国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson 10
仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson 10
Departures in Radar Environment (cont.)
Radar Vectors
– ATC is responsible for ensuring terrain and obstruction clearance, however PIC must ultimately maintain situational awareness. – “Resume Own Navigation” or “…when able, proceed direct…”
“Communication Examples Enroute”
Frequency changes: Departed MDH: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, 1,900 for 5,000, Direct MWA” At assigned Altitude: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, 6,000” Descent: “Kansas City Center, Cessna 6317D, leaving 4,000 for 2,100” * If on assigned heading, report the heading as well. ** Try to avoid “with you”!
– MC 0-179 Odd thousands – MC 180-359 Even thousands
Remember “Cruise” and “VFR-On-Top” Minimum safe altitudes? (Esp. off-airway)
Altitude Changes
When ATC says climb, initiate immediately at optimum rate of aircraft until within 1,000 feet of assigned altitude. Then must maintain between 500 and 1,500 fpm until reaching assigned altitude. (Minimizes “busting” altitude.)
飞行员国外培训飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段-私照(PPL)、仪表等级(IR)、多发商照(MECPL)-
一般情况下,从出国到达航校开始,你的培训就开始了,从达到航校到离开航校之前,英语都是大家学习的重点,这个也是国内航空公司送大家出国培训的一个原因,英语的培训可以分为两个方面,第一是日常英语,这个是大家在国外立足生活的根本。
另外一方面的是陆空通话,陆空通话是大家飞行的一个重点,基本的飞行大家都没有问题,但是问题往往就是陆空通话是大家的难点。
飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段,私照(PPL)、仪表等级(IR)、多发商照(MECPL),其中每个阶段都是40课。
每个阶段一般都分为不同的小的阶段分别对学习的内容进行考核,每小个阶段的考核基本都分为两部分——口试部分和飞行部分,口试部分先进行,如果口试部分不通过,则不进行飞行部分的考试,如果考核不通过则重新和教员进行复习飞行,直到考核通过则进行下一个阶段的学习。
私照(PPL)共分为3个阶段,其中第一阶段为第19课,口试的内容包含:Takeoff and landing Data / Weight and Balance / Weather(起飞着陆的数据的计算/装载和配平的计算/基本的天气信息的获得和分析)、FAR Part 61 and 91(联邦航空飞行条例61部和91部相关内容)、Airspace pertaining to the local airports and practice areas(与飞行训练区和训练机场有关的空域分析)、Performance and Limitations of the PA 28- 181(训练用飞机PA28-181的基本性能参数和限制);飞行的学习和考核的内容包含:Normal Crosswind Takeoffs(正常和侧风起飞)、Traffic Pattern Operations(起落航线的操作)、Normal and Crosswind Landings(正常和侧风情况下的降落)、Steep Turn(大坡度转弯)、Slow Flight(慢速飞行)、Stalls(失速:带动力和不带动力失速)、Emergency Landings(紧急着陆)、ATC Communications(陆空通话)、Rejected Landing(中断着陆、复飞)。
国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson 13
KMER 241752Z 34008G16KT 5SM BR SCT008 BKN025 OVC055 23/07 A3016 RMK AO2 SLP210 T02280067
Amount of Clouds = Scattered, Broken, Overcast Cloud Bases = 800’, 2,500’, 5,500’
Abbreviated
◦ Update to a previous briefing
Outlook
◦ If your leaving more than 6 hours in future
ATIS ASOS/AWOS Flight Service Stations Enroute Flight Advisory Service (EFAS)
Surface Weather Observations KMDH 241752Z 34008G16KT 5SM BR SCT008 BKN025 OVC055 23/07 A3016 RMK AO2 SLP210 T02280067 Pg 3-9 Aviation Weather Services METAR - Routine Report – Hourly SPECI – Aviation Selected Special Weather Report. Page 3-2 Aviation weather services
◦ Not Official
Official Sources for Aviation Weather
◦ Flight Service Station Briefers ◦ DUATS
美国泛亚飞行员教学大纲-副本
美国泛亚飞行员教学大纲-副本私商仪飞行培训大纲及理论学习内容来源:由高春林的日志整理飞行的培训一共分为三个大的阶段,私照(PPL)、仪表等级(IR)、多发商照(MECPL),其中每个阶段都是40课。
每个阶段一般都分为不同的小的阶段分别对学习的内容进行考核,每小个阶段的考核基本都分为两部分——口试部分和飞行部分,口试部分先进行,如果口试部分不通过,则不进行飞行部分的考试,如果考核不通过则重新和教员进行复习飞行,直到考核通过则进行下一个阶段的学习。
1私照(PPL)共分为3个阶段:1.1其中第一阶段为第19课:1.1.1口试的内容包含:1.1.1.1Takeoff and landing Data / Weight and Balance / Weather(起飞着陆的数据的计算/装载和配平的计算/基本的天气信息的获得和分析)、1..1.1.2FAR Part 61 and 91(联邦航空飞行条例61部和91部相关内容)、1.1.1.3Airspace pertaining to the local airports and practice areas(与飞行训练区和训练机场有关的空域分析)、1.1.1.4Performance and Limitations of the PA 28- 181(训练用飞机PA28-181的基本性能参数和限制);1.1.2.飞行的学习和考核的内容包含:1.1.2.1Normal Crosswind Takeoffs(正常和侧风起飞)、1. 1.2. 2Traffic Pattern Operations(起落航线的操作)、1. 1 .2. 3Normal and Crosswind Landings(正常和侧风情况下的降落)、1.1.2.4Steep Turn(大坡度转弯)、1. 1 .2. 5Slow Flight(慢速飞行)、1.1.2.6Stalls(失速:带动力和不带动力失速)、1.1.2.7Emergency Landings(紧急着陆)、1.1.2.8ATC Communications(陆空通话)、1.1.2.9Rejected Landing(中断着陆、复飞)。
国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson 9
Pilots are advised to be particularly alert when flying in these areas.
Issued anytime it becomes necessary to restrict airspace to air traffic. Can be issued for man reason including hazards (forest fire), VIP movement (President of the USA), and aircraft accident sites
No Entry requirements 3 sm visibility, 1000’ above, 500’ below, 2000’ horizontal VFR cloud clearance and visibility requirements – Below 10,000’ MSL 5 sm visibility, 1000’ above, 1000’ below, 1sm horizontal VFR cloud clearance and visibility – Above 10,000’ MSL
Airspace
Lesson: 9
Controlled Uncontrolled Special Use Airspace Military Training Routes ADIZ
Airspace of specific dimension where ATC services are provided Class Class Class Class Class A B C D E
国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson 6
◦ Cabin heat ◦ Carburetor heat
Cabin Heat Control
Defroster
Air Inlet Muffler and Shroud To Rear Cabin
Piston moves downwards The intake valve opens drawing fuel and air into the cylinder
The intake valve closes The piston moves to the top of the cylinder Compression makes the fuel/air more powerful when ignited
Oil Filler Cap and Dipstick Oil Temperature Gauge Oil Pressure Gauge
Oil Pressure Relief Valve
2-32
Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. 1998 All Rights Reserved Guided Flight Discovery Private Pilot Manual
◦ Throttle still controls how much fuel/air goes to the cylinders
Differences:
◦ Where the fuel and air meet
◦ Fuel pumps are needed to pressurize fuel
No Carburetor Ice
美国空军飞行员培训大纲 PILOT TRAINING
第一阶段:成为Private Pilot
• 例1:60 Day Fast Track Private Pilot
参考费用:44,995 USD (Fast track) (Including housing)
第三阶段:Airline Transition Program
-For the Aviation Degree Graduate with a Commercial Certificate Ready for an Airline Job (60 days, 24,995 USD)
the balance of the 55 hours.
第一阶段:成为Private Pilot
• 例2(续):4 Month Self-Paced Private Pilot
Program (ATP 培训中心)
– Private Pilot Flight Stage 2: Up to 30 Hours — Approximately 2 Weeks Stage 2 builds students’ flight time from 55 to 85 hours and prepares them to begin training in more complex multi-engine aircraft in the Airline Career Pilot Program. ATP typically schedules Stage 2 to begin 14 days prior to the Airline Career Pilot Program start date.
国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson 7
A look at other W&B charts/tables Some sample problems Performance Introduction
Tomorrow - Bring Calculator and E-6b
Moment = weight x arm
Center of Gravity Range
Center of Gravity
◦ Balance point of airplane ◦ CG = Total Moment/Total Weight
C.G. Arm
C.G. Limits
◦ Forward and aft limits airplane must be operated within
Vertical height above the surface (AGL) Absolute Alt. =True Altitude - Terrain Elevation If: True Altitude = 3,500’ Terrain Elevation = 400’ Absolute Alt. = 3,500-400 = 3,100’AGL
Basic Empty Weight
◦ Standard Empty Weight + optional equipment
Tare
◦ Stuff that holds the plane in place to weigh it, subtracted from above weights
1. On E6-B 2. Table
High density altitude = less performance
美国泛亚航校私照飞行阶段 知识手册PTS study giade
TransPac Spring Ahoulder harness VFR Night Equipment F- extra fuses(older aircraft) L- landing lights A- anti-collision lights(strobe) P- position lights(nav lights) S- source of power(alternator) Required documents-on board the aircraft A-airworthiness certificate R-registration certificate R-radio license(international flight only) O- operating handbook The one in the aircraft is the only one allowed Must have the same serial number as the airplane W-weight & balance data Specific to the aircraft and equipment on board Pilot’s weight and balance do not count This information is calculated by maintenance personnel only Operative Equipment (91.213) No person may operate with inoperative instruments or equipment unless MEL exists for that aircraft LOA exists for that aircraft and MEL(letter of authorization) If MEL is used, operation or deactivation of equipment MUST be done in accordance with the MEL If MEL is used,91.213 may NOT be used No person may operate an aircraft without an MEL with inoperative instruments or equipment unless the equipment ARE NOT… Part of the VFR-day type certificate Required on the aircraft’s equipment list Required by part 91.205 Required by an AD Equipment may be removed and placarded inoperative OR deactivated An aircraft with inoperative equipment may be operated with a special flight permit An authorization that an aircraft is NOT airworthy but IS safe for a specific flight FAA inspection may be required Issued to allow an aircraft to be flown to an area where repairs may be made WEATHER INFORMATION Local Weather Briefing Any source which requires the user to give their aircraft tail number 1-800-WX-BRIEF or DUATS or DUAT Types of weather briefing(AIM 7-1-4) Outlook briefing Use when flight is planned to depart in more than 6 hours Abbreviated briefing Used to supplement and update bits of a previous report Pilot must request the specific items to be briefed (Some instruments’ inspection) 24 cal months: Altimeter, transponder, static/pitot, 12cal months: ELT VOR: 30days 50hours’ inspection: 10hours earlier or 5 hours later next is the same -----------------------------------------------------------宁万盛-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Standard Briefing Used when flight is planned in less than 6 hours Adverse Conditions-AIRMET, SIGMET, Convective SIGMET VFR not recommended Synopsis-FA Current Conditions-METAR En Route Forecast-FA 3 / 19
美国飞行员驾驶教学大纲
美国飞行员驾驶教学大纲美国飞行员驾驶教学大纲飞行员驾驶教学大纲是指在美国培养飞行员的教学计划和指导方针。
作为世界上航空业最发达的国家之一,美国的飞行员培训一直以来都备受关注。
这个教学大纲的制定和实施,对于确保飞行员的安全和提高飞行技术水平具有重要意义。
一、基本概述飞行员驾驶教学大纲是美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)制定的一项指导性文件。
它包含了飞行员培训的各个方面,从基础知识到实际操作技能,都有详细的规定和要求。
这个大纲的目的是确保飞行员在培训过程中掌握必要的知识和技能,以保证飞行的安全和有效性。
二、培训阶段飞行员驾驶教学大纲将飞行员培训划分为不同的阶段,每个阶段都有相应的课程和考核要求。
一般来说,飞行员培训可以分为地面培训和飞行培训两个阶段。
1. 地面培训地面培训主要包括理论知识的学习和考核。
学员需要学习航空法规、气象学、飞行器系统、导航和飞行计划等相关知识。
在每个阶段结束时,学员需要参加相应的理论考试,以评估他们对知识的掌握程度。
2. 飞行培训飞行培训是飞行员培训的核心部分,也是最具挑战性的部分。
学员需要在合格的飞行教官的指导下进行飞行训练。
飞行培训包括基础飞行技术的学习和实践,以及特定类型飞机的操作技能的培养。
在飞行培训过程中,学员需要完成一系列的飞行任务,以达到相应的飞行能力标准。
三、教学方法飞行员驾驶教学大纲强调了教学方法的重要性。
在培训过程中,教官需要根据学员的学习特点和个性,采用不同的教学方法。
这包括理论讲解、模拟器训练和实际飞行训练等。
通过多种教学方法的综合运用,可以更好地提高学员的学习效果和培养出合格的飞行员。
四、评估和认证飞行员驾驶教学大纲规定了学员的评估和认证标准。
学员需要通过各个阶段的考试和飞行任务,以证明他们具备相应的知识和技能。
一旦学员达到了要求的标准,他们将获得相应的飞行员证书和执照,被认可为合格的飞行员。
五、教学质量保证飞行员驾驶教学大纲还规定了教学质量保证的措施。
教官需要定期接受培训和考核,以确保他们具备良好的教学水平和专业素养。
新视野大学英语第2版Unit10课文翻译
新视野大学英语第2版Unit10课文翻译新视野大学英语第2版Unit 10课文翻译“Narrow Escape”是新视野大学英语第2版第十单元的主题,下面是店铺整理的课文翻译,欢迎大家阅读!新视野大学英语第2版Unit 10课文翻译【篇1】1940年的炎夏和早秋,夜复一夜,一个深沉而平稳的声音飞越大西洋,从英国传到美国,讲述着英国在德国轰炸机轮番进攻下为生存而进行的战斗。
这个有力而平稳的声音,带一点北卡罗来纳口音的美国音,出自爱德华·R.默罗之口,他是哥伦比亚广播公司驻欧人员的负责人。
当炸弹纷纷落下、火焰在全城街道四处蔓延的时候,默罗在播音:“这里是伦敦。
”他的声音里表达了一种为这个古老城市遭受的苦难而感到的悲痛,同时还传递着一种信心──无论要忍受怎样的苦难,伦敦将巍然屹立的信念。
伦敦是摧不垮的。
猛烈的空袭是在8月中旬开始的,纳粹的炸弹开始落在英吉利海峡的海岸线上。
德国轰炸机在多佛尔海峡的白色峭壁上投下了黑色的阴影,英国的民防军准备在海滩、悬崖和山区战斗,直到最后一个英国人战死,或者侵略者被赶走为止。
空军元帅戈林手下的轰炸机飞行员们深信,他们会最终战胜英国。
希特勒和戈林相信,当伦敦像华沙或鹿特丹一样被烧成一片焦土的时候,英国就会投降。
但是英国人要比华沙的波兰人和鹿特丹的荷兰人幸运。
他们有英吉利海峡这道抵挡纳粹地面部队的天然屏障,还有皇家空军在空中与纳粹作战。
伦敦的苦难实际上开始于9月的第一个星期,那时希特勒最终确信英国人不打算投降。
1940年9月7日,近400架德国轰炸机在大白天用炸弹猛烈轰炸了这座城市。
戈林曾吹嘘说:“这是我们空军第一次把炸弹直接投入敌人心脏的历史性时刻。
”大火熊熊燃烧,房屋倒塌,煤气管道爆裂,街道上升起浓浓黑烟。
男人、女人和孩子都感到了炸弹的威力。
雷达警报器在尖叫,救护车从一个充满痛苦的地方向另一个充满痛苦的地方飞速行驶,而消防队员则每时每刻都在面对熊熊火焰。
在遭受如此重创后仍能继续坚持战斗,这对任何城市来说都似乎是不可能的。
(精品)国外航校私照飞行员地面课Lesson12
is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual cues such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.[1]
Frost
◦ forms when objects cool to the below the dew point and below freezing temperatures
◦ water vapor turns to frost via deposition
Turbulence caused by thermals
Stages of a Thunderstorm
◦ Cumulus ◦ Mature ◦ Dissipating
How far away should pilots stay away from thunderstorms?
Why should pilots remain that far from a thunderstorm?
◦ Up ◦ Do Why?
Occurs when the temperature goes up with altitude.
Acts as a lid for weather and pollutants
Over time can lead to low visibility – due to fog, haze, smoke and low clouds.
Sudden drastic shift in wind speed and/or direction
国内哪些大学开设了国际飞行员课程?
国内哪些大学开设了国际飞行员课程?•相关推荐国内哪些大学开设了国际飞行员课程?近年来,随着国际交往日益频繁,我国对国际飞行员的需求也日益强烈。
未来十年里需要雇佣大量的飞行驾驶员来满足航运市场的需要,据预测,截至到2030年,中国至少需要82,700名飞行员,国际飞行员的就业前景非常看好。
因此,很多国际飞行员成为很多学生的梦想职业之一。
为了帮助更多学生顺利实现这一梦想,国内多所高校与外国高校合作推出了国际飞行员课程。
下面育路留学小编为大家介绍几个精品课程供大学参考。
国际飞行员精品课程推荐:北京第二外国语学院加拿大航空飞行专业转学分课程留学国家:加拿大北京第二外国语学院加拿大航空飞行专业转学分课程是北京第二外国语学院国际教育学院与加拿大公立大学联合开办航空飞行转学分课程。
本专业旨在让学生学会航空飞行领域的基本学术管理课程,培养学生在该领域的管理技能,培养适应21世纪商用航空事业需求的复合型航空飞行及航空管理人才。
主要培训有:合格的国际飞行员、航空技师、领航员、航空工程师及航空管理人员等。
北京第二外国语学院与加拿大菲沙河谷等公立大学联合开办航空飞行专业转学分课程。
学生在二外完成菲沙河谷大学承认的21个通识学分课程并达到加拿大大学规定的英语能力入学标准,升入该大学继续攻读航空飞行本科专业,完成本科学业后,获得菲沙河谷大学航空飞行专业学士学位。
在北京第二外国语学院完成一年21个转学分通识课程,成绩合格,学生所获学分被菲沙河谷大学认可并升入该大学学习航空飞行专业。
学生完成全部专业课程可获得菲沙河谷大学大学颁发的航空飞行专业本科学士学位,并可以选择在加拿大移民或回国工作。
北京第二外国语学院加拿大航空飞行专业一年转学分课程特色通识课程,转移学分开设的大学转学分通识课程涵盖人文、理学、语言、历史、社会科学五个领域,包括英语、数学、微观经济学、宏观经济学、统计学、美国历史、IT等课程,所修通识课程学分都被菲沙河谷大学认可。
民用航空器私用驾驶员执照课程
附件A 私用驾驶员执照课程1.适用范围本附件针对下列等级,规定了本规则要求的私用驾驶员执照课程的最低课目标准:(a)单发飞机。
(b)多发飞机。
(c)直升机。
2.注册要求在注册进入私用驾驶员执照课程的飞行训练部分之前,应当持有学生驾驶员执照。
3.航空知识训练(a)每门经批准课程应当至少包括本条(b)款对下列航空器类别和级别等级的航空知识方面规定的地面训练。
这些训练的时间至少要求35小时。
(b)地面训练应当包括下列航空知识内容:(1)与私用驾驶员执照持有人有关的规章条例;飞行规则;高度表拨正程序;相应的空中交通服务措施和程序;(2)飞机和直升机的一般知识,包括:动力装置、系统和仪表的工作原理及其功能,有关类别航空器和动力装置的使用限制,飞行手册或其他相应文件中的有关操作资料,对于直升机传动装置(传动齿轮系)(如适用);(3)飞行性能、计划和装载,包括:装载及重量分布对飞行特性的影响;重量和平衡计算,起飞、着陆和其他性能数据的使用与实际运用,适合于按照目视飞行规则私人运行的飞行前准备和航路飞行计划;空中交通服务飞行计划的准备和申报;相应的空中交通服务程序;位置报告程序;高度表拨正程序;交通密集区的运行;(4)人的行为能力,包括威胁和差错管理的原则;(5)气象学,包括:初级航空气象学的应用,气象资料的使用和获得气象资料的程序,测高法,危险气象条件;(6)领航,包括:空中领航和推测领航技术的实践,航图的使用;(7)操作程序,包括:在运行效绩方面运用威胁和差错管理,高度表拨正程序,航空文件(如《航行资料汇编》《航行通告》《航空代码及缩略语》)的使用,适当的预防程序和应急程序(包括为避让危险天气、尾流和其他运行危险所采取的行动),对于直升机还应包括带油门的缓慢垂直下降、地面共振、后行桨叶失速、动力侧滚翻转和其他操作危险、与目视气象条件飞行相关的安全程序;(8)飞行原理;(9)无线电通话,包括:适用于目视飞行规则运行的通信程序和用语,如遇通信故障应采取的行动。
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A transponder (short-for transmitterresponder[1] and sometimes abbreviated to XPDR, XPNDR, TPDR or TP) is an electronic device that produces a response when it receives a radio-frequency interrogation.
Squawk VFR – Place 1200 in the transponder Squawk Indent or Indent. – Press the indent button on the transponder
Stop Altitude Squawk – Turn the transponder from ALT mode to ON mode. Verify you are receiving a reply – Visually verify that the reply light is flashing.
Responsible for the active runway surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing, ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times.
While every airport varies, terminal controllers usually handle traffic in a 30-to-50-nauticalmile radius from the airport. Where there are many busy airports close together, one consolidated Terminal Control Center may service all the airports (Nor Cal Approach).
Serious injury means any injury which: (1)
Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date of the injury was received; (2) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); (3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; (4) involves any internal organ; or (5) involves second- or thirddegree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface.
The following incidents must be immediately reported to the FAA.
◦ Flight control system malfunction or failure ◦ Inability of any required flight crewmember to perform normal flight duties as a result of injury or illness ◦ In-flight fire ◦ Aircraft collision in flight ◦ Damage to property, other than the aircraft, estimated to exceed $25,000 for repair (including materials and labor) or fair market value in the event of total loss, whichever is less
When declaring an emergency the pilot should start the transmit ion by stating the phrase MAYDAY 3 times.
Example: MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY Cessna N45994………….
14 CFR part 1
◦ Definitions and Abbreviations
14 CFR part 61
◦ Regulated the certification of Pilots, Instructors, and Flight Engineers
14 CFR part 91
Lesson 10
Duration: 2 hours
Radar ATC Facilities Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR’s) NTSB 830
The air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) is a system used in air traffic control (ATC) to enhance surveillance radar monitoring and separation of air traffic. How ATC can see us from hundreds of miles away.
◦ General Operation and Flight Rules
NOTIFICATION AND REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS OR INCIDENTS AND OVERDUE AIRCRAFT, AND PRESERVATION OF AIRCRAFT WRECKAGE, MAIL, CARGO, AND REl be combined with ground school.
Responsible for the airport "movement" areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. This generally includes all taxiways, inactive runways
Mode A – Uses a 4 digit code assigned by ATC, but does not display pressure altitude. Mode C – Same as mode A, but provides ATC with pressure altitude. Mode S – Functions the same as mode A and C, but sends the information to TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
Terminal – Clearance Delivery/Ground/Tower Transition – Approach/Departure Enroute - ARTCC
Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence taxiing.
Works in conjunction with transponders installed in aircraft. Sends out an interrogation signal picked up by the aircraft’s transponder. Transponder can reply with encoded information such as altitude, tail number, airspeed, ect…
Incident means an occurrence other than an
accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.
PSR SSR Transponder
Is a self contained system that dose not require any additional aircraft avionics. Displays radio frequency energy reflected by the objects skin. Objects detected using this are known as primary targets. Does not display any information about the target. (Alt, A/S, Tail #)
The PIC is required to comply with all ATC instructions unless an emergency condition exists.
14 CFR 91.3 Responsibility of the PIC in the event of an emergency. May deviate from ANY Rule to the extent required to meet the needs of the emergency. Must submit a written report when requested by the administrator (FAA)