚语vowel元音vulgar words平民词语word class词类word division断词法word order词序word power单词表达力wordiness多话、罗嗦wordy罗嗦的writer-responsible作者文责的writer's purpose作者目的writing写作writing attitudes写作态度writing process写作过程writing purpose写作目的zero affix零缀\词性转换法zero derivation零缀\词性转换法。

Abstract(学术论文写作)

Abstract(学术论文写作)

The method has been successfully tested on materials of known critical cooling rates. The data have been analyzed by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the enthalpic interaction coefficients.
2 时态 以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和 现在完成时 说法一:从理论上讲: 一般现在时 通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结 论,揭示自然界的客观规律 一般过去时 在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象 的规律性认识,这种认识也许有一定的局限性 现在完成时 表明过程的延续性,虽某事件(过 程)发生在过去,但强调对现实所产生的影响
指示性文摘(indicative abstract)
This type of abstract is designed to indicate the subject of a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.
Abstract: Objective: Determination of components of meleumycin of domestic products to improve the quality s p e c i f i ca t i o n o f m e l e u m y c i n o f t h e C h i n e s e Pharmacopoeia 2005. Method: using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of meleumycin, using this method, eight components of twelve samples were qualified. Result: The contents of the components of midecamycin A1 and leucomycin A6 was 30%~50% and 10%~20% respectively, the contents of the rest components were lower, different manufactures produces have different components. Conclution: To revise the specification of meleumycin for quality control.

学术英语abstract写作

学术英语abstract写作
rather limited. Further research is needed to come to conclusive
statements about the latter.
recommendation
thesis
background
Third-hand Smoke
The harm of smoking has long been studied by researchers and many people
Writing an Abstract
2021/10/10
1
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a summary of a scientific
article or a research paper. It covers the
main points of a piece of writing.
the mechanism of
the analysis of
the dependence of
an account of
automation of
2021/10/10

is outlined
is described
is addressed
is examined
was carried out
was established
个要素,因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压
缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点,其中最重
要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往
往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内,摘要可
以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇
简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括:

英文论文模板

英文论文模板

英文论文模板As an author of Baidu Wenku document, I am pleased to provide you with an English paper template that can help you structure your academic writing in a clear and organized manner. 。

Title: English Paper Template。

Introduction。

Writing an academic paper in English can be a challenging task, especially for non-native English speakers. This template aims to provide a clear structure and guidelines for writing a successful English paper. By following this template, you can ensure that your paper is well-organized, coherent, and meets the academic standards of English writing.Title and Abstract。

The title of your paper should be concise and clearly indicate the topic of your research. The abstract should provide a brief summary of your paper, including the research question, methodology, and key findings. It is important to write the title and abstract in a way that captures the reader's attention and gives them a clear understanding of what your paper is about.Introduction。

英汉语言对比抽象与具体ppt课件

英汉语言对比抽象与具体ppt课件
• A high degree of carelessness, pre-operative and post-operative, on the part of some of the hospital staff, took place.
24
• 5)缺乏数据会使准确的统计变得很困难。
Lack of figures may make it difficult to produce accurate statistics
Part V Abstract vs. Concrete
1
• I English: Abstract • II Chinese: Concrete
2
• Abstract style is used widely in English, especially in
• Social Science Works • Official Articals • Newspaper Remarks • Leagal Style • Commercial Letters
20
• 1)The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.
• (= No news is good news) • 没有消息即表明有令人满意的进展。
21
• 2)Was this the realization of an anticipated liability?
• have it in for somebody • Bob has it in for George because George told
the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam.
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•阐明研究目的,常用词汇有:purpose, attempt, aim等; 可用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达
• We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. • To investigate the mechanism of Bcl2’s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.
热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性
Genetic characteristics of 30 clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli •环丙沙星耐药大肠埃希菌30株的遗传特征 Effect of Nitrosation on the Genotoxicity of Nicotine • 亚硝酸化对尼古丁基因毒性的影响 The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults • 对健康的在职人员流感疫苗接种的有效性
指示性摘要
Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis
• Endothelial and smooth muscle cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of endothelium-lined channels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological conditions are summarized, alongside with possible 第二句是综述内容的说明 therapeutic applications.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
指示性摘要 indicative abstract
• 指明一次文献的论题及取得的成果的性 质和水平的摘要。 • 一般2-3句话概括论文主题,而不涉及研 究材料、方法、论据、结论,多用于综 述、会议报告等 • 篇幅以100字左右为宜。 • angiogenesis 血管发生(形成) • arteriogenesis 动脉发生(形成) •
摘要的要素
① 目的(Objective):简要说明研究的前提、目的
和任务,表明研究的范围和重要性 ② 方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本设计, 使用了什么材料和方法,如何分组对照,研究范 围和精确程度,数据是如何取得的,经何种统计 学方法处理。 ③ 结果(Results):简要列出研究的主要结果和数 据,有什么新发现,说明其价值及局限性。并要 给出说明结果的主要数据及置信值、统计学显著 性检验的确切值。 ④ 结论(Conclusion):简要说明经验证、论证取 得的正确观点及其理论价值或应用价值。
4) 题名中的冠词
科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可 不用的冠词均可不用。
The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality. 其中两处的冠词 the 均可不用。
5) 题名中的大小写
a. 全部字母大写
OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE
目前b.格式用得最多,而c.格式的使用有增 多的趋势。
6) 题名中的缩略词语
• 已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人 员公认的缩略词语,才可用于题名 中,否则不要轻易使用。
英文摘要中的常用表达方法
• 由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层 次清楚,因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库” (stock phrases),对于摘要的撰写是 很有帮助的。
英文题名
• 1) 题名的结构
• 英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语 (noun phrase)最常见,即题名基本上由1个或几 个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
• The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan
贺兰山习见苔藓植物
• Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat-treated Wood
摘要的分类
• 报道性摘要 • 指示性摘要 • 报道-指示性摘要
报道性摘要 informative abstract
• 是指明一次文献的主题范围及内容梗概 的简明摘要,相当于简介。报道性摘要 一般用来反映科技论文的目的、方法及 主要结果与结论,在有限的字数内向读 者提供尽可能多的定性或定量的信息, 充分反映该研究的创新之处。 • 篇幅视论文长度以200-300字左右为宜。
• 短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行 前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词 序不当,会导致表达不准。 • 题名一般不应是陈述句,因为题名主 要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名 具有判断式的语义;且陈述句不够精 练和醒目,重点也不易突出。
2) 题名的字数
• 题名不应过长。国内外科技期刊一般对题名 字数有所限制。 • 总的原则是,题名应确切、简练、醒目,在 能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,题名词 数越少越好。
并指出所评述对象的潜在应用
第一句为相关背景知识的介绍
结构式摘要
• 20世纪80年代中期出现了另一种摘要文体, 即 “ 结 构 式 摘 要 ” ( structured abstract),该摘要实质上是报道性摘要 的结构化表达。 • 结构式摘要与传统摘要的差别在于其为便 于读者了解论文的内容,行文中用醒目的 字体(黑体、全部大写或斜体等)直接标 出目的、方法、结果和结论等标题。
摘要 Abstract
• 定义:又称概要、内容提要,以提供文献实质 性的内容梗概为主要目的,不加评论和补充解 释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。 • 基本要素:研究目的、方法、结果和结论 • 具有独立性和自明性,并且拥有与文献同等量 的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的 信息。 • 对一篇完整的论文都要求写随文摘要
介绍研究或试验过程,常用词汇: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyse, analysis • We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. • We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells: (1) malignant Jurkat cells, (2) an alloreactive T-cell clone (S13), and (3) peripheral ATC. • We study objects with masses ranging from those of dwarf galaxy halos to those of rich galaxy clusters.
摘要的主要功能
• 让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容
读者检索到论文题名后是否会阅读全文,主要 就是通过阅读摘要来判断;
• 为科技情报文献检索数据库的建设和 维护提供方便。
网上检索专业数据已成为当前科技信息情报检 索的重要手段,论文摘要的索引是读者检索文献 的重要工具 论文摘要的质量高低,直接影响着论文的被检 索率和被引频次。
b.每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠 词、连词、介词全部小写。
The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects
c.题名第1个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写
Topographic inversion of interval velocities.
• 美国医学会规定题名不超过2行,每行不超过42个印 刷符号和空格;美国国立癌症研究所杂志J Nat Cancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词;这些规定可供 参考。
3)中英文题名的一致性
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一 致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下, 个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
• 这是一篇报道性摘要 • The cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2 associates with cyclins A,D,and E and has been implicated in the control of the G1 to S phase transition in mammals.To identify potential Cdk2 regulators, we have employed an improved two-hybrid sysem to isolate human genes encoding Cdk-interacting proteins(Cips).CIP1 encodes a novel 21 kD protein that is found in cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and Cdk2 immunoprecipitates. P21CIP1 is a potent, tight-binding inhibitor of Cdks and can inhibit the phosphorylation of Rb by cyclin ACdk2,cyclin E-Cdk2, cyclin D1-Cdk4,and cyclin D2Cdk4 complexes. Cotransfection experiments indicate that CIP1 and SV40 T antigen function in a mutually antagonistic manner to control cell cycle progression.
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