学生贷款对大学生入学的影响外文文献翻译2019
双语经济:学生贷款对经济产生的涟漪效应
What are the roads not taken because students must take out loans for college? A collection of studies shows that the burden of student debt may well cause people to make different decisions than they would otherwise — affecting not just individuallives but also the entire economy.一些学生由于不得不举债上大学,他们未来所选择的道路会有什么不同吗?一系列研究表明,学生贷款的压力很可能会促使人们做出与没有贷款压力时不同的决定——这不仅会影响个人生活,而且还会影响整个经济。
For one thing, it appears that people with student loans are less likely to start businesses of their own. A new study has found that areas with higher relative growth in student debt show lower growth in the formation of small businesses (in this case, firms with one to four employees).首先,似乎背负学生贷款的人自己创业的可能性较小。
一项新研究发现,在学生贷款增长率相对较高的地区,小公司(这里指拥有1到4名雇员的公司)的创办率较低。
The correlation makes sense. People normally have only a certain amount of "debt capacity," said Brent W. Ambrose, a professor of risk management at Pennsylvania State University and a co-author of a preliminary paper on the research along with Larry Cordell and Shuwei Ma of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.这种相关性有一定的道理。
网贷对大学生的影响英语作文
The Impact of Online Loans on CollegeStudentsIn recent years, the rise of online loan platforms has presented a new challenge to the financial well-being of college students. These platforms offer quick and convenient access to credit, often with minimal requirements for collateral or credit history. While this may seem like a boon for cash-strapped students, thereality is far more complex.The allure of easy money can be strong for students who may be facing financial pressure to pay for tuition, living expenses, or unexpected emergencies. However, the consequences of taking out online loans can be severe and far-reaching. One of the most significant impacts is the accumulation of debt. Many students may not fully understand the terms and conditions of the loans they are taking out, leading to high-interest rates and hidden fees that can quickly spiral out of control.This debt burden can have a profound effect on a student's academic and personal life. It can lead to increased stress and anxiety, which can interfere withtheir ability to focus on their studies. Furthermore, it can restrict their ability to participate inextracurricular activities or pursue internships and other opportunities that are crucial for career development.Another concern is the impact of online loans on a student's credit history. If they are unable to repay their loans, it can lead to a damaged credit score, which can have long-term consequences for their financial well-being. This can make it difficult to obtain loans in the future, whether for a car, a house, or even for further education. Moreover, some students may be tempted to take out multiple loans from different platforms, creating a tangled web of debt that is difficult to untangle. This can lead to a cycle of borrowing and defaulting, further damaging their credit history and financial stability.It is important for college students to understand the risks involved in taking out online loans. While they may provide a temporary solution to financial problems, the long-term consequences can be severe. Instead, students should consider alternative options such as saving money,seeking scholarships or grants, or discussing theirfinancial situation with family or friends.Additionally, colleges and universities should play a role in educating students about responsible borrowing and financial planning. By providing resources and workshopsthat cover topics like budgeting, credit scores, and loan options, they can help students make informed decisions about their finances and avoid the pitfalls of unmanageable debt.In conclusion, while online loans may offer aconvenient solution for college students facing financial challenges, they come with significant risks and consequences. It is crucial for students to exercisecaution and responsibility when considering these options and to seek alternative solutions that will not compromise their financial future.**网贷对大学生的影响**近年来,网贷平台的崛起给大学生的财务状况带来了新的挑战。
金融危机给大学生带来的影响英语作文
金融危机对大学生的影响The financial crisis, a global economic phenomenon that has rocked the stability of numerous countries, has inevitably cast its shadow over the lives of college students. As the future leaders and innovators of society, college students are particularly sensitive to such widespread economic changes. This essay explores the profound impact of the financial crisis on college students, focusing on areas such as employment prospects, educational financing, and personal financial management.Firstly, the financial crisis has significantly altered the employment landscape for college students. With businesses facing financial constraints and reduced profits, hiring freezes and layoffs have become commonplace. Thishas led to a surge in competition for jobs, making it increasingly difficult for graduates to secure employment. The crisis has also caused a shift in employer preferences, with many organizations preferring to hire experienced candidates over fresh graduates. This trend has addedfurther pressure to the already challenging job market for college students.Secondly, the financial crisis has had a significant impact on the financing of higher education. As families struggle with financial uncertainties and reduced income, many students have found it difficult to afford the rising costs of tuition and other expenses. This has led to an increase in the number of students relying on loans and scholarships to finance their education. However, the availability of these financial resources has also been affected by the crisis, with many institutions tightening their lending criteria and reducing funding for scholarships.Moreover, the financial crisis has also influenced the personal financial management skills of college students. In the face of economic uncertainty, students have been forced to become more mindful of their spending habits and budgeting. They have learned to prioritize their expenses, cut down on unnecessary spending, and seek out cost-effective options. This shift in mindset has not only helped them manage their finances during the crisis but has also equipped them with valuable skills that will serve them well in their future personal and professional lives.However, it is worth noting that the financial crisis has not only brought challenges but also opportunities for college students. The crisis has spurred innovation and creativity, pushing students to seek alternative career paths and explore new areas of interest. It has also emphasized the importance of adaptability and resilience in the face of adversity, qualities that are crucial for success in any field.In conclusion, the financial crisis has had a profound impact on college students, affecting their employment prospects, educational financing, and personal financial management. While the crisis has posed significant challenges, it has also presented opportunities for growth and development. By adapting to the changing economic environment and leveraging their newfound skills and experiences, college students can emerge stronger and more resilient from this period of uncertainty.**金融危机对大学生的影响**金融危机,这一席卷全球的经济现象,已经不可避免地给许多国家的经济稳定带来了冲击,同时也在大学生群体中投下了沉重的阴影。
金融危机给大学生带来的影响英语作文
金融危机给大学生带来的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Impact of Financial Crisis on College StudentsIntroductionThe global financial crisis that occurred in 2008 had a significant impact on the world economy, affecting millions of individuals and businesses. One group that was particularly affected by this crisis was college students. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which the financial crisis impacted college students and discuss the potential long-term effects on their lives.Impact on Tuition FeesOne of the immediate effects of the financial crisis on college students was the increase in tuition fees. As the economy faltered and states and universities struggled to balance their budgets, many institutions were forced to raise tuition rates to make up for funding shortfalls. This left many students struggling to afford the costs of higher education, leading to increased student debt and financial strain.Impact on Student LoansAnother major impact of the financial crisis on college students was the tightening of credit markets. As banks and financial institutions faced losses and tightening regulations, student loans became harder to obtain for many students. This made it difficult for students to finance their education and forced many to rely on other sources of funds, such as savings or parental support.Impact on Job OpportunitiesThe financial crisis also had a significant impact on job opportunities for college students. As businesses struggled to stay afloat and unemployment rates soared, many college students found it difficult to secure part-time or summer jobs to help pay for their education. This not only created financial strain for students but also impacted their ability to gain valuable work experience and build their resumes.Impact on Mental HealthThe stress and uncertainty caused by the financial crisis also took a toll on the mental health of college students. Many students reported feeling anxious, overwhelmed, and depressed as they struggled to navigate the financial challenges brought onby the crisis. This, in turn, affected their academic performance and overall well-being, creating additional barriers to their success.Long-Term EffectsThe long-term effects of the financial crisis on college students are still being felt today. Many students who graduated during the crisis struggled to find well-paying jobs and build stable careers, leading to increased financial insecurity and delayed milestones such as homeownership and starting a family. Additionally, the burden of student debt acquired during the crisis continues to weigh on many students, affecting their financial stability and ability to invest in their future.ConclusionIn conclusion, the financial crisis had a profound impact on college students, affecting their ability to afford higher education, access student loans, find job opportunities, and maintain their mental health. The long-term effects of the crisis continue to shape the lives of many students today, highlighting the need for support and resources to help them navigate the financial challenges they face. As we move forward, it is essential to recognize the lasting impact of the financial crisis on collegestudents and work towards building a more resilient and equitable system of higher education for all.篇2The Impact of Financial Crisis on College StudentsIntroductionThe global financial crisis of 2008 had a profound impact on economies worldwide, affecting various sectors including the job market and education. College students, who were in the process of pursuing their degrees and preparing for their future, were not exempt from the repercussions of the crisis. In this essay, we will explore the effects of the financial crisis on college students and how they have navigated through these challenges.Impact on Job ProspectsOne of the most significant impacts of the financial crisis on college students was the limited job prospects available upon graduation. The crisis resulted in widespread layoffs, hiring freezes, and a decrease in job opportunities across various industries. This made it challenging for college students to secure employment post-graduation, leading to increased competition for entry-level positions.Many companies were forced to downsize or close their doors entirely, leaving recent graduates with limited options for employment. This not only affected their ability to begin their careers but also had long-term implications on their earning potential and overall financial stability.Student Debt and Financial BurdenAnother consequence of the financial crisis for college students was the increase in student debt and financial burden. As job opportunities dwindled, many students were left with no choice but to take out loans to finance their education. With limited job prospects and a weak economy, repaying these loans became even more challenging, putting additional financial strain on students.The rising cost of tuition coupled with the economic downturn created a perfect storm for college students, many of whom found themselves struggling to make ends meet. This financial burden not only impacted their ability to pay off student loans but also affected their overall well-being and mental health.Increased Competition and PressureThe financial crisis also led to increased competition among college students for internships, scholarships, and other opportunities. With a limited number of jobs available, students were forced to work harder and stand out from their peers to secure these opportunities. This created a competitive and high-pressure environment for college students, many of whom felt the weight of the economic uncertainty on their shoulders.The pressure to succeed in a tough job market, coupled with the financial burden of student loans, took a toll on the mental health of many college students. Anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness became increasingly common among students as they navigated through the challenges brought on by the financial crisis.Adaptation and ResilienceDespite the challenges posed by the financial crisis, college students have shown remarkable adaptability and resilience in the face of adversity. Many students have taken on part-time jobs, internships, and freelance work to supplement their income and gain valuable experience. Others have sought out alternative forms of education, such as online courses and certifications, to enhance their skillset and improve their job prospects.Additionally, colleges and universities have implemented programs and resources to support students during this challenging time. Career counseling services, financial aid programs, and mental health resources have been made available to help students navigate through the uncertainties of the post-financial crisis world.ConclusionThe financial crisis of 2008 had a lasting impact on college students, affecting their job prospects, financial well-being, and mental health. However, students have shown resilience and adaptability in the face of these challenges, finding ways to navigate through the uncertainties of the post-crisis world. By tapping into their resourcefulness and seeking out support from their institutions, college students have been able to overcome the obstacles brought on by the financial crisis and prepare themselves for a more secure future.篇3The Impact of Financial Crisis on College StudentsIntroductionThe global financial crisis of 2008 had a significant impact on economies around the world, and college students were notimmune to its effects. As the job market tightened and student loan debt increased, students were forced to navigate a more uncertain financial landscape. In this essay, we will explore the ways in which the financial crisis impacted college students and their ability to achieve their academic and career goals.Job Market ChallengesOne of the immediate impacts of the financial crisis was the tightening of the job market. With companies laying off employees and reducing hiring, recent college graduates found it increasingly difficult to secure employment. Many students who had planned to enter the workforce after graduation were forced to delay their job search or settle for positions that were below their education level.Student Loan DebtAnother major impact of the financial crisis on college students was the increase in student loan debt. As tuition costs continued to rise and financial aid options dwindled, many students were forced to take out larger loans to finance their education. In the aftermath of the crisis, these students found themselves saddled with even more debt and facing greater challenges in repaying it.Financial StressThe financial crisis also created significant financial stress for college students. Many students had parents who lost their jobs or saw their retirement savings disappear, leading to increased financial pressure on the family. This, in turn, created more stress for students who were already dealing with the demands of their academic studies.Changes in Career AspirationsIn light of the challenging job market and increasing student loan debt, many college students were forced to rethink their career aspirations. Some students chose to pursue further education or certifications in an attempt to make themselves more competitive in the job market. Others opted for internships or part-time positions to gain experience and build their professional network.Impact on Mental HealthThe financial crisis also had a significant impact on the mental health of college students. The stress of mounting student loan debt, uncertainty about the job market, and financial pressures at home took a toll on students' mentalwell-being. Many students reported feelings of anxiety,depression, and hopelessness as they struggled to navigate the financial challenges.ConclusionIn conclusion, the financial crisis of 2008 had a lasting impact on college students, shaping their academic and career trajectory in significant ways. From job market challenges to increasing student loan debt, the effects of the crisis werefar-reaching and long-lasting. As we look towards the future, it is important for policymakers, educators, and society as a whole to consider the needs of college students and provide support to help them navigate the financial challenges they face.。
网贷对大学生的影响英语作文
The Impact of Online Loans on CollegeStudentsIn recent years, the rise of online lending platforms has presented a new challenge for college students, who are often faced with financial difficulties. While these platforms offer convenient access to credit, they also carry significant risks and consequences for students who are already grappling with the challenges of academic life.The primary attraction of online loans for college students is their ease of access. Unlike traditional bank loans, which require extensive documentation and credit checks, online loans can be obtained quickly and with minimal fuss. This accessibility, however, often leads to overborrowing and irresponsible financial decisions. Many students fail to take into account the long-term implications of borrowing large amounts of money, which can lead to a cycle of debt that is difficult to escape.Another concern is the high interest rates and hidden feesassociated with many online loans. Because these loans are often unsecured, lenders charge higher interest rates to compensate for the increased risk. Additionally, some lenders may include hidden fees or penalties that can significantly increase the overall cost of the loan. These high costs can quickly spiral out of control, leaving students with a significant financial burden.Moreover, the impact of online loans on college students' mental health cannot be overlooked. The stress and anxiety caused by financial difficulties can have a profound effect on students' academic performance and overall well-being. The constant worry about repaying loans can lead to decreased motivation, concentration, and even mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.Furthermore, the rise of online loans has also led to an increase in fraud and scams targeting college students. Many unscrupulous lenders prey on students' desperation by offering loans with false promises or misleading terms. These scams can lead to financial ruin for students who are already struggling to make ends meet.In conclusion, while online loans may offer a short-term solution to financial problems for college students, they also present significant long-term risks and consequences. It is crucial for students to carefully consider their financial options and seek advice from reliable sources before taking on any form of debt. Additionally, regulatory authorities should take steps to ensure that online lenders are operating responsibly and透明地,以保护the interests of vulnerable college students.**网贷对大学生的影响**近年来,网贷平台的崛起给大学生带来了新的挑战,他们常常面临经济困难。
金融危机对大学生造成何种影响的英语作文
金融危机对大学生造成何种影响的英语作文The Money Problems and How They Mess Everything UpI'm just a kid, but I hear my parents talking a lot about money problems lately because of something called the "financial crisis." I don't really understand what it all means, but I know it's caused a lot of trouble for grown-ups and kids alike.From what I can gather, there was some kind of big money mess that made the whole economy go kerplunk! Banks and businesses lost tons of money and had to let people go from their jobs. That meant a lot of moms and dads didn't have paychecks coming in anymore.My dad is a banker and he's been really stressed out about it all. He says the crisis started because banks gave out too many loans to people who couldn't afford to pay them back. Then the housing market crashed and everything spiraled out of control. A bunch of big banks and investment companies went belly-up and had to be bailed out by the government.My mom works at a factory that makes car parts, and they've had to do major layoffs too because people aren't buying as many new cars with the bad economy. She's worried she couldlose her job next. If that happens, I don't know how we'd get by. No wonder my parents argue about money so much now.The financial crisis hasn't just affected my family though. It's caused huge problems for lots of college students and their parents too from what I understand. Let me break it down as best I can:Tuition Has SkyrocketedOne of the biggest impacts has been on the cost of tuition at universities. With the economy so sluggish, states have way less tax money coming in. That means they've had to make massive budget cuts, including slashing funds for public colleges and universities.Well, when schools get less money from the state, they have to make up for it by raising tuition costs. And I'm talking big hikes here - like double-digit percentage increases over just a couple years at some schools! Private universities have raised costs a ton too since their endowments and donations have taken such huge hits with the stock market downturn.On top of that, tons of classes and degree programs have gotten cut as schools look to save money any way they can. Sonot only do students have to pay way more now, but they have fewer options in scheduling and course selection.Less Financial AidTo make matters even worse, there's also way less financial aid and scholarship money available thanks to the crisis. The economic slump has decimated endowments that fund scholarships at many schools. States have also had to reduce funding for grant and loan programs with their stressed budgets.Meanwhile, tons of companies have stopped offering as many scholarships and tuition assistance programs for employees' kids when they had to start pinching pennies. My aunt works at a big corporation that used to pay a nice chunk towards college for employees' children, but they Cut that program entirely last year.Fewer Job OpportunitiesAnother huge issue is the lack of jobs and internships available for college students now. With businesses in so much turmoil and having to make cuts, they've eliminated tons of entry-level jobs and internship programs that students depend on to earn income and get experience.My cousin is a junior in college, and she said it's been almost impossible to find a decent internship, let alone an actualpart-time job to help pay expenses. All the companies in her field have frozen hiring and cut way back on bringing in interns. She's had to take out even more loans just to get by without income from a job.Less Spending MoneySpeaking of income, even for those students who can find work, they're making way less these days. Minimum wage jobs don't pay much to begin with, and now they're getting their hours cut due to businesses being so strapped. My brother's friend worked at the mall and made decent money, but then his hours got slashed in half last semester.With so little income, students have very little spending money beyond covering tuition, rent, groceries and books. Things like eating out, going to movies, Spring Break trips and nights at the club are pretty much out of the question unless their parents can afford to give them money - which is highly unlikely for most families right now.Loans GaloreSince financial aid is lacking and jobs are scarce, students are being forced to take out way more loans than ever before to cover their college costs. And these aren't just tiny little loans either - often they're huge whopping ones that will take decades to pay back after graduation. Yikes!My cousin was telling me how stressed she is about graduating next year with nearly 100,000 in student loan debt. Can you imagine?! How is she ever going to pay that off, especially in this crummy job market? She says a lot of her friends are in the same sinking boat, looking at loan balances bigger than what their parents' mortgage was. Double yikes!Delaying GraduationWith money being so tight all around, more and more students are having to take longer than four years to graduate from college these days. Whether it's having to go part-time to work more hours, taking semester breaks to save up funds, or not being able to get into required classes due to cuts, it's just dragging out their entire college career.My cousin's boyfriend is a great example - he's now in his 6th year of a 4-year program! First he had to go part-time and work full-time for a couple years when his dad lost his job. Then once he went back to school full-time, he kept getting shut outof classes he needed because they were overbooked or had been cut. Such a bummer when it racks up so much extra debt.Changing PlansFor a lot of students, the financial crisis has forced them to change their entire future plans and dreams. Certain careers and fields of study are just way too expensive and impractical in this economic climate. Tons of students have had to abandon plans to be doctors, lawyers, veterinarians or other careers requiring costly degrees.I know my older neighbor was studying engineering, but then switched to business because it was more affordable and he thought he'd have better job prospects coming out of school. Another kid down the street wanted to be an architect, but then his parents' income took such a hit that he couldn't afford that passion anymore. So sad when you have to give up what you really want to do!Dropping OutFor some students, staying in college just becomes straight-up impossible due to the money crunch caused by the financial crisis. When tuition rates explode higher and higher, financial aid dries up, parents lose jobs, and no work can befound, they simply have no way to pay for school anymore. Tragically, their only choice is to drop out.My mom's friend's son was just a semester away from graduating when he had to drop out of his university. The tuition hike that year was the final straw after his family had fallen on such hard times. Now he has loads of debt from years of study, no degree, and very few job prospects. Their family is absolutely devastated as you can imagine.That's Not All...These are just some of the major impacts I've picked up on, but I'm sure there are plenty of other ways the big money troubles have made life miserable for college students too. Like having to move back home with their parents after graduating because jobs are extinct. Or seeing their families' homes get foreclosed on. Or watching their parents' retirement funds shrink away to practically nothing. It's all just so stressful!I feel really bad for my older friends and relatives who are trying to get through college and make a life for themselves right now. This whole financial crisis has just made everything like a million times harder. Paying for school alone is hard enough as it is - but adding in outrageous tuition costs, nofinancial aid, zero jobs, piles of debt and struggling families?! No wonder everyone is going nuts!I know I'm just a kid, but even I can understand howcrazy-rough things are and how stressed out all the college kids must feel. They've got it so tough right now. All I can say is, I hope the money troubles get solved soon so students can stop getting so royally screwed over! Getting an education is hard enough as it is without the whole world's finances going bonkers on you. Let's get this mess fixed so college isn't made into a nightmare anymore!。
网贷对大学生的影响英语作文
网贷对大学生的影响英语作文(中英文实用版){z}Title: The Impact of Peer-to-Peer Lending on College StudentsPeer-to-peer lending, an innovative financial service that connects borrowers and lenders online, has gained significant popularity in recent years.This essay aims to explore the impact of peer-to-peer lending on college students, considering both its advantages and disadvantages.One of the main advantages of peer-to-peer lending for college students is the access to affordable credit.Traditional banks often have stringent requirements for loan approval, making it difficult for students with limited credit histories to secure loans.Peer-to-peer lending platforms, on the other hand, tend to have less strict criteria, allowing students to obtain the funds they need for various purposes, such as tuition, textbooks, or living expenses, at lower interest rates compared to credit cards.Moreover, peer-to-peer lending can also help students build their credit scores.By repaying loans on time, students demonstrate their creditworthiness to future lenders, which can be beneficial when they apply for mortgages, car loans, or other forms of credit in the future.However, there are also potential disadvantages to consider.One significant risk is the possibility of defaulting on loans.Since peer-to-peer lending platforms often have less stringent approval processes, somestudents may take on more debt than they can manage, leading to default and a damaged credit score.Additionally, peer-to-peer lending platforms are relatively new and may not have the same level of regulatory oversight as traditional banks.This lack of regulation can expose students to potential scams or unfair lending practices.In conclusion, peer-to-peer lending can offer college students access to affordable credit and an opportunity to build their credit scores.However, students should be cautious and ensure they can manage their debt responsibly to avoid the risks of default and potential exploitation from less reputable lenders.As with any financial decision, it is crucial for students to research and understand the terms and conditions of peer-to-peer lending before participating.。
校园借贷危害英文作文
校园借贷危害英文作文Campus lending can have serious consequences for students. Firstly, it can lead to financial burden and debt. Many students may borrow money without fully understanding the terms and conditions, resulting in high interest rates and hidden fees. This can quickly accumulate and become unmanageable, causing stress and anxiety for the borrowers.Secondly, campus lending can negatively impact academic performance. When students are burdened with debt, they may have to work extra hours or take on additional jobs torepay the loans. This can take away valuable time andenergy that could have been spent on studying and participating in extracurricular activities. As a result, their grades may suffer and their overall academic performance may decline.Furthermore, campus lending can also lead to a cycle of dependency. Once students start borrowing money, it can become a habit that is hard to break. They may rely onloans to cover their daily expenses or to indulge in unnecessary purchases. This dependency can create a vicious cycle where students are constantly in debt and struggling to make ends meet.In addition, campus lending can have a negative impact on mental health. The stress of managing debt and the fear of not being able to repay can take a toll on students' mental well-being. They may experience feelings of shame, guilt, and anxiety, which can affect their overall happiness and ability to focus on their studies.Lastly, campus lending can also damage students' future financial prospects. When students graduate with a significant amount of debt, it can hinder their ability to secure employment or pursue further education. They may have to prioritize repaying their loans over pursuing their desired career paths or furthering their education,limiting their opportunities and potential for growth.In conclusion, campus lending poses various risks and dangers for students. It can lead to financial burden,impact academic performance, create a cycle of dependency, affect mental health, and hinder future prospects. It is important for students to be aware of the potential consequences and to make informed decisions when considering borrowing money on campus.。
学生贷款的英语作文范文免费
关于学生贷款的英语作文范文(5篇)1Student loans have become a common phenomenon in the pursuit of education. On one hand, they offer undeniable benefits. Many students who come from less privileged backgrounds can access higher education through loans, opening up opportunities for personal growth and development. For instance, a student with great potential but limited financial resources can obtain a loan to study at a prestigious university and eventually secure a well-paid job, thus changing their life trajectory for the better.However, student loans also come with significant drawbacks. Some students may find themselves struggling to repay the loan after graduation, especially if they fail to secure a stable and well-paying job. This can lead to a heavy burden of debt and financial stress, affecting their quality of life and future plans. For example, a graduate might have to delay buying a house or starting a family due to the large monthly loan repayments.In conclusion, student loans are a double-edged sword. While they provide a chance for education and advancement, they also pose risks of financial hardship. It is crucial for students to carefully consider their future income prospects and repayment capabilities before taking on a loan. Only with a well-thought-out plan can they make the most of the benefits andminimize the potential negative impacts.2Student loans have become a significant topic in the realm of education. They have both positive and negative implications for educational equity.On the one hand, student loans offer a glimmer of hope for those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Many impoverished students, who otherwise could not afford the cost of higher education, are able to pursue their dreams and gain access to quality education through loans. This gives them the opportunity to transform their lives, acquire knowledge and skills, and eventually break free from the cycle of poverty.However, there are also concerns. Student loans might lead to an unequal distribution of educational resources. Those who are better off financially may not need to rely on loans and thus have fewer financial burdens after graduation. This could create an imbalance where some students start their careers with significant debts, while others do not. Moreover, the pressure of repaying loans might prevent some students from choosing careers based on their passion and interests, but rather based on financial returns.In conclusion, while student loans have provided a means for educational access, careful consideration and policy adjustments are needed to ensure they truly contribute to a fair and balanced educationallandscape.3Student loans have become a prevalent topic in the educational landscape. On one hand, they offer undeniable benefits. They provide students with the financial means to pursue higher education, opening doors to knowledge and better career prospects. For instance, many students who otherwise couldn't afford tuition fees are able to attend prestigious universities and gain valuable qualifications through student loans.However, there are certain drawbacks. One major concern is the burden of debt that students accumulate. After graduation, they face the pressure of repaying large sums of money, which can delay major life decisions such as buying a house or starting a family. Another issue is the potential for mismanagement or abuse of the loan system. Some students might take on more debt than they can realistically repay, or lenders might not provide adequate information about the terms and conditions.To improve the student loan policy, there should be more transparency and better financial education. Students need to understand the implications of borrowing and the repayment obligations. Additionally, there could be more flexible repayment options based on income levels to ease the burden. Also, stricter regulations could prevent predatory lending practices.In conclusion, while student loans have facilitated educational opportunities, it is crucial to address the existing shortcomings to ensure a fair and sustainable system for all students.4As students, student loans can be both a burden and an opportunity. On one hand, they offer us the chance to pursue higher education and fulfill our dreams. However, on the other hand, they bring along considerable pressure.Many students have to take up part-time jobs to repay the loans. This not only demands a lot of time and energy but also helps us develop valuable skills and a sense of responsibility. Through these jobs, we learn to manage our time, communicate with others effectively, and handle various challenges.Yet, the pressure of student loans is undeniable. We constantly worry about the debt and its impact on our future. The stress often affects our mental health and makes it difficult to enjoy our student life fully.In conclusion, student loans have their pros and cons. We should view them as a motivation to strive for a better future while also being aware of the challenges they pose. With determination and hard work, we can overcome the difficulties and make the most of the opportunities they bring.5Nowadays, student loans have become a common phenomenon in the educational field. However, there are numerous problems in the student loan market that need to be addressed urgently to safeguard the rights and interests of students.Firstly, it is essential to establish a sound regulatory mechanism. For instance, strict qualification reviews should be implemented for loan institutions to prevent illegal or unscrupulous ones from entering the market and exploiting students. Regular audits and supervision can ensure that loan terms and interest rates are fair and reasonable.Secondly, education and awareness programs should be launched. Students need to be informed clearly about the terms, risks, and responsibilities associated with loans. They should understand their rights and how to protect themselves from potential fraud.Furthermore, the government and relevant departments should strengthen the legal framework. Penalties for illegal loan practices should be severe enough to act as a deterrent.In conclusion, only through comprehensive measures such as establishing a regulatory mechanism, providing education, and strengthening the legal system can the student loan market be standardized and the rights and interests of students be effectively protected. This will enable students to pursue their education without unnecessary burdens andrisks.。
校园贷的危害英文作文
校园贷的危害英文作文The Hazards of Campus Loans。
With the increasing cost of living and education, campus loans have become a popular choice for many college students. However, it is important to be aware of the potential hazards of these loans.Firstly, campus loans often come with high interest rates, which can lead to a cycle of debt. Many students take out loans without fully understanding the terms and conditions, and end up owing much more than they anticipated. This can cause financial stress and even lead to dropping out of college.Secondly, some lenders may use aggressive tactics to collect payments. This can include harassing phone calls and threatening legal action. Students may feel trapped and unable to escape the debt.Thirdly, campus loans can negatively impact credit scores. Late or missed payments can result in a lowercredit score, making it difficult to obtain future loans or credit cards.Finally, the pressure to repay loans can lead to poor financial decisions. Students may be tempted to take on additional debt or work multiple jobs, which can negatively impact their academic performance and mental health.To avoid these hazards, it is important for students to carefully consider their financial situation before taking out a loan. They should research lenders and read the fine print before signing any agreements. It is also important to create a budget and stick to it, avoiding unnecessary expenses.In conclusion, while campus loans can provide short-term financial relief, they can also lead to long-term consequences. Students should approach these loans with caution and seek advice from financial professionals if necessary.。
学生贷款的英语作文范文
关于学生贷款的英语作文范文1Student loans have become a common phenomenon in modern education. They offer both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand, student loans provide a valuable opportunity for many students to pursue higher education. For instance, some students come from humble backgrounds but have big dreams and aspirations. Through student loans, they are able to enroll in prestigious universities and acquire knowledge and skills that can change their lives for the better. These students might go on to become successful professionals, contributing significantly to society and repaying the loan with their earnings.However, there are also drawbacks. Some students fail to manage their finances well and end up unable to repay the loan on time. This leads to a credit crisis, which can have long-term negative impacts on their financial future. They might face difficulties in getting loans for other purposes such as buying a house or starting a business. Moreover, the burden of debt can cause significant stress and anxiety, affecting their overall quality of life and academic performance.In conclusion, student loans can be a double-edged sword. While they open doors to education and opportunities, it is crucial for students toapproach them with caution and a well-thought-out plan for repayment. Only then can they truly benefit from this financial tool without getting trapped in a cycle of debt and financial distress.2Student loans have become a common phenomenon in the pursuit of higher education. They can have both positive and negative impacts on an individual's development.On the one hand, student loans alleviate the financial burden for many students, allowing them to focus on their studies without constantly worrying about the cost. For instance, a student from a less affluent family can obtain a loan to attend a prestigious university and pursue a degree in a field they are passionate about. This financial assistance opens up opportunities that might otherwise be out of reach, enabling them to gain valuable knowledge and skills.However, there is a flip side to this. Excessive student loan debts can pose significant challenges after graduation. The burden of repayment can limit career choices as individuals may feel compelled to take high-paying jobs rather than following their true interests. It can also affect the quality of life, as a large portion of income goes towards loan repayment, leaving less for other essentials or leisure activities.In conclusion, while student loans offer a means to access education, it is crucial for students to carefully consider the amount they borrow andhave a well-thought-out plan for repayment to ensure that it does not unduly hamper their future development.3Student loans can be a helpful tool for students to pursue higher education, but they need to be used wisely. To make the most of student loans, it is essential to have a well-defined repayment plan. For instance, one could start by calculating the total amount borrowed and estimating the monthly income after graduation. Based on these figures, a feasible monthly repayment amount can be determined and included in the budget.Another important aspect is choosing the right loan program. Some loans may have lower interest rates or more flexible repayment terms. It is crucial to research and compare different options before making a decision. For example, government-backed loans often come with certain benefits and protections for borrowers.Moreover, students should also be aware of the potential consequences of defaulting on loans. It can have a negative impact on credit scores and future borrowing opportunities. Therefore, it is necessary to stay committed to the repayment schedule and make timely payments.In conclusion, when using student loans, careful planning and responsible decision-making are key to ensuring a successful educational journey without being burdened by excessive debt.4Student loans have become an important issue in many countries around the world. The policies regarding student loans vary significantly from one country to another.In some countries, student loans are offered with extremely favorable terms. For instance, in certain European nations, students can access low-interest or even interest-free loans to pursue their education. This enables them to focus on their studies without the burden of immediate financial stress. These countries recognize the importance of education and aim to provide equal opportunities for all students to achieve their academic goals.On the contrary, in some other countries, the student loan policies are much stricter. The interest rates might be relatively high, and the repayment terms could be quite demanding. This often puts a significant financial strain on students and their families. In such cases, students might have to work part-time or take on multiple jobs to manage their loan repayments, which could potentially affect their academic performance and overall educational experience.It is evident that the differences in student loan policies have a profound impact on students' lives and educational opportunities. A more lenient and supportive policy can encourage more students to pursue higher education and contribute to the development of the country in the long run. However, a strict and burdensome policy might limit access to educationand hinder the growth of the younger generation.In conclusion, the variation in student loan policies across countries reflects different approaches to supporting education and the economic and social contexts of each nation. It is crucial for policymakers to continuously evaluate and improve these policies to ensure that students have the best possible chance to succeed in their educational endeavors.5Student loans have emerged as a significant aspect in the field of education, exerting both positive and negative influences on society. On the one hand, they contribute to promoting educational equity. For instance, students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds can pursue higher education through loans, which enables them to acquire knowledge and skills that might otherwise be beyond their reach. This, in turn, provides them with opportunities to improve their life circumstances and contribute to social development.However, student loans also bring about certain social and economic risks. A considerable number of graduates face the burden of heavy debts after completing their studies. This not only affects their personal financial situations but also has potential implications for the overall economic stability. In some cases, individuals may struggle to repay the loans, leading to credit problems and even financial crises.In conclusion, while student loans offer a means for achievingeducational fairness, it is crucial for both the government and educational institutions to establish effective supervision and risk prevention mechanisms. This would ensure that students can benefit from loans without being overly burdened, and that the social economy maintains a healthy and balanced state.。
针对在校学生贷款问题英语两百字作文
针对在校学生贷款问题英语作文1Nowadays, the issue of student loans has become a hot topic. Many students take out loans for various reasons.Some students loan to buy electronic products or go on trips, but end up in debt crisis. This is because they lack a clear understanding of financial management and the consequences of borrowing.On the other hand, some students take out reasonable loans to pay for tuition fees and successfully complete their studies.Student loans can bring both benefits and risks. It can help students solve the problem of tuition fees in time and achieve their educational goals. However, if not used properly, it will cause heavy financial burdens and affect their future lives.In conclusion, students should think carefully before taking out loans, make a reasonable plan, and use the borrowed money correctly.2Students, let's talk about student loans. There are different types of student loans. Some are provided by banks, and some by financial institutions.For applying for a student loan, you usually need to meet certain conditions. Good academic performance and a clear study plan canincrease your chances.The repayment methods also vary. Some require you to start repaying after graduation, while others give you a grace period. For example, Bank A's loan might have a lower interest rate but stricter repayment terms, while Institution B's loan could offer more flexible repayment options.Remember, student loans can help you achieve your educational goals, but you should understand the terms and responsibilities carefully.3I remember a time when a classmate of mine got involved in a loan for a new phone. At first, he thought it would be easy to repay the loan. But as time went on, the interest kept adding up and the burden became overwhelming.He had to cut back on his meals and other necessary expenses to try and pay off the debt. He was constantly stressed and worried. His grades even suffered because he couldn't focus on his studies.This experience taught me a valuable lesson. Loans may seem like an easy solution in the moment, but they can bring a lot of problems and pressure. We students should be cautious and not be lured by the temptation of immediate gratification.4Nowadays, the issue of student loans among school students hasdrawn significant attention.This investigation aims to analyze the current situation of student loans, including the proportion, usage, and satisfaction.The research methods involve questionnaire surveys and interviews.A total of 500 students were surveyed.The results show that about 30% of the students have taken out loans.The main purposes of the loans are to cover educational expenses and daily living costs.However, only 60% of the students expressed satisfaction with the loan process.In conclusion, while student loans can provide financial support, there are still some issues that need to be addressed.Schools and relevant departments should provide more guidance and support to help students make rational borrowing decisions.5Nowadays, the issue of student loans for those in school has become a hot topic.In my opinion, it's a double-edged sword.On one hand, student loans can provide an opportunity for students to pursue higher education when their families can't afford the costs. It helps them realize their dreams and gain knowledge to build a better future.However, on the other hand, there are risks. Some students may notbe fully aware of the burden and consequences of loans. They might end up in a difficult financial situation after graduation. Also, there are disputes in society about the interest rates and repayment policies of student loans.In conclusion, student loans can be helpful, but proper guidance and regulations are needed to ensure that students make informed decisions and avoid unnecessary financial stress.。
校园贷的危害英语作文
大学生贷款的危害英语作文Ever since colleges started to charge the students for the education they receive, there has always been a problem for some students, especially for those from remote rural region s, to get the money for it. So the government offers them an option of borrowing money fr om banks. Surveys show that the number of students financing his education in this way is i ncreasing.自从大学开始对学生的教育收费以来,对于一些学生来说,尤其是那些来自偏远农村地区的学生来说,要想获得这笔钱一直是个问题。
因此,政府为他们提供了从银行借款的选择。
调查显示,以这种方式资助他的教育的学生数量正在增加。
However, some students, although not many, failed to pay back the loans as they had p romised in the contract. The banks have a very hard time coping with this problem. And the government can do nothing effective to help the banks.然而,一些学生虽然不多,但未能按照合同中的承诺偿还贷款。
银行很难解决这个问题。
政府也无法有效地帮助银行。
I think there is more than one reason for this. Dishonesty may be one but not the major one. As is known, we are experiencing a particular phase of economic development where t he supply of human resources is much bigger than the demand for it. So many students are not able to find a well-paid job. How can they pay the loans back? To solve this problem, I think the government s hould make efforts to get the whole economy go smoothly, creating more job opportunities.我认为原因不止一个。
如何看待大学生贷款英语作文
文章标题Views on Student Loans for University StudentsIn today's fast-paced and increasingly competitive world, higher education has become a necessity for individuals seeking success in their chosen fields. However, the rising costs of tuition, books, and living expenseshave made it increasingly difficult for many students to pursue their academic dreams without financial assistance. As a result, student loans have become a popular option for many university students, but they also bring about a range of opinions and perspectives.On the one hand, student loans provide a viablesolution for students who lack the necessary funds to finance their education. These loans enable individuals to pursue degrees in fields that may lead to higher-payingjobs and greater career opportunities. They allow studentsto focus on their studies rather than worrying about how to pay for tuition or daily expenses. Additionally, student loans can be repaid over an extended period, often with favorable interest rates, making them a manageable form of debt for many borrowers.However, the rise in student loan debt has also sparked concerns about the long-term financial implications for borrowers. The burden of repaying loans can be significant, especially for students who enter low-paying fields or encounter difficulties finding employment after graduation. The stress of managing this debt can have negative impacts on mental health and overall well-being. Moreover, the accumulation of student loan debt can hamper individuals' ability to save for other important financial goals, such as buying a home or starting a business.To address these concerns, it is essential for students to carefully consider the pros and cons of taking out student loans. They should evaluate their financial needs and the potential for future earnings in their chosen field to determine if loans are the right choice for them. Additionally, students should explore all available options for financial aid, including grants, scholarships, andwork-study programs, to minimize their reliance on loans. Furthermore, universities and governments should also play a role in mitigating the burden of student loan debt. Universities can offer more scholarships and grants toreduce the need for loans, while governments can implement policies to lower interest rates or provide tax relief for student loan borrowers.In conclusion, student loans can be a valuable tool for university students seeking to finance their education, but they should be approached with caution. Borrowers must carefully assess their financial situation and explore all available options to minimize their debt burden. At the same time, universities and governments should strive to create a more supportive environment for students, enabling them to pursue their academic goals without the undue stress of excessive debt.**如何看待大学生贷款**在当今快节奏、竞争日益激烈的世界中,高等教育已成为个人在所选领域寻求成功的必要条件。
校园借贷危害英文作文
校园借贷危害英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Student loans can cause a lot of problems. Some students get into debt that they can't easily pay off. It can stress them out and affect their studies and mental health.Another thing is that the interest rates on these loans can be really high. Students might not understand how much they'll actually have to pay back in the end.There are also cases where students are tricked by bad lending practices. They might not know all the terms and conditions, and that can lead to them being in a worse situation.And it's not just about the money. It can also affect students' relationships with their friends and family when they're dealing with this debt.。
大学贷款英语作文
University Loans: A Double-edged Sword In the modern era of higher education, university loans have become a ubiquitous aspect of the academic journey. They offer a path for aspiring students to pursue their dreams of obtaining a college degree, bridging thefinancial gap that often stands between ambition and realization. However, these loans also carry a heavy burden of debt, often leading to long-term financial commitments and, in some cases, even emotional stress.The allure of university loans lies in their ability to unlock the door to higher education for many. They provide the financial means for students to attend universities, regardless of their family's financial standing. This opportunity is invaluable, as a college degree often serves as a gateway to better employment opportunities and higher earning potential. Loans allow students to focus on their studies, rather than being burdened by the need to work multiple jobs to finance their education.However, the downside of university loans is also significant. The accumulated debt can be overwhelming, especially for students who struggle to find well-payingjobs upon graduation. The burden of loan repayments can hamper their ability to save, invest, or even enjoy life's simple pleasures. In extreme cases, the debt can lead to financial instability, affecting their credit scores and limiting their access to other financial products.Moreover, the emotional toll of university loans can be equally distressing. The constant reminder of debt can be a source of anxiety and stress, affecting students' mental health and well-being. This stress can interfere with their academic performance and even their social lives.It is, therefore, imperative for students to approach university loans with caution and a clear understanding of the long-term consequences. Careful planning and budgeting are essential to minimize the financial burden. Seeking advice from financial experts or counselors can also be helpful in navigating the complex world of student loans. Additionally, universities and governments should also play a role in mitigating the negative impacts of student loans. Universities can offer more scholarships and financial aid to reduce the need for loans. Governments can implement policies that make it easier for students torepay their loans, such as interest relief or extended repayment periods.In conclusion, university loans are a double-edged sword. While they provide a valuable means for students to pursue higher education, they also carry significant financial and emotional burdens. It is crucial for students to approach loans with caution, plan their finances carefully, and seek advice when needed. Universities and governments should also strive to create a more supportive environment that minimizes the negative impacts of student loans.**大学贷款:一把双刃剑**在高等教育现代化的今天,大学贷款已经成为学术旅程中普遍存在的现象。
如何看待校园贷款的英语作文
Campus Loans: A Double-Edged SwordIn recent years, campus loans have become a hot topic of discussion among students, parents, and educators alike. These loans, offered by various financial institutions, aim to provide students with the necessary funds to cover their educational expenses, ranging from tuition fees to living costs. While these loans can be a lifeline for many students, they also pose significant risks and considerations that must be carefully weighed.The primary appeal of campus loans lies in their accessibility and flexibility. Many lenders offer competitive interest rates and repayment terms that cater to the unique financial needs of students. This allows students to pursue their academic goals without being burdened by the immediate financial pressure of paying for their education upfront. Furthermore, these loans often come with longer repayment periods, allowing graduates to gradually repay their debts over a period of years.However, the allure of easy access to funds should not blind us to the potential downsides of campus loans. Firstly, the accumulation of debt can have long-termfinancial implications for students. If not managed responsibly, these loans can lead to a cycle of indebtedness that may be difficult to escape. Additionally, the interest payments on these loans can significantly increase the overall cost of education, making it more challenging for graduates to secure financial stability in the long run.Moreover, the ease with which students can obtain campus loans can lead to a culture of irresponsible borrowing. Without proper financial education and planning, students may find themselves borrowing more than they can afford to repay, resulting in financial difficulties later on. This not only affects their individual financial well-being but also has the potential to impact their academic and professional progress.It is, therefore, crucial for students to approach campus loans with caution and wisdom. Before taking out a loan, students should carefully assess their financial needs and abilities to repay. They should also shop around for the best loan terms and interest rates, ensuring that they are making informed decisions about their borrowing.Furthermore, students should prioritize financial education and learn about responsible borrowing practices to avoid falling into debt traps.Additionally, institutions and governments must play their part in promoting responsible borrowing among students. By providing financial literacy programs and counseling services, they can help students make informed decisions about their financial future. Moreover, they can establish policies and regulations that limit the amount of debt that students can accumulate and ensure that lenders are operating responsibly.In conclusion, campus loans can be a valuable tool for students seeking to finance their education. However, they must be approached with caution and responsibility. By weighing the risks and considering all the options available, students can ensure that they are making the best decisions for their financial future.**校园贷款:一把双刃剑**近年来,校园贷款成为了学生、家长和教育者热议的话题。
(202X最新)关于学生贷款的英语四级作文(通用)
(202X最新)关于学生贷款的英语四级作文(通用)Student Loans: A Double-Edged SwordIn recent years, the issue of student loans has become a hot topic of discussion. On one hand, student loans provide an opportunity for many individuals to pursue higher education and achieve their dreams. On the other hand, they can also burden graduates with a significant amount of debt, impacting their financial stability and future prospects. Thus, it is crucial to carefully consider the pros and cons of student loans before making a decision.To begin with, student loans enable countless students to access higher education, which might otherwise be financially out of reach. Education plays a vital role in shaping one's future and enhancing employment prospects. By obtaining a student loan, students can enroll in prestigious universities or colleges and receive quality education. This investment in education can potentially lead to higher incomes and better career opportunities, making the loan repayment manageable in the long run.Moreover, student loans can provide a sense of independence and responsibility for students. The process of applying for loans, managing finances, and repaying debt can teach valuable life skills, such as budgeting, financial planning, and time management. These skills are essential for future success in both personal and professional life. Student loans can also foster a sense of accountability, as students areaware that they must fulfill their obligations and repay the loan after graduation.However, it is important to acknowledge the downside of student loans. One major concern is the burden of debt that graduates face upon completion of their studies. The high interest rates and lengthy repayment periods can create a significant financial strain, hindering graduates from achieving other life milestones, such as purchasing a home or starting a family. Additionally, the pressure to secure a well-paying job to cover loan repayments can lead students to prioritize financial stability over pursuing their true passions or contributing to society in a meaningful way.Furthermore, the issue of student loan defaults cannot be ignored. In some cases, graduates find it difficult to find employment or face financial hardships, making it challenging to meet loan repayment obligations. Defaulting on student loans can have severe consequences, including damaged credit scores, wage garnishments, and even legal action. This vicious cycle of debt can trap individuals in a never-ending struggle, impeding their ability to progress financially and negatively impacting their mental well-being.In conclusion, student loans have both merits and drawbacks. While they provide access to higher education and foster valuable life skills, they can also burden graduates with overwhelming debt and restrict their future prospects. The key lies in striking a balance between thebenefits and risks associated with student loans. It is essential for individuals to carefully consider their financial situation, career prospects, and personal goals before making a decision. Additionally,policymakers should continue to explore ways to make higher education more affordable and accessible, ensuring that student loans do not become an insurmountable obstacle for individuals seeking to further their education.。
校园借贷危害英文作文
校园借贷危害英文作文英文:As a student, I have witnessed the harm that campus lending can bring. Many students are attracted by the convenience and speed of campus lending, but they often overlook the potential risks.Firstly, campus lending can lead to a vicious cycle of debt. Many students borrow money without considering their ability to repay it, and they may find themselves in a situation where they have to borrow more money to repay their previous debts. This can quickly spiral out of control, and students may find themselves trapped in a cycle of debt that is difficult to escape.Secondly, campus lending can also lead to financial fraud. Some lenders may use unfair or illegal practices to collect debts, and students may find themselves facing harassment or even threats. In some cases, students mayalso fall victim to scams or fraudulent lending schemes, which can lead to significant financial losses.Finally, campus lending can also have a negative impact on students' academic performance and mental health. Students who are constantly worried about their financial situation may find it difficult to concentrate on their studies, and they may also experience stress, anxiety, and depression.In conclusion, campus lending can bring many risks and potential harms to students. It is important for studentsto be aware of these risks and to make informed decisions about their borrowing habits.中文:作为一名学生,我亲眼见证了校园借贷所带来的危害。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
学生贷款对大学生入学的影响外文翻译2019英文The effect of student loans on college enrollment: Evidence frommunicipality panel data in JapanShinpei SanoAbstractThis study examines whether the criteria expansion for student loan eligibility promotes the college enrollment of high school graduates in Japan. In 1999, the Japan Student Services Organization revised the eligibility criteria of the student loan system based on household earnings. Before the revision, the maximum allowable earnings for student loan applications differed across regions; some region’s had lower criteria than others. After the revision, the criteria for regions with lower maximum allowable earnings were adjusted upwards to match regions with higher ones. We conducted a difference-in-differences estimation by using municipal panel data from 1998 to 2003. We found that the expansion of eligibility for student loans improved the male college enrollment rate by around 0.5 to 0.7% points, while female enrollment was less sensitive to the expansion of student loan eligibility. The impact of the student loan eligibility expansion is larger for low income areas.Keywords:College enrollment,Student loans,Difference-in-differencesHuman capital accumulation (e.g., via higher education provision) is one of the most important approaches to improving productivity and bridging income disparities. In Japan, the demand for higher education has increased in the past several decades, with increased employability along with the consequent decreased unemployment rates for those with higher education. In 2010, approximately 45% of adults attained tertiary education, and the percentage of students continuing their tertiary education was an estimated 54.3%. The return to higher education is estimated to be around 5–10% in Japan (Sano and Yasui, 2009; Nakamuro et al., 2017; Kikuchi, 2017).Investment in higher education is heavily dependent on private sources in Japan. For example, of the total amount spent on tertiary-level education, 50.7% came from household expenditures (OECD, 2012). Additionally, the OECD highlights that although tertiary tuition fees are high, and financial aid is limited, Japan remains one of the countries with the lowest levels of public expenditure on tertiary education against their GDP: 0.5% compared to the OECD average of 1.1%. Policy makers and education researchers advocate for an increase of student aid options for students in higher education (Kobayashi, 2009).One of the major student aid sources in Japan is the student loans system offered by the Japan Student Services Organization (hereafter JASSO). The proportion of university students who are loan recipientswas 38.2% in 2012. The loan amount offered by JASSO would sufficiently cover almost all the tuition fees at national/public institutions and 80–99% of the fees at private universities. JASSO’s loan facilities aim to provide financial assistance to academically excellent students who are unable to pursue their studies due to financial reasons.Understanding the mechanisms by which financial aid for household affects educational investment in higher education would have important policy implications. For example, in the case of imperfect financial market, if low-income households with financial constrains invest less in their children’s education than wealthier households, offering student loan by government can be justified on equity grounds. Evaluating the impact of student loan on investment in higher education offers the information about the design of student loan system such as the loan amount, the eligibility criteria for student loans.While the study of the impact of student loans on tertiary enrollment remains important for researchers and policymakers, there are two challenges to identify the impact in Japan. Firstly, the challenge in attempting to identify the causal impact of student loan on college enrollment is the endogeneity of receiving a loan. Since student loans are received by students with better academic backgrounds, their student loan variable could reflect unobserved student characteristics that affect the decision to go to college. In a vast literature, researchers have tried toeliminate the unobservable factors using experimental design. For example, Dynarski (2000, 2003), Cornwell et al. (2006), Singell et al. (2006), Winters (2012), and related literatures utilize exogenous variation in both birth cohort and birth place to evaluate State Merit Aid Program in US.1 It is not easy to find this situation, because Japanese student loan system is setting unitary.Secondly, there is insufficient research to examine the effects of student aid in Japan due to the lack of a proper data set for analysis of the determinants of college enrollment. Previous research in Japan used aggregated data (Zani, 1989) or micro data with restriction. Nakamura (1993) used the Employment Status Survey and found a positive relationship between parental background and college enrollment only for co-resident high school student in metropolitan areas. Kobayashi (2009)also found a positive relationship between parental background and college enrollment for freshman using the Student Life Survey. Employment Status Survey, large sample cross-section data with rich information about household, can link the information between household situation and college enrollment only for co-resident college students after enrollment decision due to survey design. Student Life Survey has rich information about college students, but does not include information at the timing of enrollment decision. Neither previous study analyzed the effect of receipts of student loans prior to entrance into college ondecision to enroll the college due to data limitation.In this paper, we focus on the JASSO reform in 1999 to identify the effect of student loans on college enrollment using municipality panel data to solve these problems. One of the most fundamental revisions of this reform was the change in the eligibility criteria for student loans based on household earnings depending on the recipient’s municipality of residence. Before the revision, the maximum allowable earnings for student loan applications differed across regions; the criteria for some regions were lower than others. After the revision, the criteria in the regions with lower maximum allowable earnings were adjusted upwards to match regions with higher ones. In other words, this meant that after the revision, more high school students living in regions with the lower criteria were eligible for JASSO college loans. This situation provided us with relevant and appropriate context for a natural experiment to identify the effect of eligibility expansion for student loans while controlling for unobserved factors that may affect the decision to enroll in tertiary education. Additionally, we use the municipality panel data based on the Basic School Survey. This survey, school-related statistics, includes number of college and university students enrolled from surveyed school, but does not include the household-related information. Aggregating school information by school-located municipalities and merging to other municipality data sets allow us to analyze the relationship betweenhousehold situation and enrollment decision.3This study makes at least two contributions to the extant literature. Firstly, we offer the evidence about the causal impact of student loan on college entrance. Our paper is in the line with previous studies that have applied exogenous variations, such as natural experiments, to identify the impact of student aid on educational outcomes using variation in both birth cohort and birth place such as State Merit Aid Program in US (Dynarski, 2000, 2003; Cornwell et al., 2006; Singell et al., 2006; Winters, 2012; Sjoquist and Winters, 2015). In this study, we extend the literature on this topic by evaluating the expansion effects of student loan eligibility by utilizing exogenous and regional variation in Japan with unite system. Secondly, evaluating the impact of student loan on college enrollment in Japan is important for educational policy. Despite heavier burden of tertiary education on private sector, Japan is one of the highest shares of tertiary-educated adult of all OECD countries. This study offers the evidence about the design of student loan system.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.The Japanese education system consists of six years of compulsory education (elementary and lower secondary education such as junior high school), three years of upper secondary education (typically high school),and higher education (ranging from two years for college and four years for university). As of 2000, there were 86 national universities, 95public universities, and 597 private universities as well as 395 two-year colleges in Japan. University enrolments have been rising at an average rate of 1.4% per year over the last three decades. There were about 2.8 million students in university and 0.15 million in college in 2000.The costs and benefits of attending college or university are as follows. Students prepare for the entrance examination to entry into a college or university, and students must pass the entrance exam between January and March before the semester commences in April. Tuition fees are the other direct cost of attending college or university. In 2000, the annual tuition fee was 520,800 yen for national universities and 817,952 yen, on average, for private universities. According to Japan’s Ministry o f Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the ratio of tuition fees to family disposable income ranged from 1.5% to 2.7% in 2000. The benefit from graduating from college or university is high. The return to higher education is estimated to be around 5–10% in Japan (Sano and Yasui, 2009; Nakamuro et al., 2017; Kikuchi, 2017).Student loans are one of the major sources of income for students and household. One of the most important student loan providers is JASSO. The proportion of university students that were loan recipients was 38.2% in 2012. Of these loans, according to the Survey of Student Aid, JASSO student loans accounted for about 70% of overall student financial aid given in 2003. JASSO loans cover almost all the tuition feesat public universities and 80–90% at private ones. Although students can finance their college costs (e.g., tuition fees, living costs, etc.) through allowances from their families and earnings from part-time jobs, student loans remain crucial for a number of potential entrants. JASSO student loans consist of Category I (interest-free) and Category II (interest bearing) and can cover almost all annual tuition fees. JASSO selects loan applications based on the student’s character profile, health, academic achievements, and his/her family's financial situation (based on taxable earnings varied by family size and so on). Each year, there are two application periods: before entering university (around October,6 approximately 20% of loans) and after entering university (around July). For our research, we will focus on the pre-entry applications as they reflected enrollment motivation.Since its establishment in 1943, JASSO has been reformed several times until 2003. The fundamental reforms were implemented in 1984 and 1999. This paper focuses on the reform implemented by JASSO in 1999. The background of 1999 reform was response to increasing demand for higher education and diversifications of students in the 1990s. MEXT tried to shift towards providing loans with emphasis on the degree of financial difficulty so that loans could be provided to students who wish to lend; shift from merit-based to need-based. To achieve this goal, MEXT planned to expand the quantity of recipients of Category II studentloans introduced in 1984. The expansion of Category II student loans was in line with the national policy of utilizing Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) addressing the falling birthrate and the aging population, because while Category I student loan was contributed from the general account, Category II was contributed from FILP (JASSO, 2006; Shirakawa and Maehata, 2012). This reform expanded the Category II student loans while relaxing the selection standards regarding the applicants’ academic achievements and financi al situation. At that time, household earnings criteria (the maximum allowable taxable earning for the provision of student loans) that depended on the recipient’s municipality of residence for not only Category II but also Category I were changed to meet the most generous conditions.The figures on the horizontal axis are the fiscal year, with the observed year in brackets. The figures on the vertical axis are the maximum allowable annual taxable earnings, in million yen. The line with the diamond symbol is a time series pattern of the maximum allowable income for region A and the line with the square symbol is the same for region B. As illustrated in the graph, during the pre-reform period, the maximum allowable taxable earnings differed by region. However, in the post-reform period, the maximum allowable income was standardized for both regions following region A’s allocation. Note that taxable earnings are different from actual disposable income for ahousehold. The taxable earnings for an application are calculated from income, including wages, pension, and so on, minus the tax deduction, which varies depending on income class and number of dependents. The maximum allowable taxable earnings differ depending on whether the applicant is self-employed or not. It can be difficult for households applying for student loans to estimate their accurate taxable income. If taxable earnings on the application does not exceed the maximum allowable taxable earnings, there would be a high probability of receiving a student loan. The change in maximum allowable taxable earnings for student loan applications was exogenous for households. With regard to this, we compared the changing educational outcomes by region. Since a region is a set of municipalities, we implemented a difference-in-differences (DD) analysis using municipality panel data.It is worth mentioning that no other education policies were implemented in 1999. The changes in educational policy from the 1990s to 2000s that could affect one’s decision to go to col lege other than the 1999 JASSO loan reform were the alleviation of College Setting Standard and the revision of the curriculum standard. The alleviation of College Setting Standard refers to the rules related to the establishment and expansion of colleges capacities. It was difficult for university establishments to expand college capacities, because the rules strictly regulated the quantity. After the alleviation of College Setting Standard in1991, university establishments easily established and expanded their capacities. In fact, the college capacity per 10,000 high school students was 867.6 in 2000, compared with 493.3 in 1990. Although this alleviation occurred at the national level and not at a regional level, it could affect the enrollment decisions of high school students sensitive to the capacity changes in local areas. To deal with this problem, we employed the capacity of colleges per high school students in the prefecture per year as a control variable.Another factors affecting enrollment decisions could be the curriculum standard revision. In Japan, materials taught and the teaching hours at elementary, secondary, and high schools are regulated by the curriculum standards issued by MEXT. The curriculum standards have been revised every decade since 1947. The revision after the 1989 revision was made in 1999, yet this revision did not affect the enrollment decision of high school students in 1999. The announcement was made in 1999; however, the implementation of the curriculum standards revision for high school students was implemented in 2003. Therefore, the announcement of the curriculum standard revision could not affect the enrollment decision.中文学生贷款对大学生入学的影响:来自日本市政府的数据摘要本研究探讨了扩大学生贷款的是否可以促进日本高中毕业生的大学入学率。