南京大学2005年3月博士研究生入学考试试题
南京大学考博试题
南京大学2000年古代文学专业博士生入学试题中国文学史1.论述诗骚之艺术区别。
（《诗经》、《楚辞》对中国文学、文化、学术的影响。
）2.概述宋代社会生活、文化对宋词的影响。
（唐代社会文化对唐诗的影响。
元代社会对元曲。
明清社会文化对明清戏曲的影响。
）3.论述唐宋“三元”（开元、元和、元祐）时期诗歌的不同发展状况。
4.陶渊明作品及其时代。
（李后主的作品的风格变化。
何谓“建安风骨”。
“建安七子”的作品及其时代。
《古诗十九首》及其时代特色。
）5.论述《牡丹亭》的思想内容。
（四大名著的思想内容。
）6.谈谈对“一代有一代之文学”的理解。
（王国维的学术思想非常重要，他的许多闪光的语句都蕴涵深刻的学术思想，要下功夫去看。
）南京大学2001年古代文学专业博士生入学试题1.你读过哪几种《诗经》注本，试择两种谈其特点。
（可以出你读过哪几种中国文学史，试对此进行评价。
从时代、编纂思想、影响、意义等方面入手。
可以买中华读书报、文汇读书报合订本来看，看人大复印资料。
了解学术动态。
对中国文学史及其大的学术脉络了解洞悉。
把握大的学术史。
你读过哪几种《楚辞》注本，选择几种谈谈其特色、影响等。
你读过哪几种唐诗、宋词注本，谈谈特点。
）0 Z( V7 ~% Z) V7 t# W#2.曹植在建安诗人群体中的独特性。
（嵇康、阮籍在“竹林七贤”中的地位和独特性。
竹林玄学的特色。
魏晋玄学上继两汉经学，下开宋明理学，非常重要。
谈谈其特色及其影响。
陶渊明在魏晋诗人中的特点。
陶渊明的独特性。
）3.试述唐代古文运动未能彻底胜利的原因。
（谈宋代诗文革新运动）4.张炎评姜夔词风“清空”，试论此评。
（姜夔词的特色）7 ~; ( M9 N/ C. Z5.《聊斋志异》和《儒林外史》都抨击了科举，比较其异同。
考博,考博网,考博论坛,南京大学2002年古代文学专业博士生入学试题1.试述《诗经》研究从经学到文学的转变与进境。
; [. D! o1 M2 M, p6 _+ m2.在文学史常有一种现象：作家或作品在当时不被发现与重视，到后来却成为经典，试举一部作品或一位作家予以说明。
南京大学文学院历年考博试题
南京大学文学院历年考博试题古代文学专业试题98年（六题选五题）一、汉武帝时期的文学成就主要表现在哪些方面？在文学史上的意义何在？请简述之。
（20）二、元稹《杜甫墓志铭》："至于子美，盖所谓上薄《风》、《骚》，下该沈、宋，古傍苏、李，气夺曹、刘。
掩颜、谢之孤高，杂徐、庾之流丽、尽得古今之体势、而兼人人之所独专矣。
"请结合诗史，谈谈你对这段论述的看法。
（20）三、《四库全书总目提要》："词自晚唐五代以来，以清切婉丽为宗。
至柳永而一变，如诗家之有白居易；至轼而又一变，如诗家之有韩愈，遂开南宋辛弃疾等一派。
寻源溯流，不能不谓之别格，然谓之不工则不可。
"请结合词史，谈谈对这段论述的看法。
（20）四、试比较董《西厢》和王《西厢》的成就和异同。
（20）五、清末小说非常繁荣，有讽刺小说、狎邪小说和侠义小说等，试对其盛况作一简述。
（20）六、明代小说从内容和形式上看，各有哪几种类型？略述其成就和特点。
（20）古代文学专业试题99年（七题任选五题，每题20分。
）一、试论《诗经》的采集、整理、流传及"六义"之说。
二、刘勰《文心雕龙诠赋》："赋也者，受命于诗人，拓字于楚辞也。
于是荀况礼智，宋玉风钓，爰锡名号，与诗画境，六义附庸，蔚成大国。
述客主以首引，极声貌以穷文，斯盖别诗之原始，命赋之厥初也。
"请结合这段话，谈谈你对战国、两汉赋的发展以及赋不同于诗歌的艺术风貌。
三、西晋武帝太康至惠帝元康年间，文坛上出现一批作家，史称"太康之英"其，其中主要包括哪些诗人？略述其创作成就。
四、试述白居易诗论与新乐府运动。
五、况周颐《惠风词话》："作词有三要：曰重、拙、大，南渡诸贤不可及处在是。
"请结合词史，说明自己的看法。
六、试论关汉卿的杂剧创作成果及思想内涵。
七、清初至中叶长篇小说极为繁荣，有文言小说，有白话小说，试对其中文言小说盛况作一简述.2006年博士生入学考试（比较文学与世界文学）------------------------------------------------------------------------------西方文学批评史（5选4，25某4）1评介柏拉图对西方文学批评的贡献2评介阿布拉姆斯的《镜与灯》中文学因素与文学坐标的理论3试比较佛洛伊德的精神分析理论与西方传统文论4“美是生活”是谁提出的？予以简要介绍和评价5评介“宏大叙事”理论欧美文学史（6选4，25某4）1巴赫金对拉伯雷、塞万提斯的“狂欢化”解读与传统的对它们的现实主义评说有何区别？2谈谈西方文学对鲁迅的影响以及鲁迅的接受3福楼拜的《包法利夫人》对后世的现代小说有何意义？4宗教在陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说中有何作用？5古希腊悲剧中的命运与哈代小说中的宿命论有何相通之处？6试根据你看过的外国文学史（欧洲文学史、欧美文学史、国别体文学史等）中选择两部差别最大的，说出你的你的取舍及理由2000年南京大学中国古代文学专业博士生入学试题：一、学术史1、孟荀异同论。
2005年03月考博英语试题及答案
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。
南京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题
南京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试《外国哲学》真题1.怎样理解维特根斯坦所说的”一个人对于不能谈的事情就应该沉默”?
2.试论奎因对于”经验主义两个教条”的批判及其意义。
3.实用主义世界观与近代哲学世界观的区别主要在哪里?这一区别导致了怎样的后果?
4.伯林如何论述积极自由与消极自由的关系,并且把它与英美和欧洲大陆政治哲学的核心理念间的差别联系起来?试评价这些论述的历史意义和现实意义。
5.当代伦理学中的义务论与功利论的争论经久不息,它们的主要争议点在何处,理论基础的差别何在?试举出其中一方的某个核心观点来说明其论证上的长处和可能的漏洞(比如罗尔斯如何批评功利主义,而功利主义者又是如何反驳他的批评的?)
6.今天人们常谈人性化管理和人际行为理论,但在多样化的管理当中,在诉诸人的情感和心理因素的管理思潮中,科学和理性的因素究竟还有多大意义?现代科学和技术的先进手段和认识理念对于管理思想的发展是否仍然发生重要的影响?。
南京大学文学院历年考博试题
南京大学中国现当代文学专业2009年考博试题中国现当代文学基础论述，每题20分：1.俄罗斯文学对中国新文学的影响；2.林纾与中国新文学的关系；3.王实味的悲剧命运；4.“文革”时期的手抄本小说；5.茹志鹃与王安忆创作比较。
中国现当代文学思潮与流派论述，任选两题，每题50分：1.五四新文学创作、新文学批评（文学思想）的基本面貌怎样，请概述之。
有人将20世纪80年代新时期文学比拟为五四新文学，你的看法、理由是什么？近来乂有“重回80年代”之说，提出再度清理80年代文学的历史意义与价值，你如何看待？2.近年来有关“十七年文学”的研究、评价颇受学界关注，你对相关研究成果了解多少？请在中国现当代文学史的范畴内以某一文学现象或作品为具体实例谈谈你对“十七年文学”的看法。
3.20世纪90年代以来，各体文学（交叉、跨际或称边缘文体）创作发展日见显著，你能否介绍、描述其概况？请结合具体作品对这种现象进行尽量充分的评析。
总体感觉：不偏不难，答好不易。
南京大学中国现当代文学专业2010年考博试题现当代文学流派与思潮：100分，4题，每题25分。
1、“五四”新文学的兴起与流变的历史特点，并给予分析与评价。
2、在中国现代文学史上有京派和海派的论争，谈谈你对京派和海派的看法, 中国当代文学史（从1949年至今）上是否有京派和海派之争？3、对新时期文学的看认识，如何评价其历史地位。
4、你对新世纪文学有所了解吗？从学理上来论述和评价新世纪文学是否成立。
中国现当代文学基础：IOO分，5题，每题20分。
1、周作人在“五四”时期的文学理论。
2、3、30年代左翼文学的得失。
4、朦胧诗的兴衰。
5、90年代以来的文化散文南京大学中国现当代文学专业2011年考博试题（回忆的，当时没有记下，时间有点久了，记得不全，呵呵）文学理论与批评（任选一题，文艺学只能选做第二题）1.英美现代文学对中国现代文学发展的影响。
2.诗与画之关系。
（这是一个传统的诗话命题，题目后面有儿句偏向传统的提示,忘记了，西方文论应该也要比较涉及的）中国现当代文学基础（全部要完成）一、名词解释：新青年；故事新编；三红一创；样板戏；还有两个名词忘记了, 但都属常见。
南京大学生态学研究生入学考试试题及参考答案20032007
南京大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题----生态学一:名词解释(5*12)1. 生态因子2. 有效积温3. 内禀自然增长率4. 构件生物5. 自疏现象6. 重要值7. 生态入侵8. 同资源种团.9. 边缘效应10.群丛11.生物群落12.直接梯度分析:二:简答(10*5)1. 三种盐碱性植物各有哪些特性?2. 简述有机体学派与个体学派对群落的理解及优缺点?3. 什么是群落空间格局,主要有哪些类型?4. 简述水域生态系统生产力的可能测定方法?5. 述影响森林凋落物分解速率的主要因子?三,论述题(20*2)1.试比较r选择与k-选择的主要特征,R-K选择理论在生长实践中具有什么指导意义?2.试以资源比率学说(Resource ratio hypothesis)解释群落演替动态和群落物种多阳性的维持? 南京大学2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题参考答案----生态学一:名词解释(5*12)1. 生态因子：ecological factors生态因子指环境中对生物生长、发育、生殖、行为和分布有直接或间接影响的环境要素。
2. 有效积温：effective accumulated temperature生物在生长发育过程中必须从环境中摄取一定的能量,才能完成某一阶段的发育,各个阶段所需要的总热量是常数,称为”有效积温”。
3. 内禀自然增长率：innate rate of increase在最适条件下，在缺乏天敌、食物丰富、气候适宜等条件下种群的增长率。
4. 构件生物：modular organism由一个合子发育成一套构件组成的个体，如一株树有许多树枝，并且构件数很不相同，随环境变化而变化。
5. 自疏现象：self-thinning随着播种密度的增加，种内对资源的竞争不仅影响到植株生长发育的速度，也影响到植株的存活率。
在高密度的样方中，有些植株死亡了，这类现象称之。
6. 重要值：用来衡量某个种在群落中的地位和作用的综合数量指标。
南京大学考博试题——社会学统计题目
统 计 题 目五、（20分）若根据列联表1： n11 n21 n31 n12 n22 n32计算出用于检验的统计量 ∑∑(n_{ij}-E_{ij})^2x^2 = ------------------------------E_{ij} （注：x^2表示x 的平方；E_{ij}表示ij 为E 的下标） 那么，根据列联表2： Kn11 Kn21 Kn31 kn12 kn22 Kn32计算出用于检验的统计量X2应等于什么？（注意：表2中所有格值都是表1相应格值的K 倍）。
★这是一道很简单的列联表检验。
用于检验的统计量卡方是等于实际频数与期望频数之间的离差与期望频数之间的比值。
卡方=∑∑(n_{ij}-E_{ij})^2/ E_{ij}期望频数是假设列联表的行与列相互独立的频数， E_{ij}=ni*n*j/n ，其中ni*和n*j 都是边缘和。
当样本量扩大K 倍时，卡方值受其影响很大，实际上，卡方也会增大K 倍。
卡方’=∑∑(Kn_{ij}-KE_{ij})^2/ KE_{ij}=K*原卡方*******************************************************************************************六、（本题20分）设有以下两个二元重复情况下的方差分析： A A1 A2 A3 B B1 1 7 13 2 8 14 B2 3 9 15 4 10 16 B3 5 11 17 6 12 18 *******************************************************************************************A A1 A2 A3BB1 1 13 72 14 8B2 3 9 154 10 16B3 5 11 17 6 12 18问：（1）两表中哪些离差平方和相同？ （2）两表中哪些离差平方和不同？ ★注意到数值本身实际上是没有变化的，只有数的位置发生了变化，所以TSS 是不变的。
免费的南大历年《量子力学》的真题,真题
免费的南⼤历年《量⼦⼒学》的真题,真题南京⼤学1998年硕⼠研究⽣考试试题——量⼦⼒学专业: 理论物理、粒⼦物理与光学(⼀) 20分有半壁⽆限⾼势垒的⼀维阱 ()ax a x x V x V ><<∞=000在0V E <的情形下，该系统是否总存在⼀个束缚态？如果回答是否定的，那么系统中⾄少有⼀个束缚态的存在的充要条件是什么？（⼆）20分⼀个取向⽤⾓坐标θ和?确定的转⼦，作受碍转动，⽤下述哈密顿量描述：()?2cos ??22 B L A H+=，式中A 和B 均为常数，且B A >>，2?L 是⾓动量平⽅算符，试⽤⼀级微扰论计算系统的p 能级（1=l ）的分裂，并标出微扰后的零级近似波函数。
（三）20分求在⼀维⽆限深势阱中，处于()x n ψ态时的粒⼦的动量分布⼏率()2p n φ。
（四）20分试判断下列诸等式的正误，如果等式不能成⽴，试写出正确的结果：（1）i j x i p jx i peee21-?+???=? ？式中i ?和j ?分别是x 和y ⽅向的单位⽮量。
（2）()[])(,?'x f pip x f p px x x x = ？式中xi p x ??= ? ，（3）系统的哈密顿算符为()r V p H+=µ2??2 ，设()r n ?是归⼀化的束缚态波函数，则有：()n n n n r V r p µ=（五）20分碱⾦属原⼦处在z ⽅向的外磁场B 中，微扰哈密顿为Bls H H H 1+= ，其中S L dr dV r c H ls??=12122µ ，()Z Z B S L c eB H 22+=µ ，当外磁场很弱时，那些⼒学量算符是运动积分（守恒量），应取什么样的零级近似波函数，能使微扰计算⽐较简单，为什么？注： ()()()()?θπim mllm e m l m l l Y P cos !!412+-+=()x x P =01；()()2/12111x x P -=；()()x x x P 2/121213-=()()22213x x P -=南京⼤学1999年硕⼠研究⽣考试试题——量⼦⼒学专业: 理论物理、粒⼦物理与光学(20分) ⼀、 t ＝0时，粒⼦的状态为][sin )(2kx A x =φ，求此时动量的可能测值和相应的⼏率，并计算动量的平均值。
2005年硕士研究生入学考试及答案
目录1.05年北师大物理类各方向2.05年长光所3.05年东南大学4.05年中科大5.05年南京大学6.05年华中科大7.05年吉林大学（原子所）8.05年四川大学（原子与分子）9.05年北京理工10.05年河北理工11.05年长春理工北京师范大学2005年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题专业:物理类各专业科目代号:459研究方向:各方向考试科目:量子力学[注意]答案写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
1.(20分)一个电子被限制在一维谐振子势场中，活动范围求激发电子到第一激发态所需要的能量（用ev表示）（，，）提示：谐振子能量本征函数可以写成2.（30分）一个电子被限制在二维各向同性谐振子势场中（特征频率为）。
（1）写出其哈密顿量，利用一维谐振子能级公式找到此电子的能级公式和简并度。
（2）请推导电子的径向运动方程。
并讨论其在时的渐近解。
提示：极坐标下3．（50分）两个质量为的粒子，被禁闭在特征频率为的一维谐振子势场中，彼此无相互作用（此题中波函数无须写出具体形式）：（1）如果两个粒子无自旋可分辨，写出系统的基态（两个都在自己的基态）和第一激发能级（即一个在基态，另一个在第一激发态）的波函数和能量（注意简并情形）。
（10分）（2）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的无自旋波色子，写出系统的基态和第一激发态的能量和波函数。
如果粒子间互作用势为，计算基态能级到一级微扰项。
（15分）（3分）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的自旋1/2粒子，写出基态能级和波函数（考虑自旋）。
如果粒子间互作用能为，计算基态能量。
（15分）（4）同（3），解除势阱，两个粒子以左一右飞出。
有两个探测器分别（同时）测量它们的y方向自旋角动量。
请问测量结果为两电子自旋反向的几率是多少？（10分）4．（30分）中心力场中电子自旋与轨道角动量存在耦合能。
总角动量，是的共同本征态。
现有一电子处于态，且。
（1）在一基近似下，可用代替，请问电子的能量与态差多少？（2）请计算该电子产生的平均磁矩，并由此计算在z方向均匀磁场B中电子的能量改变多少？（），当，，当，5．（20分）一个定域（空间位置不动）的电子（自旋1/2）处于z方向强磁场中。
南京大学2005年理论经济学博士试题
西方经济学研究：分宏观和微观两部分，每部分50分
宏观经济学部分：
一、已知投资曲线：I=I0--h *i ，货币需求曲线为L=KY-bi 消费曲线为：C=C0+C*Y，
运用IS-LM模型通过计算说明：（20分）
（1）财政政策和货币政策影响总需求的因素包括那些？
（2）上述因素的影响程度如何？
二、写出生命周期理论中饱含财富因素的消费函数表达式，并分析
（1）当财富、预期收入增加时给消费带来的影响。
（2）年龄结构变化对消费的影响。（15）
三、说明完全预期和非完全预期通货膨胀的成本，并评论“2004年由于通货膨胀使我国居民财富损失7000亿”的观点。（15分）
南京大学2005年理论经济学博士研究生入学试题
南大理论经济学各专业实行统考，并侧重考察考生思维方式和解决问题的能力！
政治经济学研究: 共四题 每题25分
一、论述马克思在《资本论》中关于利息的观点。
二、垄断和反垄断的经济分析。
三、论述价值决定和价值分配的关系，并评论我国目前的分配政策。
微观经济学部分：
一、评论熊彼特关于完全竞争和完全垄断的理论。（15分）
二、资源配置效率的含义是什么？X非效率的含义是什么？两者有何区别？（析说明我国参与国际分工实现开放式成长战略的内在机理、问题和产业升级的途径。（20分）
南京大学自然地理学考博真题2003——2013年
2013年1. 简述河流阶地的分类和成因。
（10分）2. 举例说明人类活动的水文效应。
（10分）3. 简述中国沙漠/沙地分布的特点？（15分）4. 试述影响亚洲季风气候变化的因素。
（15分）5. 简述生态因子对生物作用的四个基本特点。
（15分）6. 试论述中国地貌格局的特点及其对环境有哪些控制作用？（15分）7. 从自然地理学的角度，分析全球变暖有哪些证据？并简述其机理。
（20分）1. 东亚季风对我国洪涝灾害的影响。
（10分）2. 农业生态系统的性质和特点。
（15分）3. LUCC对土壤有机碳含量的影响。
（15分）4. 结合实例说明人类活动对我国东部海岸带地貌和沉积作用有哪些影响（15分）5. 试分析新构造运动对黄土高原环境变迁的影响（20分）6. “鄱阳湖拟建水利枢纽工程，备受国人关注”。
根据有关方面提出的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程建设设想，将在鄱阳湖入长江前的水道上选址建闸，其功能定位是“调枯不调洪”。
根据你对河湖关系的认识，分析建设该枢纽工程的利弊。
（20分）1. 什么是雪线？试举例说明哪些因素如何影响雪线分布的高度。
（10分）2. 简述大气圈各层的分布高度及主要特征。
（10分）3. 在新挖出的土壤剖面上，根据哪些标志划分土壤层次？（15分）4. 简述构造地貌和气候地貌的区别与联系。
（15分）5. 简述生态因子对生物作用的四个基本特点。
（15分）6. 简述我国现代风成堆积的分布和特点。
（15分）7. 从自然地理学的角度，分析全球变暖有哪些证据？并简述其机理。
（20分）1. 简述中国湿地的分布和特点（10分）2. 简述河流阶地的分类和成因（10分）3. 试述中国地貌的特征和形成过程（15分）4. 试述亚热带及其土壤特征（15分）5. 试述影响亚洲季风气候变化的因素（15分）6. 举例说明人类活动的人文效应（15分）7. 论述自然地理学研究的前沿和热点问题（20分）1. 在《周易·系辞》中有这样一句，“仰则观象于天，俯则观法于地，观鸟兽之文，与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。
(完整版)南京大学博士招生考试历年环境工程试题真题
2008年试题1、详述大气污染物二氧化硫、氮氧化物和TSP的主要来源及其危害2、恶臭问题已经世界七大公害之一，根据你说掌握的专业知识，列举主要发臭的物质、成因及其消除与控制方法3、根据我国城市生活污水“中水回用”的现状，分析开展工业废水深度处理与回用的可能性及其关键技术4、蓝藻打捞是消除“蓝藻爆发期”藻的有效措施之一，根据蓝藻生长特点，分析如何减少“打捞藻液”对环境的二次污染和可能的技术措施5、分析好氧活性污泥降解有机污染物的规律包括哪几种关系，试从理论予以说明6、简述生物脱氮和脱磷技术的主要影响因素，并分析其原因2007年一、简答题1、简述什么是环境自净作用2、什么是水体生态修复，并列举其主要类型3、什么是物理性污染，并举例说明4、简述清洁发展机制（CDM）及其作用5、什么是“水华”和“赤潮”现象二、论述题1、结合我国城市大气污染成因，分析如何有效控制城市大气污染恶化趋势2、废水生物脱磷原理、除磷工艺控制要点，分析今后研究的重点3、分析水污染控制过程中的生物强化技术特点、效果评价方法及应用前景4、在废水处理过程中，好氧曝气池中经常出现大量白色泡沫，分析其发泡的原因，并提出消泡的工程措施5、生活垃圾焚烧是实现生活垃圾资源化的一种有效途径，请分析生活垃圾焚烧方式的优势和可能出现的二次污染问题三、综合题1、某工厂排放的污水是一种高浓度含有难降解有机污染物的工业废水，水质波动较大，废水中的COD=10000-45000mg/L，TDS=4000-6000mg/L，pH=5-6，要求出水达到《国家污染综合排放标准》的一级排放标准，试设计废水处理可能采取的工艺流程，并说明理由2、根据你所掌握的有关专业知识，分析松花江事件后对环境的潜在影响和对策2006年1、试论中国的可持续发展之路与环境工程的关系2、分类列出你所知道的常用和较新的废水处理技术3、简介从污水中脱除氮、磷技术的发展和演变，具体叙述一种较为常用的技术4、列出烟气中二氧化硫的脱除技术，详细介绍一种你认为最有竞争力的技术5、具体介绍一种废电路板的处理技术6、你认为使用手机是否构成对身体健康的损害2004年1、试简要介绍环境工程学发展简史2、说出你所知道的去除N、P的主要技术及其原理3、介绍你说知道的废水厌氧处理最新进展4、如果让你负责处理农村生活污水，你将怎么做5、分别叙述燃烧所产生的主要污染物及其危害，如何控制6、废旧电池如处理不当能产生哪些主要问题，该如何处置7、使用手机会影响身体健康吗，试论证之。
2005年硕士研究生入学考试及答案
目录1.05年北师大物理类各方向2.05年长光所3.05年东南大学4.05年中科大5.05年南京大学6.05年华中科大7.05年吉林大学（原子所）8.05年四川大学（原子与分子）9.05年北京理工10.05年河北理工11.05年长春理工北京师范大学2005年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题专业:物理类各专业科目代号:459研究方向:各方向考试科目:量子力学[注意]答案写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
1.(20分)一个电子被限制在一维谐振子势场中，活动范围求激发电子到第一激发态所需要的能量（用ev表示）（，，）提示：谐振子能量本征函数可以写成2.（30分）一个电子被限制在二维各向同性谐振子势场中（特征频率为）。
（1）写出其哈密顿量，利用一维谐振子能级公式找到此电子的能级公式和简并度。
（2）请推导电子的径向运动方程。
并讨论其在时的渐近解。
提示：极坐标下3．（50分）两个质量为的粒子，被禁闭在特征频率为的一维谐振子势场中，彼此无相互作用（此题中波函数无须写出具体形式）：（1）如果两个粒子无自旋可分辨，写出系统的基态（两个都在自己的基态）和第一激发能级（即一个在基态，另一个在第一激发态）的波函数和能量（注意简并情形）。
（10分）（2）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的无自旋波色子，写出系统的基态和第一激发态的能量和波函数。
如果粒子间互作用势为，计算基态能级到一级微扰项。
（15分）（3分）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的自旋1/2粒子，写出基态能级和波函数（考虑自旋）。
如果粒子间互作用能为，计算基态能量。
（15分）（4）同（3），解除势阱，两个粒子以左一右飞出。
有两个探测器分别（同时）测量它们的y方向自旋角动量。
请问测量结果为两电子自旋反向的几率是多少？（10分）4．（30分）中心力场中电子自旋与轨道角动量存在耦合能。
总角动量，是的共同本征态。
现有一电子处于态，且。
（1）在一基近似下，可用代替，请问电子的能量与态差多少？（2）请计算该电子产生的平均磁矩，并由此计算在z方向均匀磁场B中电子的能量改变多少？（），当，，当，5．（20分）一个定域（空间位置不动）的电子（自旋1/2）处于z方向强磁场中。
2005年博士生入学考试试题-中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试地球化学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、同位素地球化学2、水－岩相互作用2、奥多—哈根斯法则 4、同位素效应5、反硝化作用二、简答题（每题8分）1、水体污染的主要监测指标及意义。
2、简述重建湖泊环境演化历史的地球化学指标及意义。
3、简述风化作用中的地球化学过程。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述元素N和P在淡水水体（湖泊）生态系统中循环过程及差异。
2、根据元素碳的地球化学特征论述碳同位素在环境变化研究中的重要意义。
3、请阐述我国地球化学学科发展的特点。
4、地球化学在沉积学领域的生长点有哪些？2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试环境化学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、营养程度2、一级降解动力学3、分配系数4、环境风险管理5、A2/O法二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述湖泊水体中水底沉积物对碳酸盐体系平衡可能的影响。
2、简述洗涤剂中的磷对水体富营养化的影响及其治理途径。
3、简述大气臭氧层破坏对人类及环境的影响。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试制定一个某一地区胃癌患病率与地区环境地球化学关系的调查方案。
2、请举例说明有机配体对重金属迁移的影响。
3、请说明我国城市生态环境存在的主要问题及对策。
4、用Al2(SO4)3处理含磷酸盐废水，按每升废水加入13mgAl3＋的剂量处理后，废水中含磷浓度由6.3mg/L降到0.9mg/L。
问每处理1L废水产生多少数量的污泥？2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试环境科学试题（B卷）准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、生物群落2、污染负荷3、环境影响评价4、环境管理5、水体富营养化二、简答题（每题8分）1、影响大气污染的地理因素有哪些？2、简述环境科学的研究对象和主要任务。
3、为什么说人口问题是诸多环境问题的根源？三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、东南亚海啸是人类近400年来最大的一次灾难性事件，就你的已有知识，请设想这次灾难可能造成了哪些生态环境问题？这些问题有哪些影响或后果？就其中一种影响或后果给出你自己的对应措施。
南京大学中文专业课历年试题
08年中文系硕士研究生入学考试试卷构成：文学：（含文学概论、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、欧美文学）一、名词解释（50分：5×10,每题必做）二、问答题（100分：25×4,6题选做4题）语言与论文写作：（100分＋50分）一、语言：古代汉语（40分）、现代汉语（40分）、语言学概论（20分）二、写作（50分）以下为南大06年试题：南大2006年考研初试试题：☆☆文学卷考试科目名称及代码：文学315适用专业：文艺学、中国古典文献学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、戏剧戏曲学注意：1.所有答案必须写在“南京大学研究生入学考试答题纸”上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效。
2.本科目允许/不允许使用无字典存储和编程功能的计算器。
[说明]（1）1－4题为必答题；5－8题为选答题，可从中任选两题作答。
合计共答6题，每题25分，本卷共150分。
（2）答案请一律写在按顺序写在答题纸上；请标清题号，不必抄题。
暂时不会做的题目也请依顺序预留空白，以便随后补写。
（3）每题答案请简明扼要，文字一般掌握在500字左右。
一、必答题（1——4题）1，应当怎样认识艺术夏实的内涵及其与生活真实的关系？2，清人厉鹗《论词绝句）云；“美人香草本《离骚），俎豆青莲尚未遥．颇爱《花间）断肠句，夜船吹笛雨潇潇．”请结合中国诗史、词史谈谈对此诗的理解．3，“寻根”小说作为一种创作思潮在80年代经历了怎样的发展过程？它的思想主题具有哪些特征？又表现出怎样的内在矛盾？试举例论证．4．以维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》为例，说明什么是“拟史诗”．并与荷马史诗作简要的比较．二、选答题（请从5一8题中任选两题作答，多做不给分）5 谈谈典型与意境的异同。
6．简述桐城三祖的主张及桐城文派的传衍．7．以《雷雨》、《日出》、《原野》、《北京人》四部作品为例，论述曹禺话剧的艺术成就。
并分析一下《原野》在曹禺创作中表现出怎样的独特性？8，陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作对20世纪现代派文学意义何在？☆☆语言卷现代汉语部分（45分）一、判断题（正确的，打J。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
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北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
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复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
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中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
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05博士学位研究生入学考试试题A答案
博士学位研究生入学考试试题A—答案考试科目：地震勘探适用专业：地球探测与信息技术一、基本概念（一）填空题（16）（每空2分，在答题纸上注明题号和空的序号，并将答案写在序号后面）1、地震勘探工作，基本上可以分为三个环节：(1) ；(2) ；(3) 。
2、对同一类岩石而言，速度随密度的变化规律一般为(4) 。
3、纯振幅滤波器的相位谱为(5) ，纯相位滤波器其振幅谱为（6）。
4、相关和褶积运算，二者之间的振幅谱是（7），相位谱（8）。
答案要点：：(1)野外工作；(2)室内资料处理；(3)地震资料解释(4)速度随密度的增加而增加；（5）纯振幅滤波器的相位谱为0 ，（6）纯相位滤波器其振幅谱为1 ，（7）相同的，（8）差一个负号（二）名词解释（4分）（名词解释一个2分）1、惠更斯原理：（2分）答案要点：介质中波所传到的各点，都可以看成新的波源，叫子波源，可以认为每个子波源都向各方发出微弱的波，叫子波，子波是以所在点处的波速传播的。
2、假频：（2分）答案要点：某一频率的连续信号，在离散取样时，由于取样频率小于信号频率的两倍，于是在连续信号的每一个周期内取样不足两个，取样后变成另一种频率的新信号，这就是假频。
二、简答题（60分）1、 简述陆上地震勘探野外试验工作的主要内容（10分）答案要点：干扰波调查：干扰波类型、特性。
（2分）地震地质条件的了解：低速带的特点、潜水面的位置、是否存在地震标准层、速度剖面的特点等。
（3分）激发地震波的最佳条件：激发岩性、激发炸药量、激发方式。
（2分）记录地震波的最佳条件：合适的观测系统、组合形式和仪器。
（3分）2、 简述波动地震学、几何地震学的概念，以及波动地震学向几何地震学过渡的条件。
（10分）答案要点：：波动地震学是从介质运动的基本方程—波动方程出发来研究地震波的传播特点，几何地震学是通过波前、射线等几何图形来研究地震波的传播规律。
（5分）波动地震学过渡到几何地震学条件：波长很小、A 2有限，A 为波的振幅（5分）3、试叙述预测反滤波的主要原理。