论从华盛顿会议到珍珠港事件期间的日美关系

保密级别：内部学位级别：硕士论文提交日期： 2002年5月论文答辩日期：2002年6月11日论文中文题名：试论从华盛顿会议到珍珠港事件期间的日美关系论文英文提名： A Tentative Discussion on Japan______US Relationship from Washington conference to Pearl Harbor Incident作者所在单位：吉林大学东北亚研究院历史与文化研究所指导教师及所在单位：邹晓翔吉林大学东北亚研究院历史与文化研究所分类标识：D819中英文主题标识：日美关系“大陆政策”“门户开放”政策 Japan__US relationship “Continental Policy” “OPen Door Polic y”.中文文摘从华盛顿会议（1921年11月12日至1922年2月6日）到珍珠港事件（1941年12月8日）长达近20年。

在此期间，国际关系涉及德、意、日、英、美、法、中等诸国，矛盾错综复杂。

而日美矛盾的发展左右了当时亚太地区的局势。

本文只从日美矛盾的一个侧面概述了其发展的历史进程，试图从中给人们一些启示。

本文共分七个部分。

一、日美矛盾的起因——“大陆政策”和“门户开放”政策的对立日美矛盾的起源与两国所制定的针对亚太地区的国策“大陆政策”和“门户开放”政策有着直接的关系。

“大陆政策”是日本明治维新后，其统治阶级主张向海外扩张的产物，这一政策的核心就是夺取别国的领土，其顺序是先侵略朝鲜，再吞并中国，以中国为基地进一步侵占整个亚洲，然后再征服世界。

美国的“门户开放”政策，是以公平竞争为原则、利用资本输出和商品输出来占领中国市场乃至整个亚太地区的市场。

“门户开放”政策是反对列强利用各自在中国的势力范围来对美国的商品和资本进行排斥。

当然，这一政策也必将反对利用武力建立殖民地后，再建立排它性的贸易壁垒。

虽然如此，日美两国关系从19世纪后半叶到日俄战争结束一直是友好的。

日俄战争后，由于日本在东北排斥美国资本的行为，激起了美国的不满，日本的这一举动与“门户开放”政策发生冲突。

从此到二战结束，日美两国的关系以矛盾、冲突为主。

二、日美矛盾正式搬上国际政治舞台的开始——华盛顿会议第一次世界大战后，战胜国的列强召开了以分赃为主的巴黎和会，美国在这次会议中没有得到使其满意的份額，于是主持召开华盛顿会议，其宗旨是要在亚太地区推行“门户开放”政策，为这一政策的推行清除障碍，并削弱竞争对手日本在亚太地区的军事实力。

在华盛顿会议中，美国利用其它列强间的矛盾，巧妙地在限制海军军备问题、中国问题上遏制了日本，并且拆散了日英同盟，签署了《四国条约》，使国际政治格局有利于美国推行“门户开放”政策。

三、日美矛盾的缓和到再次显露———币原外交和田中奏折第一次大战结束后，由于日本国内出现了经济危机，日本向美英借有大额贷款。

所以，20年代初，日本采取了以“币原外交”为主要表现形式的对美政策。

“币原外交”是一面保持对美协调，一面用所谓的资产阶级合理方法维护日本帝国主义在华权益的外交政策。

在其后，强硬派的田中义一组阁，田中在任期间抛出了臭名昭著的《田中奏折》，其实质就是“大陆政策”的具体实施纲要。

《田中奏折》同时也是对“门户开放”政策提出挑战，这份奏折认为美国“门户开放”政策是日本实施“大陆政策”的障碍，明确指出美国是日本在亚太地区扩张的主要障碍。

这样，日美矛盾经过短期缓和后又重新显露。

四、日美矛盾的引信——“九.一八”事变1931年9月18日，日关东军在精心策划后，发动了震惊中外的“九.一八”事变，随后不到半年的时间内东北就全部沦陷。

美国对日本侵略东北的反应是表示它对日本侵略的强烈不满，认为此举是对“门户开放”的严重威胁，但是由于美国没有采取强硬的、带有实质性的反击措施，而是以绥靖为主，并没有阻止日本的侵略步伐。

美国的态度最后导致了珍珠港事件。

五、日美矛盾的进一步加深——“一.二八事变”、“天羽声明”和《反共产国际协定》1932年1月28日，日军进攻上海，严重威胁到美国在华的利益，美国的态度强硬了一些，但是，日本并没有停止侵略步伐。

《天羽声明》是一份日本政府直接对“门户开放”政策的挑战书。

随后，日本又先后与德意两国签署了《反共产国际协定》，这一协定的签署是日德意对华盛顿体系的挑战，这说明华盛顿体系已经大大的削弱了。

六、日美矛盾的不可调和——“七.七”事变和美国开始对日经济制裁1937年7月7日，日本发动了全面的侵华战争。

美国对“七.七”事变的反应还是以绥靖为主。

随着日本对华侵略的不断深入，美国在华利益受到严重损害，“门户开放”政策的基础将失去，美国的态度开始有转变，罗斯福总统发表了“防疫”演说，对日本的侵略表示谴责。

1937年12月12日，日本飞机轰炸了在长江航行的美军舰和油船。

事态虽然很快平息下来，但从此以后，美国对日的态度开始逐步强硬，对日本实施了“道义禁运”，这表明美国对日开始实行经济制裁。

1938年11月3日日本发表了“东亚新秩序”的声明，这一声明公开否定了“门户开放”原则，同时也表明日本称霸亚太的野心，这说明华盛顿体系已经崩溃。

日美之间的矛盾更加激化了。

七、日美矛盾的激化——日本向南洋扩张随着第二次世界大战的爆发和德国在战争初期取得的胜利，日本的野心也随之膨胀起来，但是，这时日本在中国战场却陷入了困境。

其后日本建立了法西斯军部的独裁体制，并提出了向南洋扩张的政策。

由于南洋是美国的重要战略资源产地和大量投资的地区，所以美国对此做出了更加强硬的反应，但也没有超出不使用武力的范围。

1941年4月，日本与苏联缔结了《日苏中立条约》，这个条约的缔结解除了日本向南洋扩张的后顾之忧，使日本加快实行“大陆政策”的步伐。

至此，日美双方都认为战争不可避免，日美之间的谈判也成为军事行动赢得时间的手段。

最后，在 1941年12月7日，日本帝国主义发动了震惊世界的偷袭珍珠港事件，揭开了太平洋战争的序幕。

最后，本文在结束语中概括地提出了对分析国际关系的五点启示。

AbstractThe time period from Washington Conference (Nov. 12,1921~Feb.6, 1922) to Pearl Harbor Incident (Dec.8, 1941) had drawn as long as nearly 20 years. During this time span, the international relations had undergone extremely intricate contradictions, with a lot of countries got involved, including Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, the US, France and China. And the development of Japan-US contradiction had served as the most crucial factor that influenced the situations of Asian-Pacific area at that time. This essay takes to make a general survey of one aspect of the historical progress of Japan-US relationship, trying to arouse certain inspirations to the reader. It can be divided into seven parts.I. The Origin of Japan-US Contradiction: the Confrontation of “Continental Policy”against “Open Door Policy”.The origin of Japan-US contradiction was directly related to the two countries’different policies towards Asian-Pacific area, i.e., the “Continental Policy” and the “Open Door Policy”. The so-called “Continental Policy” is the product of Japanese ruling class’s oversea expansion proposition after Meiji-Reform, whose kernel it is to capture other countries’territory, following the sequence of first aggressing Korea, then China, and, taking China as the basis, to take the whole Asia, finally conquer the world. On the other hand, the “open door policy” of America held the principle of fair competition, aiming to occupy the Chinese and even Asian-Pacific Market with its capital and merchandise exportation. This policy took to oppose other powerful countries’using their already-existing sphere of influence in China to expel American goods and capitals. It would, of course, against the attempt to establish colonies using military power, then build up exclusive trade barrier. Even with this basic contradiction, the Japan-US relationship had always been friendly ever since the later half of 19th century up till the end of Russian-Japanese War. After the Russian-Japanese War, asJapan took to reject American goods in Northeast China, the Americans got discontented. This action of the Japanese clashed with the “Open Door Policy”. From then on, contradictions and conflicts started to govern the Japan-US relationship. II. Washington Conference: the First Formal Appearance of Japan-US Contradiction on the World Political StageAt the end of WWI, in the loot-sharing Paris Peace Conference held by the winner countries, America didn’t get a satisfying share. So, it hosted the Washington Conference, with the aim of carrying out the “Open Door Policy” in Asian-Pacific area, clearing obstacles for its carrying out, and, at the same time, weakening the military power of its competition opponent—Japan. At the conference, the US exploited the contradictions among other powerful countries and tactfully contained Japan on the problem of Navy armament restriction and the problem of China. Meantime, it successfully broke up the Japan-Britain alliance with the signing of the Four Power Treaty, making the international political pattern in favor of the carrying out of its “Open Door Policy”. III. Hidehara Diplomacy and Tanaka Memorial: the Relaxation and Re-tension of Japan-US RelationshipAfter the WWI, Japan was stroke by economic crisis, and had to lend large sums of loans from the US and Britain. As a result, at the beginning of 1920s, Japan’s foreign policy towards the US was principally manifested as the “Hidehara Diplomacy”. It on one hand kept coordinating with the US, while on the other hand tried to maintain Japanese Imperialists’Interests and Benefits in China with the so-called bourgeoisie reasonable method. However, in the following years, Giichi Tanaka, the tough liner, got to power and formed the cabinet. During his tenure of office, he had concocted the notorious “Tanaka Memorial”, in fact, a concrete executing outline of the “Continental Policy”. At the same time, it challenged the “Open Door Policy”, as it believed that, the Americans’“Open Door Policy” was an obstacle against Japan’s carrying out of “Continental Policy”, and explicitly pointed out the US was the main obstacle against Japan’s expansion in Asian-Pacific area. Thus, after a short relaxation, Japan-US relationship tended to be tensed again.IV.“9.18 Incident”: the Fuse of Japan-US ConflictOn September 18, 1931, with meticulous scheming, the Japanese Kwantung Army launched the world-shocking “9.18 Incident”. Within less than half year thereafter, the whole Northeast China had fallen into their hands. Towards Japan’s invasion of Northeast China, the US’s reaction was a strong discontent, taking it as a serious threaten to the “Open Door Policy”. However, it didn’t adopt any tough, essential countermeasure, but mainly took the policy of appeasement, which hadn’t stopped Japan’s stride of aggression, and in turn, this attitude had brought about the consequence of Pearl Harbor Incident.V. The Further Deepening of Japan-US Contradiction: “1.28 Incident”, “Amau Doctrine” and “Anti-Communist Pact”On January 28, 1932, with Japanese army’s attacking of Shanghai, America’s interest in China was severely threatened. At this time, the Americans adopted a much tougher attitude. But Japan didn’t stop its stride of aggression. The Amau Doctrine was an open challenge of Japanese Government against the “Open Door Policy”. Soon afterwards, Japan had signed Anti-Communist Pact with Germany and Italian successively, which can be considered as a challenge of the three countries towards the Washington System. This shows that the Washington System had been greatly weakened by that time.VI.The Irreconcilable Stage of Japan-US Contradiction: “7.7 Incident” and America’s Economic Sanctions towards JapanOn July 7, 1937, Japan started an overall aggressive war to China. On the part of the Americans, they still held the appeasement policy as their principal attitude. With Japan’s continuous deepening of aggression, America’s interests in China were greatly infringed, and the basis of “Open Door Policy” was going to disappear. At this time, America’s attitude started to change. President Roosevelt made his “quarantine speech”, expressing condemnation to Japan’s aggression. On December 12, 1937, Japanese planes bombarded the American warships and oil vessels sailing on Yangtze River. Although the matter was quickly suppressed, but after this incident, America’s attitude became more and more tough towards Japan. It carried out a “morality embargo” towards Japan, which indicated the start of America’s economic sanctions towards Japan. OnNovember 3, 1938, Japan declared the statement of “the New Order of Great East Asia”, which openly denied the “Open Door Policy”, and clearly disclosed Japan’s wild ambition of seeking hegemony in Asian-Pacific Area. This indicates that the Washington System had completely collapsed. The contradictions between Japan and the US became even more acute.VII. The Intensification of Japan-US Contradiction: Japan’s Expansion to South PacificWith the breaking out of WWII and the victories of Germany at the initial stage of the war, Japan’s ambition also became inflated. However, it got itself stuck in the warfare of China. Soon afterwards, Japan established the Fascist autocratic rule of the Military Department, and put forward the policy of expanding towards South Pacific region. As this region was America’s significant origin of strategic resources and also of heavy American investments, the US made an even stronger reaction to Japan’s new policy. However, it still didn’t exceed the limit of without using military force. In April 1941, Japan and Soviet Russia concluded the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact. With this Pact, Japan was relieved of fearing disturbance in the rear for its expansion to South Pacific region. Therefore, it quickened the stride of carrying out its “Continental Policy”. By this stage, both Japan and the US believed that war was inevitable, and the negotiations between them became merely an artifice to win more time for military actions. At last, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese Imperialists launched the world-shocking Pearl Harbor Attack, and raised the curtain of the Pacific War.Finally, as a conclusion, the author briefly puts forward the five inspirations we have drawn from this part of history to benefit our later analysis of international relationship.总页数：70页开本： 16开是否有图表：无前言日本是一个后起的资本主义国家，明治维新后便走上了对外扩张的道路。