英语精品课程

5. 避免省略并列结构所需要的词 Faulty: How to buy or sell from brings critical difference to a company’s profit. Standard: How to buy from or sell to brings critical difference to a company’s profit.
Part 1 Prewriting (写作前)
Methods of getting ideas: • Previous chapter： 1. 询问问题（inquiring） 2. 发散思维1（freewriting） 3. 发散思维2 （clustering） • This chapter： 4. 列举法 （listing）
②正确使用过渡词或词组（Use Transition Words or Phrases）：
· 正确使用过渡词或词组，为读者提供线索，便于读者
准确理解段落含义
常见过渡词或词组及用法：
• To explain reason (or cause): for; because; since; as • To give an effect (or result): therefore; thus; consequently; as a result; so • To list ideas in time order or order of importance: first; first of all; then; next; after that; finally • To add another idea: furthermore; besides; also; moreover; similarly; in addition; finally; and
• • • • • • • • • • unlucky 13 Friday the 13th 5-luck number honeymoon In Ghana 7-lucky number a red sky 8-lucky number 4-unlucky number lucky and unlucky numbers • ancient Romans • • • • • • • • • • wedding day superstition 13th floor/room/bus/flight in Egypt thirteen people sitting at a table in ancient Greek sneezing to the left in China 3-lucky number Christmas superstitions Norwegian mythology
Four Steps of Listing(列举法四步骤):
1. 明确题材
（在纸上方写下文章题材）
2. 列举素材
（列举所能想到的一切相关词或短语，可不考虑拼写， 语法错误或是否相关）
3. 4. 锁定主题
（删除无关素材，划线确定聚焦点，作为文章标题）
superstition
Part 3 Grammar and Mechanics (语法及相关技巧)
Parallel Structure (并列结构)
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同， 并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的结构序列。 e.g. 并列： an elderly, talkative manager 非并列： a talkative old manager
3. 避免在同一句中并列使用行为动词和连系动词 Faulty: He talks rapidly, shuffles his feet, and is nervous. Standard: He talks rapidly, shuffles his feet, and trembles with nerves.
Chapter Four
Characteristics of a Paragraph （段落的特点）
College of Fundamental Education Prepared by: Liu Xing
1. Prewriting (写作前) ——Listing (列举法) 2. Basic Writing Skills (写作技能) ——Characteristics of a Paragraph (段落的特点) ——Unity (统一性) ——Coherence (连贯性) 3. Grammar and Mechanics (语法及相关技巧) ——Parallel Structure (并列结构) 4. Case Analysis (案例分析) ——Lacking Coherence (缺乏连贯性) ——Lacking Parallel Structure (缺乏并列结构) 5. Writing Process (写作实践) ——Writing Paragraph with Unity and Coherence (写作练习： 具有统一性及连贯性的段落) ——Evaluation Checking List (自学评价)
2. 避免在同一句中变换句法结构 Faulty: His job is to tend the pigs, make sure they are well-fed and content. Standard: His job is to tend the pigs and make sure they are well-fed and content.
1）句与句之间的连接与组织关系明确 2）每句为了辅助、支持、说明中心思想而自 过渡、通顺流畅。 然
主要原则：有条理的组织安排选出的素材，使之关系明 确，发展脉络清楚。
保持段落连贯性的方式：
①正确使用组织模式（Use Organizational Patterns）：
· 将收集的素材合理排序，整理成提纲； · 根据段落和内容需要，采用与之相适应的段落模式 来组织素材。
superstition
• • • • • • • • • • unlucky 13 Friday the 13th 5-luck number honeymoon In Ghana 7-lucky number a red sky 8-lucky number 4-unlucky number lucky and unlucky numbers • ancient Romans • • • • • • • • • • wedding day superstition 13th floor/room/bus/flight in Egypt thirteen people sitting at a table in ancient Greek sneezing to the left in China 3-lucky number Christmas superstitions Norwegian mythology
正确使用并列结构的规则:
1. 避免在表达并列含义时使用不同的语法结构 Faulty: She likes to sew and cooking. Standard: She likes to sew and cook. Faulty: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that question would be asked by prospective buyers. Standard: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
Part 4 Case Analysis (案例分析)
Case one: lacking coherence (缺乏连贯性)
解决方法：适当增加过渡词或词组以使段落连贯、通顺。
Case two: Lacking parallel structure (缺乏并列 结构)
解决方法：将意义相关，层次相同的短语或句子改为句法 功能相同。
Part 5 Writing Process (写作实践)
Step 1: Prewrite to get ideas.
· Using one of the prewriting skills—listing, to get as
much ideas as possible about the national emblem or cultural symbol in your country.
• To add similar idea: similarly; also; likewise; and • To give examples: for example; for instance; such as; namely • To contrast: nevertheless; on the other hand; however; whereas; on contrast; but; although; even if; even though • To conclude: in brief; on the whole; in short; all in all; in the end; to sum up
常见的组织模式： • 时间顺序
• 空间顺序 • 重要性顺序
• 总结概括法
时间顺序 （Time order）： 用于讲故事或描述某事件，按照时间先后顺序组 织段落